Baroque Music 1600-1760

• Centered in Germany• Elaborate, complex

techniques• Many cantatas, concertos

oratorios and some operas• Johann Sebastian Bach

(1685-1750)• (Mass in B Minor, St.

Matthew’s Passion)• George Frederick Handel

(1685-1759)• (Famous for his oratorio the

Messiah)

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Classical Music (1730-1820)

• Shift to Austria

• Greater use of orchestras and operas

• Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809): “Master of the symphony”

• 104 symphonies• Two oratorios: The Creation

and the Seasons

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

• Child prodigy who lived to compose numerous operas, concertos, and symphonies

• Operas such as the Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and the Magic Flute

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Development of the Novel

• Decisive time in the development of the novel

• Samuel Richardson– Pamela: or, Virtue

Rewarded (1740)

• Henry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones (1749)

• Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe (1719)

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Enlightenment History• 1. Removed God even more

than the humanists did• 2. Focused on other

components besides politics• 3. Note Voltaire’s The Age of

Louis XIV• 4. Viewed history as a way

to civilize their society. Criticized religious influences--note Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. “First modern historian.”

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The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century

• What’s the difference between high and low?

• Characteristics• Increased

readership and publishing. How does this lead to independence for author’s?

• Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public– Joseph Addison and

Richard Steele’s Spectator– Female Spectator– First newspaper in London

(1702) ; by 1780 37 towns had their own papers

• Education and Universities--schools shifted focus

• Realschule in Berlin in 1747. • Wear did most scientific

discoveries occur?

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Crime and Punishment

• Punishment in the eighteenth century--shift from brutal torture to a system of rehabilitation

• Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), On Crimes and Punishments– Punishment should serve

only as deterrent

• Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

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World of Medicine

• University of Leiden: replaced the U of Padua in the early 17th-c; U. of Vienna then rose to prominence

• Royal College of Physicians--few physicians licensed• Barber-surgeons separated in the 18th century.

Surgeons began to be licensed.• Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers--medical

care for the common people• Hospital conditions--not good.

Popular Culture • Festivals, carnivals, and fairs--carnival

• Gathering places– Taverns and Alcohol

• The gap between high culture and popular culture-- upper class abandoned popular culture between 1500 and 1800

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• Literacy and Primary Education– Spread of literacy--increase

among the urban populations, especially the middle and upper class

– State-supported primary schools: Volkschulen in the Austrian Empire and some schools in Protestant countries (Scotland, Saxony, Swiss cantons, etc. )

– Hannah More

Enlightement Art, etc. Part 2