Aposematic coloration

crypsis

Effect of the moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) on prickly pear cactus (Opuntia stricta)

before

after

White pine Red pine Jack pine White spruceWinter 1956-57 31 19 84 0Winter 1958-59 9 1 48 0Winter 1960-61 17 0 70 0

Percentage of various trees browsed by deerHorton 1964

Monarch butterfly

Viceroy butterfly

bumblebee

Cicada killer

Bald faced hornet

robberflyHummingbird moth Syrphid fly

Coral snake

milksnake

kingsnake

katydid

Phrynosoma cornutum

Horned lizard

Phyllodes imperiais

Fruit piercing moth

Walking stick

Daphnia and yeast

Yeast cells/ml

Feedingrate

Type 1 response

Here consumption islimited by searchtime

Here consumption islimited by handling time

Here consumption is limited by acombination of search and handling time

Consumptionrate

Food density

Type 2 response

1)

guppies were fed tubificid worms and fruit flies in varying proportions

Number expected (if nopreference)

Proportionof tubificidin diet

Proportion oftubificids available

Here guppies were feeding at the topof the tank

Here guppies startfeeding at bottomof tank

Type 3 response

2) water bugs fed mayflies in varying numbers

Numberexpected

Percentageof mayfliesin diet

Percentage ofmayflies available

Waterbug learns how to catch prey(becomes more successfu l)

Type 3 response

r

N

High harvest quota

Medium harvest quota

Low harvest quota

Nm