Exploring new Paradigms for the 21st Century: Placemaking�Presenters: Justin Hollander & Ann Sussman, Christina Lanzl and Rob Tullis �

�Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford CT �

September 24, 2015 �

“The broader one's understanding of the human experience, the better design we will have.”.

- Steve Jobs

“The 21st Century is the ‘Age of Biology’”

“The 20th Century was the ‘Age of Chemistry and Physics’”

“The 19th Century was the “Age of Engineering’” - The OECD

THE PARADIGM SHIFT:

New understandings about human behavior that never before existed!…..

Our sensory systems evolved in the wild and remain designed for that place.

Key TAKE-AWAY: We are Animals!

Human Subconscious Responses To The Built Environment

• Edges • Patterns • Shapes

Our responses to the environment reflect our evolution. Our brain does not evolve as fast as our technology.

They come built-in: !

Hung’s Delicacies, Hong Kong

Edges

Istanbul, Turkey

“People gravitate naturally towards the edge of public spaces. They do not linger out in the open”

- Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language, 1977

“. . . a big space will be wasted unless there are trees, monuments, seats, fountains - a place where people can protect their backs, as easily as they can around the edge.” - C. Alexander

photo. Ann Sussman

Rose Kennedy Greenway, 2008

THIGMOTAXISFrom the Greek:

thigma - to touch

taxis - arrangement, the direction of movement in response to an outside stimulus

➢ or wall-hugging

Edges

the mouse is thigmotactic

we have a mental ‘GPS’ a lot like a mouse’s… a brain drawn to continuous edges

“. . . is a basic element of spatial cognition and emotionally guided, safety-seeking behavior. . .

- from Janos Kallai, et. al “Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Thigmotaxis

Strategy in Humans”Behavioral Neuroscience, 2007

THIGMOTAXIS...

Significant for: • ‘mental map-making’ • anxiety reduction; • energy conservation; • efficient orientation

Ambulation Man Siena, Italy

“The environment and the person then function as a unit.”

photo: Garry D

Harley

Edward W. Brooke Courthouse Kallmann McKinnell & Wood, 1999

Boston, MARue de Rivoli arcade,

Paris photo: Garry D Harleyphoto: Ann Sussman

photo: Garry D Harley

Piazza del Campo, Siena, 1349

“the way you frame a problem, profoundly influences the results you get…”

“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water” - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

the subconscious

“95% of brain activity is beyond our conscious

awareness”

Marc Van Rymenant from Simplifying Interfaces

get a paper + pencil or pen...

photo: Ann Sussman

draw objects in the previous slide...

“... the human brain devotes more area to face recognition than to the recognition of any other visual object...”

- Eric Kandel, The Age of Insight, 2012

Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Gustav Klimt1907

““Half of the sensory information going to the brain is visual...”

- Eric Kandel, The Age of Insight, 2012

Pattern Rule #1: Faces right-side up

The brain “reconstructs reality according to its own biological rules” (Kandel, 301)

“figural primitive”

“Template-matching approach”

vs. part-based processing

Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1526-1593)

Patterns

Giuseppe Arcimboldo Reversible Head with Basket of Fruit c. 1590

Germany Stephan K. Chalup,

Patterns

photo: Ann Sussman

“The broader one's understanding of the human experience, the better design we will have.” - Steve Jobs

“The guys at Amazon know exactly which book cover works and which one doesn't, because they know how many people click on which kind of cover. The number one thing that people click on is the human face, and the number two thing is a pet.”

39 Difficult Questions for Stefan Sagmeister, Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art

FACE-i-TECTURE

Testing out the Cognitive Architecture Principles

Map by Andrew Wiley and Justin B. Hollander, 2015

Photo by Nina Callahan, 2015

Photo by Nina Callahan, 2015

Using NeuroSky EEG Monitor in the Field

Source: NeuroSky, www.thinkgeek.com/products. Accessed 9/1/15

Photo by Veronica Foster Photo by Veronica Foster

Results

  Total

Attenti

on

Meditati

onScore down 63 48 111

neutra 9 14 23

up 38 48 86

Total 110 110 220

EEG Directional Change on All Meditation and Attention Scores

Up Neutra Down totalWest End 27 2 51 80North End 29 12 39 80Control 31 9 20 60

Statistical Tests• Mean score for attention and meditation, West End = -1.5, North

End = 0.63, Control = -.92

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): relationship between the Scores variable and the Location is statistically significant l—that is, it is unlikely to be explained purely by chance.

• Kendall's tau_b and Spearman’s rho tests: the same relationship held up, location and scores correlated at -0.15 (statistically significant).

• West End location could expect to account for 15% negative variation in EEG scores.

Conclusion

• Both the magnitude and direction of effect that the scientific literature would have us expect.

• Further research needed, more elaborate experiment underway with the Center for Applied Cognitive and Brain Science (U.S. Army and Tufts University).

Questions? Comments?

Ann Sussman, AIA, LEED AP www.annsussman.com Twitter: Ann_Sussman Blog: geneticsofdesign.com

Justin Hollander, PhD, AICP www.tufts.edu/~jholla03 Twitter: JustinHollander

Acknowledgements: Research assistance was provided by Veronica Foster, Amoses Holton, Sarah Perlo, Nina Callahan, Caroline Geiling, Annie Levine, Elza Lambergs, Nora Shull, Devin Merullo, and Trey Kirk. Photography provided by Nina Callahan. Map provided by Andrew Wiley.

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the

speakers is prohibited.

© Ann Sussman, Justin B Hollander, 2015

Copyright materials

 SNEAPA  Exploring new Paradigms for the 21st Century: Placemaking�

�PLACEMAKING AS A TOOL FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION �

The Binghampton Case Study��

Dr. Christina Lanzl�Urban Culture Institute�

www.urbancultureinstitute.org�christina.lanzl@urbancultureinstitute.org�

��

Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford CT �Sept. 24, 2015 �

�

Placemaking as a Tool for Social Interaction �The Binghampton Case Study�Approach  •  Research-­‐based,  holis0c  neighborhood  and  community  

planning  that  acknowledges  the  increasing  complexity  of  our  society  and  culture    

•  Plan  for  environments  with  mul0ple  modes  of  transporta0on  that  are  pedestrian  and  bicycle  friendly    

•  Analyze,  recognize  and  develop  successful  urban  placemaking  projects  and  models  

•  Develop  urban  placemaking  solu0ons  in  the  form  of  arts  and  cultural  mapping  in  the  context  of  the  urban  fabric  

3  

4  

Binghampton and surrounding neighborhoods, Memphis TN  

5  

CHALLENGE   OPPORTUNITY  

TRANSPORTATION    Railroads  and  Sam  Cooper  Boulevard  sever  Binghampton  neighborhoods  from  each  other,  also  in  terms  of  ethnicity    

TRANSPORTATION  Shelby  Farms  Greenline  and  Hampline  Connector  as  mul0-­‐modal  alternate  transporta0on  

BUILT  ENVIRONMENT  Decline  and  displacement  due  to  deteriora0ng  condi0ons  outside  control  of  residents  and  businesses  

BUILT  ENVIRONMENT  City  effort  to  introduce  vital  community  infrastructure  to  set  tone  for  neighborhoods  and  boost  private  investment  

CULTURAL  ASSETS  Instability  leads  to  districts  without  local  iden0ty  and  buy-­‐in  by  local  popula0on  

CULTURAL  ASSETS  Public  art  and  placemaking  as  unifier  and  connector  for  community,  digging  into  history,  present  and  future  as  narra0ves  for  local  iden0ty  

William  Brewster  Elementary  School,  Shelby  County  Public  Schools

6  

7  

PUBLIC  SECTOR   PRIVATE  SECTOR  

City  of  Memphis     Binghampton  Development  CorporaKon  

Mayor’s  InnovaKon  Delivery  Team   Broad  Avenue  Arts  District    

Lester  Community  Center    

Broad  Avenue  Business  AssociaKon  

Memphis  City  Schools    

Caritas  Village    

Memphis  Area  Transit  Authority/MATA   Livable  Memphis    

Tennessee  DOT   Loeb  ProperKes  

ArKsts  &  CreaKves  

Residents  &  Volunteers  

8  

Brewster Elementary School Public Art Location: 2605 Sam Cooper Boulevard Funding: Memphis City Schools Year completed: 2006 left: Aspire Artist: Mark Nowell top: Rainforest Rumba Artist: Yvonne Bobo

9  

District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Site: Sam Cooper Boulevard and North Hollywood Street

Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program

10  

District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Site: Sam Cooper Boulevard and North Hollywood Street

Artist: Greely Myatt Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program

11  

District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Partners 1. City of Memphis 2. Urban Art Commission 3. Broad Avenue Arts District 4. Public Art Oversight Committee Project highlights Create a District 5 artistic gateway feature Knit back together the community severed through construction of Sam Cooper Blvd. Permanently ensure public green space along Sam Cooper Boulevard Respond to neighborhood Art Selection Committee desire to create a usable place where the community can gather Community engagement during design review through public exhibition and online comment period

12  

13  

Lester Community Center Mural Site Location: 317 Tillman Street

Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program

14  

Lester Community Center Mural Things We See

Location: 317 Tillman Street Artist: Mark and Megan Davey

Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program Year completed: 2012

15  

Lester Community Center Basketball Court Mural Location: 317 Tillman Street

Artist: Matthew Hollister Funding: Memphis Grizzlies Foundation

Year completed: 2014

Tillman Street Murals Community-driven murals

Artists: Megan Warner and Erin Harris with local youth Completed: 2013

16  

Binghampton – Placemaking vision built on the Shelby Farms Greenline, a multi-use bicycle and pedestrian rail trail, and the Hampline connector to existing paths in central Overton Park 17  

Two Artist-designed Memphis Area Transit Authority Bus Shelters

18  

Partners 1. MATA 2. Broad Ave Arts District 3. City of Memphis Sites 1. Broad Avenue and Hollywood Street 2. Tillman Street at “The Hamp” baseball field Artist Team Carol May + Tim Watkins Funding US DOT grant

19  

Two Artist-designed MATA Bus Shelters Artist Team: Carol May + Tim Watkins

Funding: US DOT grant Installation: Fall 2015

20  

Four Discover Binghampton Artistic Exploration Stations Artist: Pete Beeman Funding: National Endowment for the Arts et al. Installation: TBA   Sculptures at terminus of Hampline and at First Baptist Church Broad showcase two narratives unique to Binghampton • Importance of the area’s manufacturing and industrial past in shaping the neighborhood • History of the “P” in the spelling of the neighborhood Interactive experience, allowing visitors to move a rail cart and turn a cube

Broad Avenue Arts District & Water Tower Pavilion Location: Loeb Properties Warehouse at 2542 Broad Avenue

Mural by Guillaume Alby aka REMED, 2011 Funding: Loeb Properties

21  

Water Tower Pavilion Project Broad Avenue commercial loading dock

weekend stage & iconic water tower public art22  

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Water  Tower  Pavilion  ––  Fun,  Funky,  and  Unique  Funding:  ArtPlace  America,  2013    The  1945  warehouse  loading  dock  (s0ll  ac0ve  during  weekdays)  and  its  surrounding  outdoor  space  are  crea0vely  adapted  into  performance  place  for  the  community.  Weekly  programming  from  May  through  October.  The  Water  Tower  Pavilion  is  a  space  for  the  community,  built  by  the  community.    Added  features  include:  •    Grand  Entrance  and  Staircase  designed  by  Memphis  Landscape  Architect  Ritchie  Smith  •        Professional  quality  sound/ligh0ng  along  with  professional  dance  floor  for  performances  •        Transforma0ve  facelie  bringing  life  and  energy  to  the  space  via  murals  and  more  •        Urban  style,  movable  sea0ng  and  free  public  wifi  •        Plan0ngs  -­‐  check  out  the  dumpster  planter/bench  •        Marketplace  featuring  food  trucks  and  vendors  complemen0ng  the  evening’s  dance  style  

Broad  Avenue  Water  Tower  Public  Art  Project  MemFeast  community  forum  and  vo0ng  on  finalist  art  projects  

24  

FemFeast  dinner  at  Forge  on  Broad  Avenue  Sunday,  April  13,  2014  

Finalists:  Suikang  Zhao  &  Robert  Barnum      

   

Binghampton’s secret to the success of its neighborhood community revitalization is the commitment to truly creating public spaces that serve as participatory outdoor living rooms for people of all backgrounds as well as

• Highly active emerging creative/cultural economy

• Low-rent opportunities

• Participatory, arts and cultural opportunities in new urban public places combined with economic, retail, restaurant opportunities

• Increasing the presence of the pedestrian and bicyclist

• Arts and cultural agenda and initiatives are aligned with public policy, community standards and public health with the outcome of a socially highly regarded, revitalized and more attractive neighborhood.

CONCLUSION

HUMAN-CENTERED PLACEMAKING

SNEAPA CONFERENCE September 24, 2015

Robert Tullis- Project Experience

High Street, Atlanta GA

Bel Mar, Lakeville CO

Regent Square, Houston TX

The Grove, Los Angeles CA

Americana at Brand, Glendale CA

Residential Areas - An Unfair Comparison

Palm City, Florida

The Battery, Charleston, SC

Markets - An Unfair Comparison

Pike Place Market, Seattle PathMark Market, Manhattan

Streets - An Unfair Comparison

Marquette Interchange, Milwaukee Via di Maddalena, Rome

Plazas - An Unfair Comparison

City Hall Plaza, Boston Piazza del Campo, Siena

Space that is not a Place

MAXXI- Museum of Art of the 21st Century, Rome

PLACEMAKING the creation of a legible space within the city fabric

with a distinct IDENTITY, one that has the power through its form and use,

to transform into a memorable entity that’s attractive to people.

FORM IDENTITY

Attractive

Legible

Memorable

USE

Place de Toscane, Val de Europe, France

AIA HOME DESIGN TRENDS SURVEY POPULARITY OF COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS

Infill Development

Access to Public Trans

Higher Density Devel

Mixed Use Facilities

Multi-Generational Housing

0 50 60 20 40 10 70 30

67

65 64

59

45

58

44

2013

2011 2012

47

65

50 38

45 37

50 51

More Walkable Neighborhoods

63

Percentage reporting popularity increasing minus percentage reporting popularity decreasing

RESEARCH

ABOUT THE NATURE OF PLACE

• Figural Space and Enclosure • Proportion and Size • Movement and Serial Vision • Legibility and Imageability • Memory, Emotion, and Meaning • Human Behavior, Triangulation • The Edge Effect • Walk Circles • Walk rates, Blink rates, and Facade design

Camillo Sitte publishes ‘Der Stadtebau’ in May, 1889

1. Integration of buildings and plazas

2. Open Space in the center (siting of monuments)

3. Enclosure (access points, views, turbine plaza)

4. Proportion of open space

5. Irregularity in shape

6. Harmonious Grouping of spaces

Camillo Sitte Six Principles for Planning Public Squares

VICENZA, PIAZZA dei SIGNORI

VENICE, PIAZZA SAN MARCO

FLORENCE, PIAZZA SAN CROCE

RAVENNA, PIAZZA del DUOMO

PADUA, PIAZZA degli EREMITANI

PADUA, PIAZZA del SANTO

from Path-Portal-Place by Edward T. White

Minimum effective enclosure appears to be about 1:6, while maximum effective enclosure is about 3:1

from Grid / Street / Place, Nathan Cherry with Kurt Nagle

Rockefeller Center, NYC, ratio of 2:1

Santana Row, San Jose CA, ratio of 1:2

Enclosure and Thresholds Ratios of height to width, defined perimeters

SITTE- Largest plazas in ancient cities

GEHL- Typical European rectangular plaza

SIMONEAU- Plazas between mean and average in area

GATJE- Average of all plazas documented

Gordon Cullen- Sequence and Serial Vision Townscape, 1961

Closed Vista Deflection

Narrows

Projection and Recession

Fountain Square of Hippocrates, Rhodes

Paths and Goals from A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander

Kevin Lynch The Image of the City, 1960

PATHS •  CHANNELS ALONG WHICH THE OBSERVER CUSTOMARILY MOVES

NODES •  POINTS OF INTENSE ACTIVITY OR A CONCENTRATION OF FEATURES

EDGES •  LINEAR BOUNDARIES AND BREAKS IN CONTINUITY

DISTRICTS •  AREAS WITH RECOGNIZABLE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

LANDMARKS •  PHYSICAL REFERENCE OBJECTS

Human Perception Kevin Lynch- Five Elements of Imageability

FORM &

SPACE

USE &

ACTIVITY

EMOTION &

MEANING

PLACE

Adapted from diagrams by John Punter (1991) and John Montgomery (1998) from Carmona et al, Public Places - Urban Spaces, 2003

Human Emotion Emotional Relationship to Place, Memory and Meaning

“But as humans we also require support for our spirits, and this is what certain kinds of places provide.

The catalyst that converts any physical location, any environment if you will,

into a place, is the process of experiencing deeply. A place is a piece of the whole environment

that has been claimed by feelings.” - Alan Gussow, A Sense of Place, 1972

“What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.”

William ‘Holly’ Whyte The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, 1955

Triangulation- An external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk as if they know each other.

Jan Gehl Life Between Buildings,1971, Cities for People, 2010

Activity Classification

Public Distance

Life = Number x Length Between Buildings of activities of activities

NUMBER of activities

LENGTH of activities

TYPES of activities

Personal Distance

Walk Circle

The Edge Effect from Cities for People, Jan Gehl

Closed, horizontal facades

Direct contact between exterior and interior

Open, vertical facades

Active Facades from Cities for People, Jan Gehl

Street Design Zoning the Sidewalk and Supporting Activity Paving establishes zones, Bethesda Row, Maryland

S H O P outdoor

APPLICATION

AT REGENT SQUARE, HOUSTON

Regent Square, Houston Masterplan and Aerial View

Regent Square, Houston Streetscape Design

Regent Square, Houston Vertically Stacked Mixed Uses

Regent Square, Houston Street Life and Shopping

Regent Square, Houston Dining and Entertainment

Regent Square, Houston Central Public Space

Regent Square, Houston Central Public Space

WHAT TO DO

“Americans have been living car-centered lives for so long that the collective memory of what used to make a landscape or a townscape or even a suburb humanly rewarding has nearly been erased. The culture of good place-making . . . is a body of knowledge and acquired skills.

It is not bred in the bone, and if it is not transmitted from one generation to the next, it is lost.” excerpt from James Howard Kunstler, The Geography of Nowhere