Atoms & Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011.

Atoms&

Chemical Bonding

Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,

Modified in 2011

Element Cards• Follow the directions in the

following slides to complete this journal

Element Cards (Part

#1)A.) Arrange the cards into

some sense of order according to their properties

B.) Look for patterns both up & down & sideways

C.) Answer questions 1-3 on the “Element Cards” Sheet

Element Cards (Part 2)

A.) Organize your cards according to the periodic

B.) Answer questions 4-7 on the “Element Cards” Sheet.

Element Cards

D.) Return your cards to the envelope

E.) Return the envelope to the front table

F.) Turn to page 1 of your Packet

Atoms&

Chemical Bonding

Modified in 2011

Valence Electrons

• Electrons in the outermost energy level are known as valence electrons.

• Valence electrons are important because they are the only ones involved in chemical bonding.

Valence Electrons

• Valence electrons can be gained, lost, or shared by atoms during chemical bonding.

• This desire for a certain amount of valence electrons is what causes chemical reactions.

Valence Electrons• How many valence electrons in this atom?

• REMEMBER VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE

ONLY THOSE IN THE OUTER ENERGY

How many valence electrons in this atom?

0% 1. 1

0% 1. 9

0% 1. 1

Return your remote

Complete p. 6-7 of your packet

Modified in 2011

Entrance Questions

Ready your remote

Modified in 2011

0% 1. 1

CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES

Turn to page 1 of your

CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET

Rows on the Periodic Table

• Rows across the periodic table are known as periods.

• Elements in the same row have the same number of energy levels.

• This outer energy level is often referred to as the valence energy level or the valence shell.

Families on the Periodic Table

• Elements in the same column of the periodic table are known as groups or families.

• Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons.

Families & Properties

• Since elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons, they behave very similarly in a chemical reaction.

• Therefore, atoms in the same family have very similar properties!!!

Using the Periodic Table

• How to Determine the Number of Valence Electrons

Learning Checks

• Ready your Remotes

Columns on the periodic table are called

0% 1. Periods

2. Groups

3. Compounds

4. Bonding Reagents

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table?

0% 1. Same first letter

2. Similar properties

3. Same number of protons as neutrons

4. Discovered in the same year

Rows on the periodic table are called

0% 1. Groups

2. Compounds

3. Periods

4. Bonding reagents

What is the valence energy level of strontium (A# = 38) ?

0% 1. 2nd

2. 3rd

3. 4th

4. 5th

What is the valence energy level of Mercury (A# = 80) ?

0% 1. 3rd

2. 4th

3. 5th

4. 6th

How many valence electrons does bromine have(A# = 35) ?

0% 1. 8

How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?

0% 1. 8

What is the valence energy level of calcium (A# = 20) ?

0% 1. 1st

2. 2nd

3. 3rd

4. 4th

How many valence electrons does calcium have(A# = 20) ?

0% 1. 1

Electron Dot Diagrams• Since only the valence electrons

are involved in chemical bonding, chemists have a quicker, easier way to represent atoms when showing bonding called an electron dot diagram.

Electron Dot Diagrams• An electron dot diagram is

simply the chemical symbol of an element with 1 dot for every valence electron it has.

• This is also referred to as a Lewis dot structure.

Sample Dot Diagrams

Learning Checks

Rows on the periodic table are called

0% 1. Groups

2. Compounds

3. Periods

4. Bonding reagents

• Return Your Remote• Pick up & Complete Electron Dot

diagrams WS• Complete PACKET p.8 “Properties

of a Missing Element”

• Valence Electrons, Lewis Dot Diagrams & Bohr Models

Entrance Questions

• Ready your Remotes• Get out a periodic table

4% 1. Periods

2. Groups

3. Compounds

4. Bonding Reagents

How many valence electrons does aluminum have(A# = 13) ?

3% 1. 2

What is the valence shell of aluminum (A# = 13) ?

0% 1. 1st

2. 2nd

3. 3rd

4. 4th

3% 1. 1

3% 1. Periods

2. Families

3. Compounds

4. Bonding Reagents

How many valence electrons does chlorine have(A# = 17) ?

0% 1. 8

Chlorine-37 would have how many neutrons? (A#17)

7% 1. 7

How many valence electrons does phosphorus have (A# = 15) ?

0% 1. 1

Exit Questions

• Return your Remotes• Read Text pages 130-138 (Chapter 5.2)• Complete Periodic Table Brochure• Complete pages 8–10 of Chem Bonding Pack

Entrance Questions

• Ready your Remotes• Get out a periodic table

Oxygen-17 would have how many neutrons? (A#8)

0% 1. 7

How many valence electrons does magnesium have (A# = 12) ?

0% 1. 1

How many energy levels does magnesium have (A# = 12) ?

0% 1. 1

Entrance Questions• Return your Remotes• Turn in Periodic Table Brochure• Read Text pages 139-145 (Chapter 5.3)• 5.3 Representative Groups Reading Organizer

• Answer Assessment Questions 1-11• Complete pages 9–16 of Chem Bonding Pack• ADD- Valence Electrons, Valence Shells, and

Electron Dot Diagrams to the flip chart.

Entrance Questions

Which of the following elements has 6 valence electrons?

0% 1. Oxygen (A# 8)

2. Neon (A# 10)

3. Lithium (A# 3)

4. Carbon (A# 6)

CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES

Turn to page 2 of your

CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET

Stable Atoms• Chemically stable atoms have 8

valence electrons (Octet Rule) • (Atoms with only 1 energy level

can be stable with only 2 valence electrons)

Which of the following elements is naturally chemically stable?

0% 1. Oxygen

2. Neon

3. Lithium

4. Carbon

Which of the following families have elements that are chemically stable?

0% 1. Alkali metals

2. Alkaline earth metals

3. Halogens

4. Noble Gases

Chemical Bonding• Atoms chemically bond or react

to become stable atoms.• They can do this by gaining,

losing, or sharing valence electrons.

Nerdy electrons?

• Use the nerds on the Energy Level Diagrams to represent electrons in the energy levels of the neutral atoms in the slides that follow:

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of fluorine’s 9 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine:

What change would make it

chemically stable?

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine:

Adding 1 more valence

electron would give it a stable

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine:

What effect does this have on the fluorine atom? --

Nerdy electrons?

Fluorine:

NOW HAS A

CHARGE OF -1It is now chemically

stable!!!

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur

(A#16)

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sulfur’s 16 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur

(A#16)

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur:

chemically stable?

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur:

Adding 2 more valence electrons

would give it a chemically stable

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur:

What effect does this have on the fluorine atom?

Nerdy electrons?

Sulfur:

IT NOW HAS A

CHARGE OF -2 It is now

chemically stable!!!

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium

(A#11)

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sodium’s 11 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium

(A#11)

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

chemically stable?

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

Adding 7 more valence electrons

would give it a chemically stable

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

But… is there an easier way?

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

Take a look again. Is there a

different way to get 8 valence

electrons?

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

Losing 1 electron would leave 0 in the 3rd

energy level, making the 2nd energy level the valence shell… which

would now have a chemically stable 8!!!

Nerdy electrons?

Sodium:

NOW HAS A CHARGE OF

It is chemically stable.

Nerdy electrons?

• Other examples:

Nerdy electrons?

Magnesium (Construct if you have pink nerds)

Oxygen (Construct if you have purple nerds)

Nerdy electrons?

• So… where do atoms pick up extra electrons?

Nerdy electrons?

• From other atoms that want to lose them!!!

Ions• When an atom gains or loses

electrons to become stable, it is called an ion.

• An ion is a charged atom.

Positive Ions• Atoms that lose electrons

become positively charged.• These positive ions are called

cations.

Negative Ions• Atoms that gain electrons

become negatively charged.• Negative ions are called anions.

Ionic Bonding• Atoms looking to be stable may

transfer electrons to other atoms.

• Each atom becomes charged, and positive ions are then attracted to negative ions.

Ionic Compounds• The attraction of positive ions to

negative ions is called an ionic bond.

• Atoms that bond this way are called ionic compounds.

Ionic Compounds• Here’s how it happens:

• Ionic Bond Video Clip 1• Ionic Bond Video Clip 2• Ionic Bond Video Clip 3

Ionic Bonding

Learning Checks

Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are

called

0% 1. Isotopes

2. Ions

3. Radioactive

4. Neutral

What would a chlorine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 17)

0% 1. Gain 1 electron

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Gain 2 electrons

4. Lose 7 electrons

What would an iodine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 53)

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Gain 2 electrons

4. Lose 7 electrons

Learning Checks

• Return your Remote• Complete PACKET pages 17-18 Ionic Bonds

Learning Checks

How many valence electrons does rubidium have(A# = 37) ?

0% 1. 1

Stable atoms have how many valence electrons?

5% 1. 1

What would a rubidium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 37)

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Gain 2 electrons

4. Lose 3 electrons

Learning Checks

• Return your Remotes

Learning Checks

0% 1. 1

How many valence electrons does potassium have(A# = 19) ?

0% 1. 1

What would a potassium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 19)

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Gain 2 electrons

4. Lose 3 electrons

Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are

called

0% 1. Isotopes

2. Ions

3. Radioactive

4. Neutral

JOURNAL#2

• Draw electron dot diagrams of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, &

Iodine

Learning Checks

How many valence electrons does sulfur have(A# = 16) ?

0% 1. 8

0% 1. 1

What would a sulfur atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 16)

0% 1. Gain 2 electrons

2. Lose 2 electrons

3. Gain 3 electrons

4. Lose 3 electrons

Oxidation Numbers

• Turn to page 3 of your packet

Oxidation Number• The oxidation number is

essentially the bonding power of an atom.

• The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that it will tend to acquire when bonding.

Oxidation Number• A positive oxidation number

means that an atom will lose electrons when forming an ionic bond.

• A negative oxidation number means that it will gain electrons.

Sample Oxidation Numbers

• Chlorine: - 1• Sodium: +1• Calcium: +2• Sulfur: - 2• Aluminum: +3

Video Clips

• Intro to Bonding (Ionic) 4:30• Valence electrons 2:46

Learning Checks

• Ready your Remote

0% 1. 7

What would a phosphorus atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 15)

0% 1. Gain 2 electrons

2. Lose 2 electrons

3. Gain 3 electrons

4. Lose 3 electrons

What is the oxidation number of phosphorus? (A# = 15)

0% 1. +1

What is the oxidation number of nitrogen? (A# = 7)

0% 1. +1

What is the oxidation number of chlorine? (A# = 17)

0% 1. +1

What is the oxidation number of magnesium? (A# = 12)

0% 1. +1

Learning Checks

• Return your Remote• Complete the “Periodic Table Perspectives” sheet

Video Clips

• Element Rap 3:00• The Noble Gas Song 3:28• The Noble Gas Rap 2:50

Entrance Questions

• Ready your remote

How many valence electrons does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)

0% 1. 1

What is the oxidation number of arsenic? (A# = 33)

0% 1. +1

How many energy levels does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)

0% 1. 5

Changing An Atom

• RETURN YOUR REMOTE• Turn to page 19 of your packet &

complete it• Pick up a copy of the “Families of

the Periodic Table” worksheet

Video Clips

• Families of the Periodic Table 14:42• Groups of Elements on the

Periodic Table 7:26

Video Clips

• Alkali Metals in Water 2:22• Sodium & Potassium in Water 0:53• The Halogens 3:40

Learning Checks

• Ready your Remote• Get ready to consult your

periodic table!!

What is the oxidation number of strontium? (A# = 38)

0% 1. +1

What is the oxidation number of oxygen?

0% 1. +1

What would a calcium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 20)

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Lose 2 electrons

4. Gain 2 electrons

In a chemical reaction, what would an oxygen atom do?

2. Lose 1 electron

3. Gain 2 electrons

4. Lose 2 electrons

Learning Checks

• Return your remote• Turn to page 20 of your PACKET

• Make sure you finish page 20 – 21

“Bonding Basics – Ionic Bonds”

Covalent Bonding• When atoms share electrons to

become stable, it is called a covalent bond.

• Covalently bonded atoms are called molecules.

Sample Molecule• Hydrogen Fluoride

Before After HF

Sample Molecule• Ammonia

Before After NH3

Sample Molecule• Oxygen (diatomic molecule)

Before After O2

Video Clips

• The Bonding Song 4:19

Polyatomic Ions• Polyatomic ions are covalently

bonded atoms that still hold a positive or negative charge.

• Sometimes called radicals, these molecules act as one and can form ionic compounds.

Common Polyatomic Ions• Ammonium NH4

• Acetate C2H3O2-1

• Hydroxide OH-1

• Nitrate NO3-1

• Carbonate CO3-2

Law of Conservation of Matter

• The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

• Matter can just change from one form to another.

• The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products of a chemical reaction.

• The number of atoms before a chemical reaction is the same as the number after a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTS

4 H 4 H

2 O 2 O

BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:

4 H2 + 2 O2 2 H2O

• REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTSTOTAL ATOMS TOTAL ATOMS

2 H 2 H

2 Cl 2 Cl

BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:

H2 + Cl2 2 HCl

TOTAL MASS:

2 (1.0g) + 2 (35.5 g) = 2 (36.5 g)

73. 0 g = 73.0 g

The Law of Conservation of Matter

BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: Na2SO4+ Ca Cl2 CaSO4+ 2 NaCl

The Law of Conservation

of Matter

27 grams of aluminum react with 24 grams of oxygen. What mass of aluminum oxide

forms?

0% 1. 27 grams

2. 24 grams

3. 25.5 grams

4. 51 grams

What coefficient should go in front of the H2 to properly balance this equation?

2 H2O ? H2 + O2

0% 1. 1

• Video 1• Homer & Conservation of Mass 2• Antoine Lavoisier's Discovery 3

Bibliography• Bohr Models from www.chemicalelements.com

Atoms & Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011.

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