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Application Of Artificial Intelligent in WirelessCommunication
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A.I. ?
A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies thecomputational requirements for tasks such asperception, reasoning and learning and developsystems to perform those tasksIt is the representation of human abilities from a
different medium.
A.I.
Strong A.I.
M/C can think andact like human
Weak A.I.
Some thinking like featurescan be added to M/C
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Why its need in Wireless Networking
Why its need in Wireless Networking
Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human levelperformance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool ahuman interrogator
At the other end, computer with no Human aid runs the
program to provide responses.
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What is a cognitive radio?
An enhancement on thetraditional software radioconcept where in the
radio is aware of itsenvironment and itscapabilities, is able toindependently alter itsphysical layer behavior,
and is capable offollowing complexadaptation strategies.
Cognitive radio Cognition cycle
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Cognitive Radio is a promising tool for
Access to spectrum finding an open frequency and using it
Interoperability
talking to legacy radios using a variety of incompatible waveforms
Cognitive RadioPlatform
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Motivation for using cognition in IEEE 802.22Systems
Using previous experience to predict:
Channel reputation
Incumbent detection
Other patterns
Protect incumbent users by being aware
of the environment Co-existence and self co-existence
Spectrum utilization improvements
Future proofing for other CR technologies
It is not known whether a CR network can offersatisfactory performance despite the injection of manynew incumbent handling mechanisms [Cordeiro, et.
al. 2005]
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MPRGs Development of an IEEE 802.22 Cognitive
Engine
Objective was to create a Cognitive Engine forIEEE 802.22 systems
Phases I and II completed
Main Accomplishments:Development of a solid and generic
architecture for the IEEE 802.22 CE
Development of a flexible framework thatallows for future design, development andtesting of more sophisticated modules
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WRAN Considered Scenario
CPE 1
CPE 2CPE 3
CPE 4
CH1CH1
CH2
CH3
WRAN Base Station
TV Station(Primary User)
System Description
Single WRAN BS
CPEs with different application requests Incumbent users TV only and Part 74 devices
Events that trigger change in the system:
New CPE service request in the WRAN
Incumbent detected in TV channel
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Cognitive radio research
Big companies have made major investments in the researchof cognitive radios including for example Microsoft, Intel,Philips, and Google.Large research programs have been established to studycognitive radios and cognitive radio networks.major conferences and some of the major research efforts inthe cognitive radio area are Academic conferences Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)
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Cognitive Radio Architecture
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Spectrum Sharing
Existing techniques for spectrum sharing: Unlicensed bands (WiFi 802.11 a/b/g)
Underlay licensed bands (UWB)
Opportunistic sharing
Recycling (exploit the SINR margin of legacy systems)
Spatial Multiplexing and Beam forming
Drawbacks of existing techniques: No knowledge or sense of spectrum availability
Limited adaptability to spectral environment
Fixed parameters: BW, Fc, packet lengths, synchronization, coding,protocols,
New radio design philosophy: all parameters are adaptive Cognitive Radio Technology
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Building the Cognitive Radio using SDR Technology -The SDR Radio is Available Now!
SDR drives the Cognitive Radio concept that will provide
the spectral awareness technology supporting the FCCsSpectral Use initiatives
SDR is a proven, flexible, COTS technology platform SDR Technology is in Production and Available Now
NewAnnouncementsComing Soon
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Application Scenarios
Licensed network
Secondary markets
Third party access in licensednetworks
Unlicensed network
Cellular, PCS band
Improved spectrum efficie ncy
Improved capacity
Public safety bandVoluntary agreements betweenlicensees and third party
Limited QoS
TV bands (400-800 MHz)
Non-voluntary third partyaccess
Licensee sets a protectionthreshold
Automatic frequencycoordination
Interoperability
Co-existence
ISM, UNII, Ad-hoc
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What is a Cognitive Radio?
Cognitive radio requirements
co-exists with legacy wireless systems
uses their spectrum resources
does not interfere with them
Cognitive radio properties
RF technology that "listens" to huge swaths of spectrum
Knowledge of primary users spectrum usage as a function of
location and time
Rules of sharing the available resources (time, frequency,space)
Embedded intelligence to determine optimal transmission(bandwidth, latency, QoS) based on primary users behavior
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Cognitive Radio Means Smart and AlertIt knows where it is
It knows what servicesare available, for example,it can identify then useempty spectrum tocommunicate moreefficiently
It knows what services
interest the user, andknows how to find them
It knows the currentdegree of needs andfuture likelihood of needsof its user
Learns and recognizesusage patterns from theuser
Applies Model BasedReasoning about userneeds, local content,environmental context
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From WiFi to Cognitive Radios
Functionality WiFi Cognitive Radio
Multiple channels for agility 27 fixed 20MHz channels Variable # and BW
Sensing collisions/interference WiFi interference only Any interference
Simultaneous spectrum sensingand transmission
Not possible Necessary
Modulation scheme, rate Fixed per packet Adaptive bit loading
Packet length, preamble Fixed More flexible
Power level Fixed per packet Adaptive control
Interference mitigation WiFi interference only Any interference
Spatial processing Some (802.11n) Lots
QoS, rate, latency Limited Sophisticated
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Test Scenario at 2.4 GHz, Indoor
Bluetooth
802.11 b/g
Microwave o
Cordless phone
CR
2
CR1
AP
CR
3
Unlicensed band 80 MHz bandwidth
OFDM system (like 802.11a/g) Multiple antennas for interference
avoidance and range extension
Centralized approach through AP
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End to end reconfigurabilityER Vision
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Cognitive Radio is Built on SDR
Donts
ovide l is.
SDR TechnologyImplementation forthe Cognitive Radio
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Definition of SDR
In this section pros
and cons of plan B
will be descried.
This can be a brief
description or bullet
points.
Good Luck
From FCC : We view software defined radios as the result of an
evolutionary process from purely hardware-based equipmentto fully software-based equipment.
the process can be roughly described in three stages : 1. Hardware driven radios: Transmit frequencies,
modulation type and other radio frequency (RF)
parameters are determined by hardware and cannot bechanged without hardware changes.
2. Digital radios: A digital radio performs part of the signalprocessing or transmission digitally, but is notprogrammable in the field
3. Software Defined Radios:. All functions, modes andapplications can be configured and reconfigured bysoftware
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SDR TechnologyTechnology fundamentals:
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) provide virtuallyinfinite programmability. All modulation, cryptography, protocols, andsource coding (voice, data, imagery) are
established using software.Many types of modulation can be accomplishedover a broad range of frequencies, thereby anSDR is capable of servicing more than one classof service.Field serviceable, when requirements change,upgrades and modifications are relatively easy to
execute.
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SDR Standardized Architecture Supports BothCurrent and Future ApplicationsFDMA, TDMA, CDMA, TDD
AM, FM, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM, CPM, SSB, DSSS
DES, 3DES, AES, MeXe
Trunked Radio, APCO-25, GSM, Iridium, 802.11..
Tone Coded Squelch, CVSD, LPC
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Time Line
SDR Standards are Actively Being Worked today byStandards Bodies and Organizations.Cognitive Radios have the Ability to Implement
Protocols and Policies Beyond TraditionalCommunications.New Realms of Knowledge and InformationTransfer are Achievable with Cognitive/SDR Radioas the Underlying Technology EnablerSDR Products and Technology are a Reality Today
In Conclusion
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Reference Publications
Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia
Communications, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10
Mitola, Future of Signal Processing - Cognitive Radio, Keynote,IEEE ICASSP, May 1999
Mitola, Maguire, Cognitive Radio: Making SW Radios MorePersonal, IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp13-18
Mitola, SDR Architecture Refinement for JTRS, Milcom 2000, pp214-218
Mitola, Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective,IEEE J on Selected Areas in Comms, April 1999, pp 514-538
Margulies, Mitola, Software Defined Radio: A Technical Challengeand a Migration Strategy, 1998, pp551-556
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Good News
NOKIA RESEARCH DEFINES IT NEXT
GENERATION OF MOBILE
TECHNOLOGY
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CONCLUSIONS
The IEEE 802.22 WG is in the process of defining thefirst worldwide air interface standard based on CR
techniques. This new standard, which will operate in theTV bands, makes use of techniques such as spectrumsensing, incumbent detection and avoidance, andspectrum management to achieve effective coexistenceand radio resource sharing with existing licensedservices
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Summary
Cognitive radio is a notion with multiple, veryoften contradictory definitions
Many independent standardization bodies are
working on cognitive radio (IEEE, ITU, ETSI,)
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Cognitive radio products
1. Adapt4's :XG1The XG1 radios operate inunison; the network iscognitive, to eliminate
interference.The Hub combines the datainto a network-wide view anddistributes it to all Radios,
instantly producing aninterference-free hopping sequence.
Adapt4s XG1 is an OFDM-based system
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Adapt 4 lists the following applications for cognitive radio
critical infrastructure public safety homeland safety/disaster response Transportation
military
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Cognitive Radio products
2. Cognichip
1. it is a low-cost radio device2. It operate on the ultra high frequency (UHF) spectrum
470-870 MHz .3. Cognichip uses cooperative sensing for identificationof spectrum opportunities and therefore is aninteresting development stage on the way towardscognitive radio networks.
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Cognitive tasks
The major tasks of the cognitive radio include :
1. radio-scene analysis2. channel identification3. dynamic spectrum management and transmit-powercontrol.