Post on 05-Jul-2022
ASTM Standards
Approaches to Sustainability and
Links to Design Methodologies
Richard S. Szecsy, PhD, PE President
Texas Aggregates and Concrete Association
Doha, Qatar
October 1, 2011
Sustainability from Two Perspectives
SUSTAINABILITY IN CONCRETE
PRODUCT PROCESS
• Raw materials
• Composite materials
• Recycled content
• Design decisions
• Materials storage
• Manufacturing
• Transportation
• Waste management
Overview
• ASTM
– Organizational Structure
– Important Documents
• Approaches to Sustainability
ASTM Primary Objective
…is to be the foremost developer and provider
of consensus standards, related technical
information, and services having globally
recognized quality and market relevance
ASTM International
• Founded in 1898
• Developing voluntary, consensus standards for
materials, products, systems & services
• Published more than 12,000 standards
• ASTM Standards reflect the most current
technology because they are continually
reviewed and updated
• Over 35,000 members from 145 countries
Introduction to ASTM International
• Previously known as - American Society for
Testing & Materials, name changed in 2001
• ASTM International is a non-profit organization
headquartered in West Conshohocken, PA
• ASTM International is one of the largest
voluntary standards development organizations
(SDO) in the world
• ASTM sustains is operations through the sales
of its intellectual property
Introduction to ASTM International
• Opportunity for stakeholders to participate
in the standards development process
• Every member has equal say
• Consensus based procedures
• Stakeholders on ASTM Committees:
– Product Manufacturers
– Regulatory Agencies
– End Users
– Professional Societies
– Academia
Introduction to ASTM International
Example Committees:
• A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• C09 on Concrete and Aggregates
• C16 on Thermal Insulation
• E50 on Environmental Assessment
• D01 on Paint
• D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants
• D20 on Plastics
• E60 on Sustainability
• F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices
• F24 on Amusement Rides and Devices
• F37 on Light Sport Aircraft
• ASTM Standards are voluntary consensus standards
• Cited in a contracts
• Government agencies reference them in codes,
certification, regulations, laws (US: P.L. 104-113), and
international laws
How are Standards Used?
Technical Committee Operations
• Staff manager for each committee
– ASTM Staff’s role is to manage & support the technical committees
• Staff editor for each committee
• Draft templates for new standards
• Web conferencing
• Electronic balloting
• Web access to committee information
• Technical
Committees form to
address specific
industry needs
• Subcommittees are
established to
address subsets of
specialized subject
matter
• Subcommittees
organize their
expertise into Task
Groups to write
standards
Technical Committee Organization
Main
Committee
C09
C09.20
Aggregates
C09.40
Ready-Mix Concrete
C09.40.01 C09.40.02
• Documents are drafted
and revised in the task
group
• New standards are
required to be balloted at
the subcommittee level
at least once
• After subcommittee
approval, the main
committee.
Balloting
Committee on
Standards
Society and Main
Committee
Subcommittee
Task
Group
Technical Committee Balance
• Technical committees are “classified” and
“balanced”
• Committee Members are “classified” as one of the
following:
– Producer, User, General Interest, or Consumer
• Only one official vote is assigned per company.
• Every member receives ballots and should vote
ASTM Basic Documents
• Standard Specifications
– An explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material,
product, system, or service
• Test Methods
– A definitive procedure that produces a test result
• Standard Practices
– A set of instructions for performing one or more specific
operations that does not produce a test result
• PCR
– More on this tomorrow…
ASTM Documents
• ASTM C33
– Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
• ASTM C94
– Standard Specification for Ready Mixed Concrete
• ASTM C125
– Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
Aggregates
• ASTM C1157
– Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C1602 (water)
– Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
ASTM C33 (Aggregates)
3.2 recycled, adj - diverted, separated, or removed from
the solid waste stream, processed and returned to use in
the form of raw materials or products.
A In the case of manufactured or recycled sand, if the
material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve consists of
the dust of fracture, essentially free of clay or shale,
these limits are permitted to be increased to 5 and 7 %,
respectively.
ASTM C33 (Aggregates)
5.1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand,
manufactured sand, recycled sand, or a combination
thereof.
9.1 Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed
gravel, crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag,
recycled aggregate, including crushed hydraulic-cement
concrete (see Note 6), or a combination thereof,
conforming to the requirements of this specification.
Rationale via ISO 14021 Definitions
Recycled (content): The proportion, by mass, of
recycled material in a product or packaging. Only
pre-consumer and post-consumer materials shall
be considered as recycled content, consistent with
the following usage of the term(s):
Pre-consumer material: Material diverted from the
waste stream during a manufacturing process.
Excluded is reutilization of materials such as
rework, regrind or scrap generated in a process
and capable of being reclaimed within the same
process that generated it.
ASTM C94 (ready mixed concrete)
• Top Loaded Concrete
• 90 min/300 drum revolutions
• Performance basis of standard
Top Loaded Concrete (The dirty little secret!)
• ASTM C94 Section 3.2.5
– concrete, returned, n – unused concrete left in a ready-mix
truck and returned to the manufacturer.
• ASTM C94 Section 3.2.6
– concrete, top-loaded, n –a combination of returned concrete
with fresh new concrete (central mixed or shrink mixed)
batched on top; or a combination of returned concrete and
additional concrete constituent materials batched on top;
that is then combined by mixing in a truck mixer to form a
mix that is a composite of the returned concrete and the
newly batched materials.
90 Min and 300 Drum revolutions
• ASTM C94 Section 12.7:
– “Discharge of the concrete shall be completed within 11/2 h,
or before the drum has revolved 300 revolutions…”
• User's Guide to ASTM Specification C941
– The 300 revolution limit was developed many years ago
(circa 1935) when mixers were powered by separate mixer
engines and had only one basic drum speed, about 6 rpm.
The limit on revolutions tended to control delivery time.
– Except for a very few soft aggregates, the 300 revolution,
limit is of no practical consequence.
90 Min and 300 Drum Revolutions
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
200 250 300 350 400
Tim
e (
min
)
Co
mp
ress
ive
str
en
gth
(p
si)
Revolutions
7 day strength
28 day strength
Time
What does a sack/bag of cement weigh?
• ASTM C94 Note 9:
– “In the United States the standard mass of a bag of portland
cement is 94 lb [42.6 kg].”
• ASTM C150 Note 6:
– “With the change to SI units, it is desirable to establish a
standard SI package for portland cements. To that end 42 kg
(92.6 lb) provides a convenient, even-numbered mass
reasonably similar to the traditional 94-lb (42.6-kg) package.”
Prescriptive vs. Performance Ordering Options
• ASTM C94 Section 6
– 6.2 Option A: When the Purchaser requires the Manufacturer
to assume full responsibility for the selection of the
proportions for the concrete mixture.
– 6.3 Option B: When the Purchaser assumes responsibility
for the proportioning of the concrete mixture.
– 6.4 Option C: When the Purchaser requires the Manufacturer
to assume responsibility for the selection of the proportions
for the concrete mixture with the minimum allowable cement
content specified.
Current Ordering Performance Accountability
Current Responsibility for Mixture Proportions
Prescriptive and Performance Ordering Options
Prescriptive and Performance Ordering Options
Comparison
Other Documents
• ASTM C125
– Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and
Concrete Aggregates
• ASTM C1157
– Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic
Cement
• ASTM C1602 (water)
– Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
Questions
Richard S. Szecsy, PhD, PE President
Texas Aggregates and Concrete Assoc.
900 Congress
Austin, Texas 78701
214-202-1379 cell
512-451-5100 ofc
rich.szecsy@tx-taca.org
www.tx-taca.org