Post on 25-Mar-2020
Smart Grid – New Industry Challenge
August 7, 2009Eugene LitvinovSenior Director, ISO New EnglandIEEE Region 1 Meeting, Springfield, MA
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Smart Grid Defined
Smart Grid is the tight combination of different infrastructures: – Power System– Communications– Information Technology implementing a new paradigm of power
system design and control
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Smart Grid Objectives• For Reliability
– More capacity from transmission and distribution resources– Intelligent devices that automate monitoring and respond to
emergency situations– Efficient production, movement and consumption of electricity– Tools and training to support control room
• For the Environment– Reduction in Greenhouse Gases– Greater penetration of renewables, energy storage and demand
resources• For Consumer Control
– Transparency into electricity usage and prices– Opportunities for consumers to supply energy, capacity and
ancillary services
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Smart Grid – There are many visions• EISA 2007 and DOE
– Describe several important characteristics• FERC
– Identified 4 key areas and 2 cross cutting areas • EPRI
– Created 23 MB of Use Case Documents• Vendors and Industry Analysts
– too many variations to mention• GridWise
– Describes an abstract interoperability framework• Standards Organizations and User Consortia
– Describe “slices” from the Smart Grid pie• NIST
– Establishing a Roadmap for standards development
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Some Consistent Messages
• Support all types of generation• Consumer participation• Transparency of Cost and Quality of Electricity• Competitive Marketplace• Self-correcting: Automatic response to disturbances and
threatening situations• Security (physical and cyber) designed in upfront• Observable and Manageable• Flexible
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Tight Integration with Other Infrastructures
ISO/RTO
© 2009 ISO New England Inc. Smart Grid Overview
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@ 2008 Electric Power Research Institute.
© 2008 ISO New England Inc. © 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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PHEVSolar
Smart Appliances
Home Area Network
Solar
GeoThermal Units
CHPEnergy
Management System
Demand ResponseEnergy, Capacity, Ancillary Services
Energy Management
System
Demand ResponseEnergy, Capacity, Ancillary Services
Traditional Generators
Wind FarmsSolar Farms
Solar
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
MicroGrids, Energy Storage Systems andDistributed Generation
Distributed Generators
Transmission and
Distribution Networks
CommunicationsNetworks Smart Meters, Intelligent
Control and Monitoring Devices
System Operators
DistCo’sMarkets
Standards based Interoperability
Framework
Legend:
DR Aggregators
Standards are also needed among Controlling Entities
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Legislative Barriers
© 2009 ISO New England Inc. Smart Grid Overview
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
The lines between Transmission and Distribution are blurring• Increasing number of generating resources located on
the distribution network (e.g. wind turbines, solar arrays, microgrids, CHP)
• Demand resources playing larger role in traditional “transmission level functions” (e.g. energy, reserves and emergency response)
• Regional Power System Control entities need more granular locational and capacity information for both demand and supply resources located on the distribution network
• Operable Capacity analysis requires situational awareness of supply resources located within a region, regardless of which network they are connected to
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
More Choices and Uncertainty - Less time to react• Region wide System Operations and Planning become much more
complicated under the Smart Grid– Choice between using DR Negawatts, traditional generators, distributed
generators, variable renewables, imports, Electric Energy Storage to meet the next Megawatt of Load
– Load forecasting is further complicated with additional uncertainty (e.g. impact of EV’s, impact of consumer level generation capabilities such as solar panels)
– Automatic sense/respond devices to consider– Number, size and location of independently managed Microgrids– Other factors:
• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)• Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiatives (RGGI)• NIMBY
• Requires more frequent interaction among system control entitiesand new optimization approaches
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
New Grid Control and Planning• Centralized vs. de-centralized
– Micro-grids vs. large grids– Market coordination vs. super-large markets– Energy Supply Resources connected “anywhere”– Distributed State Estimation– SPS/RAS– Frequent data exchange between system control entities
• Situational awareness• Visualization and Decision Support• Reliability standards: reliability vs cost-based approach to
planning• Deterministic vs. Probabilistic approach• Transition from Preventive to Corrective system design
philosophy© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
New Technologies• Synchronized Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)• Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)• AMI• Renewable Resources• Storage• New regulation devices: flywheels, PHEV, etc.• Microgrids and Smart Grid• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)• Wide Area Protection Systems (WAPS)• Multi-Agent technology• Distributed computer systems
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
© 2008 ISO New England Inc. © 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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New Technologies Affecting Control
• Microgrids– Microgrid is a comparatively
small network with distributed generation and storage capable of both supplying its own loads and buying electricity from the grid
– It is an alternative to transmission and requires new approaches in control and market integration
Source:
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Smart Home
© 2009 ISO New England Inc. Smart Grid Overview
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© Copyright 2008, Southern California Edison
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Example: Smart AppliancesConsumers appliance receives peak price notification from Utility/ISO and displays on their appliance console. Appliance automatically reacts by reducing energy consumption.
Price Signal
© 2009 ISO New England Inc. Smart Grid Overview
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Example: PHEV
Gas ElectricGreenhouse Gas emissions 6.3 tons 1.1 tonsAnnual Fuel Cost $1,538 $270Equivalent Cost per gallon $2.87 .75
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Present unprecedented challenges to the Distribution System Infrastructure
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Distributed Resources
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
A Paradigm Shift in Power System Control is REQUIRED for the Smart Grid to succeed• Power System Control functions will be significantly impacted by the
Smart Grid• More granular control of supply and demand is needed• Supply Management (wherever it is located)• Demand Management• Network Management (both transmission and distribution levels)• Markets Management – wholesale and retail integration• Integrated Power System Control across the supply chain will require
more frequent interaction among controlling entities• Need for coordination among controlling entities under time critical
situations will require greater automation between entities• Thus far there has been insufficient attention to standards and
protocols for Control functions among controlling entities
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
EPRI Conceptual Diagram
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©EPRI 2009
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Generation
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©EPRI 2009
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Customer
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©EPRI 2009
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Service Provider
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©EPRI 2009
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High Level Smart Grid Architecture Overview
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Supply Resources
Demand Entities
Delivery Network
Markets
System Control
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Example:NIST I2G Interactions
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BulkGeneration
Station
Aggregator
ISO
Utility
Bid into Capacity Market
Industrial Site
OnSiteCoGeneration
Station
ControlCenter2ControlCenter
Dynamic Wholesale PricingDynamic Retail Pricing
Industrial Reliability Notification
Energy Management System
Distributed Generation
Station
Electrical Metering
Industrial Metering Data
Direct Generator ControlIndirect Generator Control
Source: NIST I2G Draft Roadmap V 0.5 dated 4/9/2009
Current Standards workgroups “view” control as a single cloud with multiple entities
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Need for More Granular Control
• More Supply Resources locating on Distribution Network• Pinpoint Locational Control of Demand Response
Resources• Mobility of PHEV’s enable them to shift load and supply
around system dynamically• PHEV’s will receive energy payments for whichever
dispatch zone they supply energy within (locational pricing)
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Shift to more granular control is underway in NE
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
ISO-NE and FERC SG Policy Alignment
FERC Priority Areas
ISO-NE Projects CyberSecurity
Inter-SystemCommunications
Wide-area situational awareness
•Wide Area Monitoring Systems with Phasor Measurement •Situational Awareness/Visualization•Real Time Stability Analysis and Control
X
XX
X
Demand Response •Demand Response (DR) Reserves Pilot •Demand Response Programs•Integration of DR Resources in ISO/RTO Operations for 2010
XXX
XXX
Electric Storage •Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator
X X
Electric Transportation
•Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator
X X
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Manage Network
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Wide Area Monitoring
• Requires sub-second insight by Operators:– NASPI– Phasor Data Concentrator at ISO-NE– More PMU installations
• Requires more granular spatial data on Supply and Demand– This will require more frequent interaction between Controlling
Parties than exists today
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Wide Area Monitoring contLoad Concentrations – Generation Resources
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Wide Area Monitoring cont
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Inter-Control Area Monitoring
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
View Reserves
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc. © 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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CT Generator Trips
and
the ENTIRE Grid Responds!
Quebec HVDC Tie –
No Initial ResponseNB Ties - Limited Response
Over 95% Initial Response from/to NY and PJM
When a Resource Moves or Trips…
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Situational Awareness/Visualization
• Requires enhanced decision support capabilities and timely, accurate insight and advice to operators– Intelligent Alarm Processing
• Employing Complex Event Processing tools• Provide System Operator with Visual display of conditions• Enhance decision support ability of operators
– EMS/DSM integration• Requires more granular spatial data on Supply and
Demand– Requires greater interaction between System Control Entities
than exists today
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc. © 2008 ISO New England Inc.
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PMUPMU SCADASCADA State Estimator State Estimator
Physical and Operational
Margins (POM) software
Physical and Operational
Margins (POM) software
•On-line Region Of Stability Existence (ROSE)
•Operating point trajectory within ROSE
•On-line Region Of Stability Existence (ROSE)
•Operating point trajectory within ROSE
Sampling rate: 20…60 per sec 4…10 sec 3 min
New level of on-line situational awareness by incorporating high rate PMU and SCADA data into calculation of stability
margin and visualization
Outcome:
Situational Awareness/Visualization cont
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PMU and SCADA data will be used for on-line calculation and visualization of Operating Point proximity to Stability
boundary
Update Trajectory of Operating Point with PMU data rate
Power flow or Angle
Power flow or Angle Update Stability Boundary
with SCADA data rate
Situational Awareness/Visualization cont
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Situational Awareness cont
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Visual SamplesISO/RTO Visualization Project 2006
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New Technology
Visualization:
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
New Technology
• Virtual Utilities and Virtual Plants
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@ Siemens AG 2007.
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
RT Stability Analysis and Control
• Includes transient, voltage and thermal analysis• Objective: Make the existing grid infrastructure more
efficient• Perform dynamic line ratings• Operate system closer to real limits; increases overall
capacity without any capital investment
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Manage Supply
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Tiverton MicroGrid
• 160-acre historic town center – New Hope Village; Carbon Neutral Community
• 400 Townhouses – 75 Affordable Housing Units – 80 single family houses
• Historic electric trolley service connecting community
• 12 land based commercial wind turbines will be of the current technology having a rated nameplate capacity between 2.5 & 5 MW
• Seventy-Eight Thousand (78K) Annual MWh Wind Turbine Energy Generation
• Twenty-Four Thousand (24K) Annual MWh Solar Energy Generation
• Community-Wide Geothermal HVAC Support Infrastructure
• Green Biodiesel Processing Plant will be operated entirely under roof of a 175’ X 275’building
• Will prevent 2,859,795 tons of CO2 from entering the atmosphere over the next 25 Years
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Areas Requiring Immediate Attention• Power System Control
– Among Power System Control entities• Network Model Updates• Control Coordination (e.g. voltage control coordination)• Status and Monitoring (Situational Awareness)• Planning Functions/Activities
• Manage Demand– PHEV charging control– Dynamic Price Communication– Load Forecasting
• Manage Supply– MicroGrid and DER management/monitoring/control– Electronic Dispatch Standards– Measurement/Verification Standards for DR– DR Control standards– Supply Forecasting
• Manage Network– EMS/DMS Integration
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Conclusions• New Challenges and Technology require new look at the
future of System Operations, Planning and Markets• Many changes must take place without negative impact to
customers and overall grid performance• Both Operations and Planning will have to change to
accommodate new Grid and Decentralized Control among multiple control entities
• Interoperability at all levels – from regulatory to computer and communication systems is a key to success of new grid
• Public pressure spawned by the Stimulus package is requiring ISO’s to implement what’s available now – can’t wait for standards to emerge
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© 2008 ISO New England Inc.