Are We AloneAre We Alone??��and other mysteries in the and other mysteries in the

Universe.Universe.

Created by:Gyula Nyerges

!! Proper solution (water)Proper solution (water)!! Proper temperatureProper temperature!! Proper raw material (C, O, N, �)Proper raw material (C, O, N, �)!! Lots of timeLots of time!! Did the process take place on Earth or did Did the process take place on Earth or did

the planet become inhabited from outsidethe planet become inhabited from outside??

Life on EarthLife on Earththethe necessarynecessary conditionsconditions

Life Beyond EarthLife Beyond Earth

!! The characters in mythology are The characters in mythology are inhabitants of the various celestial inhabitants of the various celestial spheres. spheres.

E.gE.g. . tthe marching of prince he marching of prince CsabaCsaba on the on the Milky WayMilky Way inin HungarianHungarian mythologymythology..

Life Beyond EarthLife Beyond Earth

!! The question is not of serious concern in The question is not of serious concern in the the medivalmedival geocentric view of life.geocentric view of life.

!! Giordano Bruno: Giordano Bruno: DelDel infinitinfinitoo, , universouniverso e e mondimondi(G.B. G.B. waswas burnedburned atat thethe stakestake inin 1600, 1600, becausebecause ofof hishis writingswritings.) .)

!! Once Earth falls out from its privileged Once Earth falls out from its privileged place, the thought of life on other planets place, the thought of life on other planets emerges.emerges.

Extraterrestrials In Our Imagination Extraterrestrials In Our Imagination

Man from the Man from the Moon in a 19th. Moon in a 19th. century piece of century piece of art.art.

Extraterrestrials In Our ImaginationExtraterrestrials In Our Imagination

TheyThey appearappearinin thethe mediamedia

Extraterrestrials In Our ImaginationExtraterrestrials In Our Imagination

The Roswell The Roswell UfonautUfonaut.

TheyThey becomebecome a a touristtourist spectaclespectacle

.

What about the UFOs?What about the UFOs?

��The UFO phenomenon has been thoroughly and The UFO phenomenon has been thoroughly and seriously examined, but to the best of my seriously examined, but to the best of my knowledge, this only shed light on the often knowledge, this only shed light on the often strange workings of the human brain and strange workings of the human brain and perception, without providing a single evidence to perception, without providing a single evidence to support the hypothesis of extraterrestrial UFOssupport the hypothesis of extraterrestrial UFOs.�.�

//MustelinMustelin//

Scientific Approach Scientific Approach

!! Life similar to that of on Earth, can only Life similar to that of on Earth, can only exist in a place that has similar conditions exist in a place that has similar conditions to our planet.to our planet.

!! In the Solar System only Earth has the In the Solar System only Earth has the proper conditions for life (proper conditions for life (??).).

!! We can only learn about the We can only learn about the existanceexistance of of extraterrestrials if they live in a technical extraterrestrials if they live in a technical civilizationcivilization ((radioradio--signalssignals).).

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

Nc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

Nc : The number of technical civilizations existing in a given point of time and space

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

N* : The number of stars in the givenlocation in space

"

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· fp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

fp : The ratio of those stars in the givenlocation that have a planet system andthose that don�t

"

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· ne ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

ne : Among the above, the averagenumber of habitable planets in the planetsystems

??

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· fl ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

fl : Among the above, the ratio of thoseplanets that carry life and the ones thatdon�t

??

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· fi ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

fi : Among the above, the ratio of thoseplanets that have intelligent life and theones that don�t

??

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· fc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

fc : Among the above, the ratio of thoseplanets that have technical civilization andthe ones that don�t

??

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· Lc / L/ L**

Lc : The average life-span of technicalcivilizations

??

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / / L*

L* : The average life-span of stars

"

The DrakeThe Drake--formulaformula

NNcc = N* = N* ·· ffpp ·· nnee ·· ffll ·· ffii ·· ffcc ·· LLcc / L/ L**

One thing is certain: Nc ≥ 1 (Because we arehere!

In this case however, all f factors must be greater thanzero!)

Let�s Find Them!Let�s Find Them!

SETI = SETI = Search for Extraterrestrial Search for Extraterrestrial IntelligenceIntelligence

!! Searching by the means of Searching by the means of electromagnetic waves.electromagnetic waves.

A Window To The UniverseA Window To The Universe

The methods of SETIThe methods of SETI

!! PassivePassive

GatheringGathering andand recordingrecording signalssignals fromfrom thethecosmoscosmos byby sensitivesensitive antennasantennas..

The methods of SETIThe methods of SETI

!! PassivePassive

The huge amount of data is The huge amount of data is proccessedproccessed on on thousands of computers over the Internet thousands of computers over the Internet simultaneously.simultaneously.

The methods of SETIThe methods of SETI

!! ActiveActive

Radar signals and radio messages are Radar signals and radio messages are sent out into space by large Earthsent out into space by large Earth--based based radio telescopes.radio telescopes.

The methods of SETIThe methods of SETI

!! ActiveActive

The message that brings word of the existance of mankind

ExoExo--planetsplanets

They can not be observed directly, so we They can not be observed directly, so we must use tricky methods.must use tricky methods.

We try to measure the following effects:We try to measure the following effects:! Astrometrical movement! Changes in radial velocity! Modulation of Pulzar-signals! Gravitational lensing effect! Deformation of the proto-planetary disk! Star occultation

ExoExo--planetsplanets

More than a hundred More than a hundred has been discovered has been discovered so far. so far.

New Directions In ResearchNew Directions In Research

Some new discoveries of various species on Some new discoveries of various species on Earth, has brought unexpected turns into Earth, has brought unexpected turns into the search after life:the search after life:

The Discovery Of The The Discovery Of The ExtremophilesExtremophiles

!!ThermophilThermophil (hot (hot resistant) bacteriaresistant) bacteria

LLivingiving at the depths at the depths of oceans, under of oceans, under large pressure and at large pressure and at a temperature more a temperature more than 100than 100°C.°C.

The Discovery Of The The Discovery Of The ExtremophilesExtremophiles

!!Cold resistant Cold resistant bacteriabacteria

LLivingiving inside the inside the icebergs undericebergs under 0°C0°C

The Discovery Of The The Discovery Of The ExtremophilesExtremophiles

!!LitophilLitophils s species species

LLivingiving in rocksin rocks,,severalseveralkilometerskilometers underunderthethe surfacesurface

Back To The Solar SystemBack To The Solar System

PlacesPlaces ofof intrestintrest::!! MarsMars!! EuropaEuropa!! TitanTitan!! TritonTritonThe The explorationexploration ofof thethe firstfirst twotwo has has alreadyalready

begunbegun..

MarsMars

GiovanniGiovanniSchiaparelliSchiaparelliseessees canalscanals ononMars Mars inin thethe1870s.1870s.

MarsMars

There are There are no canno canaalsls, , but dry but dry riverriver--basins basins were were found on found on the the surface.surface.

MarsMars

The surface in The surface in the ancient the ancient times (space times (space art)art)..There used to There used to be water in be water in abundance on abundance on the planet.the planet.

MarsMars

The The footprints of footprints of life life ??Spots in the Spots in the ice caps ice caps that change that change with the with the seasons.seasons.

MarsMars

A A meteorite meteorite from from MarsMarsPerhaps Perhaps with the with the signs of signs of lifelife

EuropaEuropa

The grooved surfaceThe grooved surface

EuropaEuropa

Cracks on Europa�s ice-surface

EuropaEuropa

ThereThere must be must be liquidliquid waterwater underunderthethe solidsolid iceice--surfacesurface!!

SummarySummary

!! So far, we haven�t come across any So far, we haven�t come across any �messages� that provably originate from �messages� that provably originate from an extraterrestrial artificial source.an extraterrestrial artificial source.

!! We haven�t found any extraterrestrial We haven�t found any extraterrestrial beings or their remains.beings or their remains.

We�ll try again next weekWe�ll try again next week!!