Post on 30-Jul-2018
Early Warning and Communication Systems for
Earthquakes and Tsunami in Kenya
• Authors
Edward Kisenge KiemaEmergency Manager and Coordinator for Radiological
Emergencies, National Disaster Operation Centre,
Nairobi, Kenya
Oliver Mandara
Disaster Inventory Officer, United Nations Strategy For Disaster
Reduction (UNSDR), Nairobi, Kenya
Experts meeting on protection against Extreme Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the
Light of accident at Fukishima Daichi, Nuclear Plant IAEA Hq Vienna, Austria
4-7.09.121
Background for DM
• Kenya experiences both rapid onset and slow
onset disasters.
• The National Disaster Operation Centre
(NDOC) is in the office of the President and a
Department in the Ministry of State, Provincial
Administration and Internal Security.
• NDOC monitors and coordinates responses to
all disasters in Kenya.
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Early warnings and Communication
systemsObjectives of Early Warning is to be better prepared to face
challenges of the risk of long term or sudden disasters by:1. Avoiding and reducing damages and loss of property
2. Saving human lives, health , economic development and cultural heritage
3. Upgrading quality of life, public and international image
• Early warning systems and efficient communication reduced impact of the Tsunami in Kenya that hit East African coast in 2004
• The countries affected were: Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
• The GDP growth in Kenya was reduced to 2.6 % against the normal growth of 5.2 % for the following year.
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Early Warning systems
• Affected countries have pursued multisectoral
approach to install early warning and
detection systems for Tsunami in the Indian
Ocean.
• There are equipments to monitor weather
parameters(waves and earthquakes) in the
Indian ocean
• Initially most EWS were received from Japan
and Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre
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Components of a Tsunami Early Warning System
(1) Real-Time Seismology: Location and magnitude and timely
(2) Real-Time Sea-Level MonitoringGPS-Buoys with ocean-bottom pressure sensorGPS equipped Tide Gauges
(3) Tsunami Simulation
(4) Installation of National/Regional Data- and Early-Warning Centers
(5) Capacity Building
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Components of EWS conts
• KMD monitors the flow of information through
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)’s
Global Telecommunication System (GTS), Email,
satellite phone and faxes strategically placed for
any messages from advisory centers like Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA), Pacific Tsunami
Warning Center (PTWC) and Regional Tsunami
Service Providers (RTSP) – India (INCOIS),
Indonesia (InaTEWS-BMKG) and Australia
[JATWC]
Courtesy to GFZ potdam 6
SEISMIC stations in Kenya
• Vsat station capture (UON- Chiromo)
Radio nuclear data
Infrasound for nuclear bombs monitoring
Hydro acoustic seismic activity from the sea
Seisimic sensors
• Kibwezi
• Lodwar
• Kilimabongo- broadband seismometer run by
UON and the data is transmitted directly to
Vienna, Austria. 7
Earthquakes
More than 90% of all tsunamis result from
strong earthquakes.
A fast and accurate determination of the
earthquake parameters (location, magnitude,
source depth) is, therefore, essential for a
fast Tsunami Early Warning System.
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The General seismicity of the East and
Southern African
• Kenya is located within the seismically
active East African Rift System running
from the Afar(is one of the nine
regional states (kililoch) of Ethiopia)in
the North to Mozambique in the South.
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Current and Proposed Seismic Network for Kenya
Optimized seismic network incorporating the proposed 3 Stations (Baringo, Isebania and Maseno). NB. Blue Squares and Black triangle denote the Seismic stations Green line shows optimization limits( Kianji, K.G. 2012).
• Seismic active area cuts
right across the populated
sections
• Mombasa lies close to the
seismically active Davie
Fracture Zone (A
curvilinear feature
extending over 21° of
latitude can be recognized
in the western Indian
Ocean).
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Tectonic Plates and Subduction zones
Well known subduction zone Magnitude > 8.5 Sumatra - Andaman zone 12
KENYA NATIONAL DATA CENTRE
• Established in 2002
• Activities and objective of the National Data
Centre
– Strengthen a seismology and geophysics research
and training
– Carrying out systematic earthquake studies and
mitigation in this region of Eastern Africa which is
highly vulnerable to medium and strong earthquake
events (Richter scale magnitudes of 4.0 – 6.9)
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KENYA NATIONAL DATA CENTRE
cont…– Act as a nerve centre for regular earthquake
monitoring and reporting of seismic hazards
through scientific publications, mass media and
seismic bulletins
– Uses SeisComP3 software for EWS for Tsunami
– Monitor large events
– For nuclear bombs uses geo-tool software
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Challenges for EWS
• To establish an extensive Tsunami early
warning network in the Indian Ocean.
• The costs of procuring, operating, and
maintaining those instruments and platforms,
• Obtaining international cost sharing, are likely
to be the most critical factors for sustaining a
long-term international effort for global
tsunami detection and warning.
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FUTURE REQUIREMENTS
• Strengthen the National Data centre and Laboratory (with
Computers-e.g Server, Sun Systems)
• Install 10 Broadband Seismic Equipment, accompanying
Software and VSAT data communication
• Staff and student Exchange (one from each Country per year)
• Workshop attendance support (one local and abroad, per
year)
• Fieldwork (Installation, data collection & maintenance) 16
Kenya Meteorological Department
(KMD)
• Has 24 hr Operation Centre
• The focal point person also receive short text
messages Fax, and Email alerts on earthquakes
and Tsunami
• KMD has 4 Tidal gauges(compatible radio
communication System such as GSM/GPRS) in
the Indian Ocean; Lamu, Kilifi, Malindi and
Shimoni and 2 run by KMFRI and operated
within the Global Sea Level Observing System
(GLOSS) network. 17
COOMMUNICATION STRATEGY
• Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) was
designated the National Tsunami Early
Warning Centre in the year 2005
• Emergency Alert System is part of the national
network that enables the President of the
Republic of Kenya to address the Kenyan
people during periods of national emergency
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COMMUNICATION CONT...
• The Communications Commission Regulation Board
of Kenya allows the Emergency alert system to be
used by the state and local authorities in times of
local emergencies.
• The communication strategy employed for Tsunami
and earthquakes is incorporated in our National
Response Plan
• The communication strategy identifies the audience
in three categories that include:
• primary focusing on the general public, business
establishments in coastal line, marine transport
sector, Beach management units 19
AUDIENCES
• Secondary audience target the facilitators of
comm. processes includes government
agencies ministries that provide relief
services; Kenya Maritime Authority (has
operation Centre open for24 hrs serving as
regional centre for Seychelles, Tanzania,
Somalia and Yemen), NDOC, KEFRI, KPA, Prov.
Admin, police, Kenya Navy mosques (loud
speaker used), Engineers
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AUDIENCES
• Tertiary audience are international bodies and
other governments who would require sharing
of the information
• stakeholders
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Message development
• We develop messages that influence change
of behaviours among the members of public
toward the disasters.
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Testing effective communication
• Key stakeholders in communication, traders
and agencies and members of public to
participate in regular exercises to test the
plan. From the exercise, we continuously
rectify and correct the content of the
communication and the national response
plan.
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Channels of Communications
• In the plan we have identified both electronic and print media, radio communications and Internet
• For Tsunami and earthquake emergencies, the safety and reduced number of casualties depend mainly on reliable early warning system and effective communication.
• UON issue monthly bulletins, - to other depts., urban designs, Agr, Teachers- sensitization on earthquakes, students, research, conferences, articles in press
• Through media- info. Regarding magnitude and Locs
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Channels of comm. Cont…
• Regulatory frameworks- NEMA requires
seismic assessment report before approval,
for dams, major building and highways.
• MOU between supporting agencies on sharing
of data open/closed info sharing systems
• Regional regms IGAD, EAC on sharing of info
through East and Southern Africa
Seismological Working Group( ESARSWG)
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Conclusions
• Early Warning Systems (EWS) are necessary for minimizing risks of global and local hazards.
• Building inventories, identifying and monitoring indicators and assessing environmental conditions are prerequisites for vulnerability assessments
• Satellite systems provide important information source for EWS. The technology is improving on daily basis. However, ground monitoring may prove effective in some cases. Research is required
• Responsibilities of establishing EWS is shared among NGO, governments, communities and individuals
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Acknowledgements
• Gladys and Bruce Mutengi –Geology
Department,University of Nairobi
• Samuel Macharia –Kenya Meteorological
Department
• Nelson Munyi National Disaster Operation
Centre
• IAEA
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