Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
Architecture of Monotheism in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:Jewish and Early Christian Architecture
Architecture in the Middle Ages (400-1400)
476Fall of Rome
c. 1400Italian
Renaissance begins
Middle Ages (“Dark Ages”)
Late Antique or Early
Christian
Byzantinefor the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)
medieval for Western Europe
622official beginning
of Islam
Architecture in the Middle Ages (400-1400)
476Fall of Rome
c. 1400Italian
Renaissance begins
Byzantine = Eastern Empire
Late Antique or Early
ChristianByzantine
EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN
I. Monotheistic religions (Judaism and Christianity) shared characteristics that distinguished them from Greco-Roman polytheism
Greco-Roman polytheism Monotheistic religions: congregational spaces
Synagogue at Capernaum Santa Sabina (church)
Temple of Jerusalem
I. A. Monotheistic did require some veneration or occasional architecture 1. What was the main occasional temple for Judaism?
Temple of Yahweh, Arad, Israel
Sacrificial temples to Yahweh
as rebuilt by King Herod, c. 20 BC 9th cen. BC
I. A. 2. What form did veneration architecture take in early Christianity?
Christian mausoleum to Santa Costanza Rome, Italy, AD 350
Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem, Israel, AD 325-80
Converted residences in Dura Europas, Syria
Synagogue Christian meeting house
(domus ecclesiae)
I. B. But, monotheistic religions had the idea of . . . and needed congregational architecture 1. What form did the first congregational architecture take for Jews and Christians?
I. B. 2. When did purpose-built congregational architecture come into being for Jews and Christians?
Synagogue, Capernaum, Israel 4th- 5th cen. AD
Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, AD 319-33
II. Late-antique synagogues (synagogue = assembly)
Synagogue at Capernaum, Capernaum, Israel, 4th- 5th century
diaspora synagogues
II. A. Context: What events might have caused synagogue architecture to develop rapidly in the 1st century AD?
Priestly power (Temple) vs. Pharisees (after 167 BC)
Temple of Jerusalem
model, as rebuilt by King Herod, c. 20 BC
II. B. Precedent: What is one architectural model Jewish congregations adapted to their needs?
Synagogue at CapernaumGreek bouleuterion (senate house)
Synagogue at Capernaum
seating for servicecommunal
meal
II. C. Ritual: What ritual demands had an impact on the overall plan of the synagogue?
literature-sustained service (Torah)
Synagogue at Capernaum
II. C.
façade facing the direction of Jerusalem
prayer hall
Synagogue at Capernaum
II. C. 1. What were the two principle influences on the design of the synagogue’s prayer hall itself?
bimah and ark
no fixed place for the arkno fixed place for the bima
prayer hall
II. D. Architectural language of classical antiquity: How was Greco-Roman architecture changed in adapting it to the new religion?
II. E. Architecture of the persecuted: why aren’t there more synagogues surviving from late antiquity and the Middle Ages?
Synagogue at Ostia, Italy, AD 50Synaogue at Stobi, Greece, 4th cen. AD
Spread of Christianity
III. Function, not symbolism, seems to be the predominant consideration in Early Christian architecture
Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333 New St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, 1506-1667
Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333
III.
Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333
III.
S. Sabina, Rome, Italy, A.D. 422-32
III.
Early Christian basilicas, parish churches, and catacombes in and around Rome
S. Sabina•S. Sabina
III. A. Political context: What event inspires the first purpose-built Christian congregational buildings?
Old St. Peter’s, AD 319-33
Roman emperor Constantine legalizes Christianity in AD 313
pre AD 313: Christian meeting houses
after AD 313: Christian basilicas appear in Rome, the Holy Land, and North Africa
Domus ecclesiae in Dura Europas, Syria, AD 231
Roman Emperor Constantine the Great(or Constantine I), r. 306-337
III. B. Basic parts of the Early Christian basilica
Precedent: Roman civil basilica Conservative Early Christian basilicas in Rome
Basilica at Pompeii
Old St. Peter’s Basilica
Santa Sabina
III. C. Ritual: If the spaces of the Early Christian basilica were functional, how did they organize believers for worship?
S. SabinaAisles for catachumens during the sacrament of the Eucharist
Old St. Peter’s
III. C.
a contact relic at the shrine of St. Peter
III. D. Formal analysis of Early Christian basilicas 1. What characteristics of Roman civil precedent are preserved?
Basilica in Trajan’s FormBasilica at Pompeii Early Christian basilicas
apse
Old St. Peter’s
Santa Sabina
apse
III. D. 2. In terms of architectural language, how does the Early Christian basilica alter the Roman precedent? (two ways)
nave of S. Sabinanave of Old St. Peter’s
III. D. 2.
S. SabinaOld St. Peter’scolonnaded nave arcaded nave
arcuated lintels at Hadrian’s Villa
III. D. 3. How does the form of the Early Christian basilica change the Roman precedent to intensify the ritual of Christian congregation and sacraments?
S. SabinaOld St. Peter’s
Constantine’s Basilica in Trier, Germany, c. AD300(civil basilica)
S. Sabina(early Christian basilica)
III. E. Symbolism: Is the Early Christian basilica recognizable as an architectural symbol of Christian ideology: 1. strictly in terms of architecture?
III. E. 2. in terms of location?
Location of 4th-cen Christian basilicas in cemeteries outside the walls of Rome
S. Sabina
“Circus basilicas” with attached mausolea outside the wallmost common basilical form in 4th-century Rome
Old St. Peter’s outside the wall too but not a circus basilica
III. E. 2.
Mausoleum of Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350
Lateran Baptistery, Rome315, and 432-40
Anastasis RotundaJerusalem, 325-80
Baptisteries Mausolea Martyria
IV. Early Christian occasional space for veneration A. Centrally-planned mausoleums, baptisteries, martyria based on Greek tholos form
S. Costanza (mausoleum), Rome, Italy, ca. AD 350
S. Agnese
S. Costanza
IV. A. 1. Context: Why were Christian mausolea not built until the 4th century AD?IV. A.
Eusebius: Jews and pagans needed holy places, but not Christians.
IV. A. 2. Plan and design: How did Christian mausolea differ from pre-Christian Roman tombs?
IV. A. 2. S. Costanza (mausoleum)
clerestorey ambulatorydome
Composite Order – invented by the Romans, last of the classical orders
IV. A. 3. Ritual: What Christian ritual was accommodated by the ambulatory?
S. Costanza (mausoleum)
IV. A. 4. Symbolism: Were centrally-planned Early Christian mausolea symbolically a Christian architecture?
S. Costanza (Christian mausoleum)
Roman mausoleum of Cecilia Metella, Rome, ca. 50 BC
Greek tholos at Epidauros, 360-20 BC