Aquaculture In the U.S.

James H. Tidwell, Ph.D.

Professor and Coordinator of Aquaculture Programs

Kentucky State University

American Meat Science Association

57th Reciprocal Meat Conference

Worldwide Demand for Fishis Increasing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

MMT

1970 1998 2010

Where does it come from?

Only Two Sources-Capture or Culture

• Historically – the oceans

• About 80% of our foodfishsupply usually came from ocean capture fisheries.

• If we needed more – we just fished harder – longer – or further away.

Today’s Reality•70%

The ocean’s bounty is NOT limitless.

70% in need of urgent management. (FAO 1999)

50% of ocean fisheries fully exploited.

69.4

84.5

97.2

114.8

0

20

40

60

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100

120

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

year

mill

ion

met

ric to

ns

aquaculture

capture fisheries

Essentially all increases in fish supply must come from aquaculture.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing activity in the world.

05

1015202530354045

MMT

1984 1986 1990 1994 1998 1999

Growth of Aquaculture•With a growth rate of 11% per year – Aquaculture is on a pace to surpass beef production in six years..

Only In Seafood Do We Remain Hunters and Gatherers

Without the transition to agriculture, we could never support the current human population.

A similar juncture has been reached or passed in fish supplies.

Percentage of Total World Seafood Supplied by Aquaculture

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

%

Africa1%

former USSR0%

Latin America2%

North America2%

Europe4%

China71%

Asia (excl. China)20%

2000 World aquaculture production by continent

Where?

Seafood Consumption:

Total by Country Per Capita Rates

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5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

China Japan USA India Indonesia

Mill

ion

Kg

0

10

20

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Kg

per p

erso

n

Per Capita Consumption of Seafood in the US

0123456789

10

Kg

seaf

ood

cons

umed

/per

son

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Volume of Domestic Commercial Landings

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Bill

ions

of K

g

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Population Growth USA

U.S. Seafood Exports and Imports

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

ExportsImports

2003 U.S. Trade Deficit in Seafood $7-8 Billion

Billions of Dollars

Over 80% of our seafood is imported!

Total US Aquaculture Production

0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0

WeightValue

Weight mt x 105

Value USD x 105

0

• Farm gate value: $978 Million• Total value: $5.6 Billion• 181,000 full-time jobs

The fastest growing sector of U.S. agriculture

Sources: USDA-NASS 1998 Census of Aquaculture & Economic-wide impacts of U.S. aquaculture, Dicks, et al., May 1996

U.S. Economic Impact (98)

Major Fish and Shellfish in the U.S.• 1) Channel catfish Omnivore• 2) Atlantic salmon Predator• 3) Rainbow trout Predator• 4) Carps Omnivore• 5) Crawfish Omnivore• 6) Clams Filter feeder• 7) Hybrid striped bass Predator• 8) Pacific White shrimp Predator

½ are predators. Like raising tigers instead of cows!!

U.S. Production by Species (98)

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100

200

300

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500

600

Catfish Trout Crawfish Salmon Oysters Baitfish Hybridstriped

bass

Millions of lbs

Source: 1998 Census of Aquaculture, USDA-NASS

Catfish• Largest US aquaculture crop

• Catfish production in the U.S. has increase 52% in 10 years

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50

100

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300

350

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Live

wei

ght p

roce

ssed

(Mill

ion

Kgs

)

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1.2

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1.6

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2

Ave

rage

pric

e (K

g)

Catfish Feed Prices

100120140160180200220240260280300

2003 2004

$/ton

$235/ton

$290/tonEst.

Trout• Approximately 50% of

production from Idaho

• 2003 approximately 61 million pounds produced with a value of $66.4 million

• Mature industry with slow steady growth.

• Effluents regulations a factor

Hybrid Striped Bass• Possibly the next “catfish”• Markets in Northeast as a food fish

• Can be raised in a variety of production systems– Ponds

– Tanks

– Raceways

Predator but tolerates carbohydrates better than most.

Trends in U.S. ShrimpProduction

& Consumption

500700900

11001300150017001900210023002500

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Mill

ion

poun

ds

> $3 Billion

Trade Deficit

Consumption

Imports

Domestic Capture + Culture

Freshwater Prawns

• Freshwater- can be raised inland away from the coast

• Not susceptible to common shrimp diseases

• More Environmentally sustainable

Tilapia• Tilapia is an African

cichlid which grows rapidly, tolerates crowding and produces a mild flaky meat.

• As omnivores and filter feeders they may be able to utilize loose grains.

• Also a good polyculturespecies with prawns.

Demand for Organic Foods

Foreign Competition

Food Security??

For more information: www. ksuaquaculture.org