Post on 21-May-2020
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs.
Pests & Pathogens Associated with Hemp
Dr. Leslie BeckExtension Weed Specialist, NM State University
Dr. Carol SutherlandExtension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture
Phillip LujanPlant Diagnostician, NM State University
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Outline
• Diagnostic clinic
• Plant Pathogens
• Weed management
• Arthropods
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• Who we are…
• NPDN STAR-D accredited Sept 1, 2016 (4th lab in nation)
NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic
1993 1999 2004 2007 2018
FundingUniversity-
$25,000University/USDA-
$50,000University/NPDN-
$90,000University/NPDN/Grants- $110,000
University/NPDN/Grants- $113,000
Personnel DirectorDirector + Students
Director + Diagnostician
Director + Diagnostician
Director + Diagnostician +
Students
Lab Space No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Integrated Lab No No Yes Yes Yes
Total Samples 350 1,300 6,300 9,000 43,205
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NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• Personnel:
• Director (Extension Plant Pathologist)
• Diagnostician (Full time employee)
• Assistance from other Specialists
• Entomologists• Weed Scientists• Horticulturists• Nematologists
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NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic
• Main Objectives:
• To provide plant diagnostic services for the state of New Mexico and the Southwestern region of the United States
• To be a support lab/facility for the National Plant Diagnostic Network Western Region
• Overall objective: Establish a functional national networkof existing diagnostic laboratories to rapidly and accurately detect and report pathogens, pests and weeds of national interest, whether intentionally introduced or not
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• Services we provide…
• Integrated Plant Diagnostic Clinic• Diseases• Abiotic issues• Arthropods• Weed and Plant Identification
• Permitted to receive unknowns (diseases/abiotic problems/nematodes) from within the contiguous 48 states
• Out-of-state samples require permit with shipment (Please check with me before submission)
• Currently unable to accept hemp samples for diagnostics, however we are working on policy to allow the processing of hemp samples grown in NM. Cannabis samples NOT accepted.
• “Test…Don’t guess!”
NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic
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The Diagnostic Process
• An accurate diagnosis depends on:– Early detection of plant
problem – routine examination of the plant
– Examination of good specimens and/or photos
– Obtaining accurate information
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The Diagnostic Process
Foliage diseases
Check for injuries, disease on the main stem
Keep most roots and soil intact if possible
Samples must contain the right material, an entire plant or several plants if practical
Diseases may show up on any part of the plant
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NMSU – Plant Diagnostic ClinicPlant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu
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NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification
Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu
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NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification
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Key Plant Pathology Concepts• There are many different living and non-living
entities that can have a negative affect on plants
• Plants that are under stress are more susceptible to disease than plants that are growing strong
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Hemp Diseases to “Watch For” (Sources: Dr. Shouhua Wang, Nevada; Dr. Zamir Punja, BC, Canada)
Fusarium wilt/root rot: (Fusarium oxysporum/Fusarium solani) Pythium crown and root rot (Pythium spp.)
Symptoms:damping off: chlorosis at leaves, wilt and topple over; brown rot at soil line, necrosis
Symptoms: chlorotic leaves, stunted plants, cutting into stems reveal reddish-brown discoloration of xylem
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Hemp Diseases to “Watch For” (Sources: Dr. Shouhua Wang, Nevada; Dr. Zamir Punja, BC, Canada)
Powdery mildew Phytoplasma witches’ broom
Symptoms: early symptoms show raised humps on upper leaf surfaces, after mycelium develops then it becomes powdery
Symptoms:chlorosis, dwarfing and hypertrophy of leaves or flowers (rosette/witches’ broom)
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• Start with disease-free planting stock
• Proper site selection and planting time
• Proper watering and fertilizing• Don’t plant too dense and create
a moist microclimate• Proper pruning and sanitation
practices – remove debris, sterilize tools, wash hands, etc.
• Weed and insect control…
Cultural practices to minimize disease risk:
Weed Management in Hemp
Integrated Pest management (IPM)• Currently no labeled herbicides (organic or
synthetic) for hemp production in NM• Weed management must be dependent on
IPM strategies– “Sustainable approach to managing pests by
combining prevention, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.”
• Multiple control options available– No single weed control option will be successful
Weed Management Tools• How do I manage weeds?
– Prevention• Plant certified seed, clean equipment, weed control prior to
planting hemp, early detection/rapid response– Mechanical/Physical
• Tillage (if possible), hoeing, hand pulling, prescribed burning, mulching, weed blankets, etc.
– Cultural • Reduce weeds by managing desired plants
– The more dense and aggressive the hemp crop, the more competition with weeds (greenhouse, row planting?)
• Cover crops?– Biological
• Insects or fungi that work negatively on weed– Chemical
• No options in hemp
Seed Bank• Sum of viable weed seeds and vegetative
propagules that are present in the soil and contribute to future weed pressure– Consists of both new weed seeds, and dormant
viable seeds– Also includes tubers, bulbs, rhizomes
• One of the most important (though neglected) and impactful weed management strategies– Minimize ‘deposits’ and maximize ‘withdrawls’
Seed Bed Preparation
• Pre-crop preparation of the bed is the ideal time to address weeds as much as possible!
Why are the weeds there?
• Indicator weeds – weeds whose presence in an environment can often indicate an underlying management problem– i.e. drainage problem, lack of nitrogen, high soil pH,
compaction, etc.• Often different management can be suggested
to help desirable plants outcompete weeds– Won’t control weeds outright, useful tool– Management depends on the method of hemp
production• Open field, row planting, greenhouse, etc.
Cover crops• Hemp grows quickly and densely, thus acts
as effective cover crop– Row planting
• Lack of herbicide use has lead to interest in other methods for weed control– Grassy crops for increased competition (shorter
grain production)• Rye
• Hemp is usually marketed as gluten-free, thus avoid grain cover crops– Volunteer barley, wheat, other cereals
• Durable fabric – some last for years
• Water and air must pass through
• Organic options biodegrade
• Often covered with mulch
Weed barrier fabrics
Regardless of management practice, make sure it’s used correctly!
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Arthropods Associated with Hemp*
Dr. Carol SutherlandExtension Entomologist, NM State University & State
Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture
*Whitney Cranshaw, Entomology Extension SpecialistColorado State University
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Rice Root Aphid**
Fungus Gnats
Root Feeders
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‘Chewers’ on Hemp Foliage
• beet webworm beet armyworm cotton square borer painted lady saltmarsh
yellow woollybear zebra caterpillars variegated & yellow-striped cutworms
• Earwigs Grasshoppers Beetles: flea & cucumber beetlesR. Hake, TAMU
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‘Suckers on Hemp’ FoliageAphids: Cannabis (Phorodon cannabis**) & Thrips
Rice Root (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis)**
‘True Bugs’: Leafhoppers, Lygus, False Chinch; Stink Bugs (Red-shouldered, Say’s & Conchuela)
Mites: Two-spotted Spider Mite, Hemp Russet Mites**
Aculops cannibicola
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‘Borers’ on Hemp Stems
European Corn Borer Eurasian Hemp Borer (Lep., Pyralidae, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep., Tortricidae Grapholita delineana)**
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Questions?
Diagnostic clinic / Disease issuesContact: Phillip Lujan
Email: pl11@nmsu.eduOffice phone: 575-646-1822
Weed issuesContact: Dr. Leslie Beck
Email: lebeck@nmsu.eduOffice phone: 575-646-2888
Entomology issuesContact: Dr. Carol Sutherland
Email: csutherl@nmda.nmsu.eduOffice phone: 575-646-1132