Transcript of AP Biology Kidney Structure & Function Collecting duct Loop of Henle Amino acids Glucose H2OH2O...
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- AP Biology Kidney Structure & Function Collecting duct Loop
of Henle Amino acids Glucose H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O
H2OH2O Na + Cl - Mg ++ Ca ++ Na + Cl - Removing Intracellular
Waste
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- AP Biology intracellular waste Animal systems evolved to
support multicellular life O2O2 CHO aa CH CO 2 NH 3 aa O2O2 CH O2O2
aa CO 2 NH 3 O2O2 aa CH aa CHO O2O2 Diffusion too slow! single cell
but what if the cells are clustered? for nutrients in & waste
out extracellular waste
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- AP Biology Overcoming limitations of diffusion Evolution of
exchange systems for distributing nutrients _____________________
removing wastes _____________________ systems to support
multicellular organisms aa CO 2 NH 3 O2O2 aa CH aa CHO O2O2
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- AP Biology Osmoregulation Why do all land animals have to
conserve water? always lose water (breathing & waste) may lose
life while searching for water Water balance vs. Habitat freshwater
___________________________ water flow into cells & salt loss
saltwater ___________________________ water loss from cells land
dry environment need to conserve water may also need to conserve
salt hypotonic hypertonic
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- AP Biology Intracellular Waste What waste products are made
inside of cells? what do we digest our food into carbohydrates =
CHO lipids = CHO proteins = CHON nucleic acids = CHOPN CO 2 + H 2 O
NH 2 = ammonia CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 O + N CO 2 + H 2 O + P + N |
||| H H N COH O R H C Animals poison themselves from the inside by
digesting proteins! lots! very little cellular digestion cellular
waste
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- AP Biology Nitrogenous waste disposal Ammonia (NH 3 )
__________________________ carcinogenic __________________________
easily crosses membranes must dilute it & get rid of it fast!
How you get rid of ___________________depends on who you are
(evolutionary relationship) where you live (habitat)
aquaticterrestrialterrestrial egg layer
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- AP Biology Nitrogen waste _____________________ can afford to
lose water ___________________ most toxic _____________________
need to conserve water ___________________ less toxic
______________________ ______________________ need to conserve
water need to protect embryo in egg ___________________ least
toxic
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- AP Biology Freshwater animals Hypotonic environment water
diffuses into cells Manage water & waste together remove
surplus water & waste use surplus water to dilute ammonia &
excrete it also diffuse ammonia continuously through gills overcome
loss of salts reabsorb in kidneys or active transport across
gills
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- AP Biology Land animals Nitrogen waste disposal on land need to
conserve water must process ammonia so less toxic _______= larger
molecule = less soluble = less toxic 2NH 2 + CO 2 = urea
_________________________ __________________ filter solutes out of
blood reabsorb H 2 O (+ any useful solutes) excrete waste _______ =
urea, salts, excess sugar & H 2 O urine is very concentrated
concentrated NH 3 would be too toxic O C H N H H N H Urea costs
energy to synthesize, but its worth it! mammals
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- AP Biology Nitrogen waste disposal in egg no place to get rid
of waste in egg need even less soluble molecule ___________ =
BIGGER = less soluble = less toxic birds, reptiles, insects
Egg-laying land animals itty bitty living space!
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- AP Biology N N N N O H O O H H H Uric acid And that folks, is
why most male birds dont have a penis! Polymerized urea large
molecule ______________________________ doesnt harm embryo in egg
white dust in egg adults still excrete N waste as white paste no
liquid waste uric acid = white bird poop!
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- AP Biology Mammalian System Filter solutes out of blood &
reabsorb H 2 O + desirable solutes Key functions
______________________ fluids (water & solutes) filtered out of
blood ______________________ selectively reabsorb (diffusion)
needed water + solutes back to blood ______________________ pump
out any other unwanted solutes to urine ______________________
expel concentrated urine (N waste + solutes + toxins) from body
bloodfiltrate concentrated urine filtrate
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- AP Biology Mammalian Kidney kidney bladder ureter urethra renal
vein & artery nephro n microvilli on epithelial cells adrenal
gland inferior vena cava aorta
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- AP Biology Nephron Functional units of kidney 1 million
nephrons per kidney Function filter out urea & other solutes
(salt, sugar) blood plasma filtered into nephron high pressure flow
selective reabsorption of valuable solutes & H 2 O back into
bloodstream greater flexibility & control counter current
exchange system why selective reabsorption & not selective
filtration?
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- AP Biology Mammalian kidney Proximal tubule Distal tubule
Glomerulus Collecting duct Loop of Henle Amino acids Glucose H2OH2O
H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Na + Cl - Mg ++ Ca ++
Interaction of circulatory & excretory systems How can
different sections allow the diffusion of different molecules?
Bowmans capsule Na + Cl -
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- AP Biology Nephron: _______________ At glomerulus high blood
pressure in kidneys force to push (filter) H 2 O & solutes out
of blood vessel BIG problems when you start out with high blood
pressure in system hypertension = kidney damage H 2 O & solutes
cells & large molecules
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- AP Biology Nephron: _______________ Proximal tubule reabsorbed
back into blood
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- AP Biology Nephron: Re-absorption structure fits function! Loop
of Henle ___________________ reabsorbed _________________
structure
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- AP Biology Nephron: Re-absorption structure fits function! Loop
of Henle ___________________ reabsorbed _________________
structure
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- AP Biology Nephron: Re-absorption Distal tubule reabsorbed
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- AP Biology Nephron: Reabsorption & Excretion Collecting
duct reabsorbed _______________ _______________ excretion
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- AP Biology Osmotic control in nephron How is all this
re-absorption achieved? tight osmotic control to reduce the energy
cost of excretion use diffusion instead of active transport
wherever possible the value of a counter current exchange
system
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- AP Biology Summary why selective reabsorption & not
selective filtration?
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- AP Biology Any Questions?