Post on 01-Jan-2016
dr. Ken Wirastuti, MKes, Sp.S
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Saraf
Fakultas Kedokteran-Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
Pain: The Fifth Vital Sign• Pain should be considered the “fifth vital sign”
• Patients should be assessed for pain every time pulse, blood pressure, core temperature, and respiration are measured
• Healthcare professionals should recognize a report of unrelieved pain as a “red flag”
American Pain Society Quality Improvement Committee. JAMA. 1995;1847–1880.
Why is assessment important?
• a reduced experience of pain
• increased comfort
• improved physiological, psychological and physical function
• increased satisfaction with pain management on treatment efficacy
• Pain is not a simple sensation that can be easily assessed and measured.
Basic Characteristics of Assessment Tools
• Highly valid and reliable• Allow for the comparison of the magnitude of
changes in pain (ratio scale)• Be relatively free of bias• Be useful for assessing both experimental
and clinical pain• Allow for comparison with physiological
measures in humans and animals• Be relatively easy to use
The pain assessment involves
• an overall appraisal of the factors that may influence a patients experience and expression of pain (McCaffery and Pasero 1999)
Assessing the Patient With Pain
• Onset and duration• Location/distribution• Quality• Intensity• Aggravating/relieving factors• Associated features or secondary signs/symptoms• Associated factors
– mood/emotional distress– functional activities
• Treatment response
Measuring pain
Pain should be measured using an assessment tool that identifies the quantity and/or quality of one or more of the dimensions of the patients’ experience of pain. This includes the:
• intensity of pain;
• intensity and associated anxiety and behaviour.
Pain assessment tools
The range of pain measurement tools is vast, and includes both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional methods.
Uni-dimensional tools• measure one dimension of the pain
experience, for example, intensity;• are accurate, simple, quick, easy to use and
understand;• are commonly used for acute pain
assessment;
Multi-dimensional pain assessment tools
• provide information about the qualitative and quantitative aspects of pain;
• may be useful if neuropathic pain is suspected;
• require patients to have good verbal skills and sustained concentration, as they take longer to complete than uni-dimensional tools.
Pain assessment tools
• Uni-dimensional measurement tools (selection):
• Visual analogue scales • Verbal rating scales• Graphic rating scales• Numerical rating scales• Verbal descriptor scales• Body diagrams• Computer graphic scales• Picture scales• Coin scales
• Multi-dimensional pain measurement tools (selection)
• McGill pain questionnaire (short and long)• Brief pain inventory (short and long)• Behavioural pain scales• Pain/comfort journal• Multidimensional pain inventory• Pain information and beliefs questionnaire• Pain and impairment relationship scale• Pain cognition questionnaire• Pain beliefs and perceptions inventory• Coping strategies questionnaire• Pain disability index• Hospital anxiety and depression
questionnaire (HAD scale)• Neuropathic signs and symptoms ( Leeds
assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANSS) (Bennett, 2001).
• Cognitively impaired/dementia pain scales
The various methods to measure pain
1. Subjective Report2. Spontaneous Behavioural
Responses3. Physiological Measures
Pain Intensity Rating Scales• Pain Faces Scale
00
No No hurthurt
22
Hurts Hurts just a just a
little bitlittle bit
44
Hurts a Hurts a little bit little bit moremore
6
Hurts even more
8
Hurts a whole
lot
1010
Hurts as Hurts as much as much as you can you can imagineimagine
• Brief Pain Inventory
Shade areas of worst painShade areas of worst pain
Put an X on area that hurts mostPut an X on area that hurts most
(Cleeland, 1991; Wong et al, 2001)