Post on 18-Aug-2019
280
Effervescence No Effervescence
Effervescence
No Effervescence
ANION ANALYSIS
SALT + Dil H2SO4
Could be CO32-, SO3
2-, S2-, NO2- SALT + Conc H2SO4 + warm
Test using SCE Could be Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-
Smell the gas
Odourless;
could be
CO32-
Smell of
burning hair;
could be SO32-
Smell of
rotten
egg; could
be S2-
Colourless
gas turning
brown could
be NO2-
Passed
the gas
through
limewate
r
Lime water
turns milky
confirms
CO32-
Passed the
gas through
1) acidified
K2Cr2O7 Soln2)
acidified
KMnO4 soln
K2Cr2O7
Soln
turns
green
confirms
SO32-
KMnO4 soln is
decolourised
confirms SO32-
Passed the
gas through
acidified
lead acetate
solution
Lead acetate
soln turnsblack
confirms S2-
Observe colour of the gas
Colourless
gas giving
dens white
fumes with
ammonia ,
could be
chloride
Reddish
Brown gas
could be Br--
Black/ violet
gas, could be
iodide
Light brown gas turning
dense brown on heating
could be NO3-
Salt +MnO2 +
conc H2SO4 + Δ
Greenish
yellow gas
could be Cl-
SCE + dil HNO3
+ AgNO3 soln
White ppt
soluble in
NH4OH
confirms Cl-
Salt + K2Cr2O7 +
conc H2SO4. Pass
the gas evolved
through water.
Acidify the water
with acetic acid
and add lead
nitrate
Reddish brown gas , turns water
yellow, finally yellow ppt soluble in
NaOH con firms Cl-
SCE + CHCl3/CCl4 + Cl2 Water
in the organic
layer
--Red/ brown
colour
confirms Br-
----violet colour
confirms I-
Salt + Cu turnings +
conc H2SO4+ heat
Brown gas and
the solution
turns blue,
could be NO3-
SCE + FeSO4 Soln
+ dil H2SO4 +
Conc H2SO4
along the walls
of the test tube.
Brown ring at
the junction of
the two layers
confirms NO3-
Continued in next page
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281
Salts that do not give effervesence with dil H2SO4/ Conc H2SO4
Preparation of SCE ie Sodium carbonate extract: Salt + same quantity of Na2CO3 + water + boil. Filter.
Filtrate is called SCE.
SCE + dil HCl + BaCl2 Soln White ppt insoluble in conc HCl confirms SO42-
SCE + dil HNO3 +
Ammonium Molybdate Cranary yellow ppt confirms PO4
3-
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White Ppt No Ppt
Black ppt No ppt
Ppt no ppt
Fe3+ Al3+
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
ORIGINAL SALT SOLUTION + Dil HCl
Could be Pb2+ Pass H2S
Dissolve in hot water Could be
Pb2+ /Cu2+
Boil off H2S + Dil HNO3+
NH4Cl Solution + NH4OH
Dissolve in minimum
quantity of 50% HNO3
Colorless Solution could be Pb2+
Divide into two parts
Add
K2CrO4
Add
KI
Yellow ppt
soluble in
NaOH soln
confirms
Pb2+
Yellow ppt
soluble in
hotwater
which
reappears on
cooling as
golden
yellow
spangles
confirms Pb2+
Blue Soln could be Cu2+
Divide into three parts
Add
NH4OH
Add Pot Ferro
Cyanide
Add
KI
Deep blue
colouration
Chocolate
brown ppt
Dirty
white ppt
Confirms Cu2+
Could be
Fe3+,Al3+, Mn2+
Gelatinou
s Brown
could be
Fe3+
Gelatinous
white
could be
Al3+
Pass H2S
through the
above solution
Dissolve ppt in minimum
amount of HCl
Divide it
into two
parts
Add Pot Ferro Cyanide soln Add Pot
sulpho
Cyanide
Soln
Blood
red
color
Fe3+ confirmed
Add
NaOH
Soln and
a drop
of
litmus
Black
PPt
could
be Co2+
and
Ni2+
On the
next
page
Disolve ppt in min
amount of aqua regia
and evaporate to
dryness
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No Ppt
No ppt no ppt
Deep blue color Blue lake floating
in a colourless
background
confirms Al3+
Blue
residue
could be
Ni2+
Yellow
residue
could
be Co2+
From previouspage
White ppt
could be
Zn2+
Boil off H2S. add
Na2CO3 Soln
White Ppt
could be Ca2+,
Ba2+, Sr2+
Dissolve ppt in
minimum quantity of
acetic acid and divide
into three parts
Add K2CrO4
soln
Yellow ppt
soluble in
NaOHcould be
Ba2+
Add Amm Acetate
White ppt could
be Sr2+
Add Amm Carbonate
White ppt could
be Ca2+
Green colour
on flame test
confirms Ba2+
Red colour
on flame test
comfirms Sr2+
Brick red on flame
test confirms Ca2+
Individual test for Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+ Dissolve in dil HCl.
Add NaOH soltion
White
ppt
soluble
in excess
of NaOH
confirms
Zn2+
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Chemical
Properties Chemical
Properties
Physical
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
Amines
N sp3 hybridised
Classified as 1o, 2o and
3o depending on no of H
atoms replaced by alkyl
or aryl groups in NH3.
Common name: Alkyl
amines
IUPAC names Alkane
amines and aryl amines
--Lower aliphatic amines are
soluble in water—(H bonding).
Solubility inversly proportional
to molecular mass. Aromatic
amines— insoluble in water
--BP of amines 1o>2o>3o
amines. BP is α to inter
molecular H bonding.
Acids> Alcohols> Amines>
Hydrocarbons
--Basicity 2o>3o>1o ( in aqueous phase).
Ethanamine > NH3> Aniline
EDG increase basicity
EWG decrease Basicity
--With alkyl halides alkylation
--1o and 2o amines react with acid chlorides,
acid anhydrides, esters by neucleophilic
substitution
-- Carbylamine reaction:1o amines on heating
with CHCl3 and KOH form isocyanides with
abnoxiuos smell.
--1oAliphatic amines + NaNO2 + HCl Alcohol.
1o aromatic amines + NaNO2 Diazonium
salts
--1o& 2o amines = C6H5SO2Cl(Hinsberge
reagent) sulphonamide
--electrophilic substitution occurs at –O-, -P-,
position
--1o& 2o amines + RMgX Alkanes.
Cyanides
Common name: Alkyl Cyanides
IUPAC name: Alkane Nitriles --Hydrolysis RCN RCOOH
--RCN ( LiAlH4 or Na +
C2H5OH) RCH2OH
--RCN(SnCl2 /HCl + H2O)
RCHO (Stephen’s reaction)
--RCN + NH3 R—C—NH2
ǁ
NH
--Lower members are liquids while
higher members are solids. –
Solubility in water decreases as
number of C atoms increases. --
Soluble in Organic solvents. --
Due to dipolar association BP is
higher than hydrocarbons
Diazonium salts
IUPAC name: Alkyl diazonium
salt; Aryl Diazonium Salt
--Displacement of N
CuCl/HClArCl
ArN2+X- CuBr/HBr ArBr Sandmeyer
Cu/HCl Cu/HBr CuCN/KCN ArCN Reaction
ArCl ArBr
--Alkyl salts are more
soluble than aryl salts -
-Readily soluble in water,
but Benzene Diazonium
floroborate is insoluble in
water.
--soluble in solution and
decomposes in dry state
KI ArI
ArN2+X-
HBF4/Δ ArF
H2O/Δ H3PO2+ H2O
CH3CH2OH ArH
ArOH HBF4ArN2BF4 Δ ArF
Diazo group is retained:(COUPLING
REACTIONS)
From colourless Diazonium salts to brightly
coloured azo compounds Ar-N=N-Arusing
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Properties
Physical Chemical
Properties
Physical Chemical
NITRITES
IUPAC Name Alkyl nitrites
Containing –O—N=O group, isomeric to nitro alkanes
Sn/HClROH + NH2OH
R–O—N=O
H2O/ H+ ROH + HNO2
NITRO
IUPAC Name Nitro alkanes
--colourless and pleasant smelling liquids.
--less soluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents.
--high boiling point
--high dipole moment
--Reduction: RNO2Sn/HClR—NH2
Zn /NH4ClR—NH—OH
--Hydrolysis: RCH2NO2 + H2O HCl R—COOH
2R2CHNO2HCl 2R2CO
--Halogenation: RCH2NO2Br2/NaOH Di bromo derivative
R2CHNO2 Br2/NaOHMono bromo derivative
R3CNO2Br2/NaOHNo Reaction
ISOCYANIDES Common name: Alkyl isocyanides IUPAC Name: Alkyl Carbylamines
--Highly poisonous and
abnoxious smelling liquid
--B P lesser than cyanides
--insoluble in water
--Hydrolysis: R—NC H3O+RNH2 ( Primary Amines)
--Reduction: R—NC LiAlH4RNHCH3 ( Secondary Amines)
-- R—NC + HgO R—NCO + Hg ( Alkyl Isocyanate)
--R—NC Δ/250oC RCN ( Isomerisation)
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287
NH2 + HNO2
NaNO2 HCl+N2
+ Cl-
+ OH2NaCl +
Benzenediazonium chlorideBenzenediazonium chloride is stable due to resonance.
Benzenediazonium Chloride
N+
N Cl-
H
H
Cl
Br
CN
Cl
I
N2
+BF4
OH
NO2
OHH
H3PO2
OH2+ N2
H3PO3 HCl+ +
CH3CH2OH+ N2 + CH3CHO + HCl
CuCl / HCl + N2
CuBr / HBr+ N2
CuCN / KCN + N2
Cu / HCl + N2 + CuCl
KI+ N2 + KCl
HBF4 -
F + N2 + BF3
OH2+ HClN2 +
HBF4N2
+BF4
- NaNO2
Cu + N2 +NaBF4
N N OH
NH2H N N NH2
OH-
OH-
( Orange dye )
( Yellow dye )
p-Aminoazobenzene
Coupling reaction
Coupling reaction
In
stron
gly alkalin
e m
ed
iu
m, th
e con
cen
tration
of
diazon
iu
m ion
( act as electrop
hile ) d
ecreases
an
d cou
plin
g reaction
d
oes n
ot occu
r.
N+
N
NaOH
N
N
OH
NaOH
N
N
O Na-+
NH2NH3
+
H+
OH
-
OH O-
OH
-
H+
Less
activated
aromatic
system
Dia
zon
ium
ion
bein
g a
weak e
lectrop
hil
e,c
an
cou
ple
wit
h a
stron
gly
activ
ated
arom
atic
system
.
Coupling do not
occur in strong
acidic medium
Diazotisation
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288
CHARACTERS OF AMINES
PhNH2 PhNHCH3Et NH2
Et2 NHP
Kb value >>>
Basic strength Et2 NH CH3NH2Ph N Me2> > > PhNH2
Basic strength p-Toluidine p-NitroanilineAniline >>
Basic strength in gaseous phase Et3N Et2 NH Et NH2 NH3> > >
Boiling point Et OH Et NH2 Et2 NH> >
Solubility Et NH2 Et2 NH PhNH2> >
Basic strength in aqueous Et NH2Et2 NH NH3 PhNH2> > >
Basic strength in Aqueous medium
H5C2 NH
C2H5
H5C2 NH2H5C2 N
C2H5
C2H5
NH3
2o
1o3
o
CH3 NH
CH3
CH3 NH2 CH3 N
CH3
CH3
NH3
2o 1
o3o
CONTROLLED AMINES
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289
Controlled BrominationNH2 N C CH3
O
H NH2
Br
( CH3CO )2O
Pyridine
Br2
CH3COOH
N C CH3
O
H
Br
OH / H+-
N-Phenylethanamide( Acetanil ide )
x x
Controlled Nitration
NH2 N C CH3
O
H
( CH3CO )2O
Pyridine
x xN C CH3
O
H
NO2
OH / H+-
NH2
NO2
HNO3 , H2SO4 , 288 K
Aliphatic Conversions
R X
Alkyl halide
alc. KCNR CN
Nitrile
LiAlH 4
ReductionR CH2 NH2
Primary amine
HNO2
( NaNO 2 & HCl )
R CH2 OH
Primary alcohol
Hydrolysis
OH3
+
RCOOH
Carboxylic acid
Oxidation
LiAlH 4
OH3
+R CH2 OH
R OHHX
Anhydrous ZnCl 2
Hydrocarbon
Alcohol
X2 / UV
Primary alcohol
CONVERSIONS
For stepping down the series
: For stepping up the series
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290
RCOOHCarboxylic acid
NH3 RCONH 2
Acid amide
Br2
KOH
R NH2Amine
HNO2
( NaNO 2 & HCl )R OH
Primary alcohol Alkyl halide
HX
Anhydrous ZnCl 2
R X
R CH2 XAqueous KOH
R CH2 OH
Primary alcohol
Alkaline KMnO4
Alkyl halide
Aromatic Conversions
Cl
NaOH , 623 K, 300 atm
H+
OH
Zn dust CH3Cl
Anhydrous AlCl3
CH3
Alkaline KMnO4HOOC
SOCl2ClOCOHC
H2 / Pd , BaSO4 , S
Boiling Xylene
When the functional group contains
carbon atom
When the functional group does not contain carbon atom
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OH
Con
c.
HN
O3
H2S
O4
, 333 K
NO2Sn / HCl
NH2
N2
+Cl-
Zn
du
st
Na
NO
2
HC
l
H3PO2
OH2
OH2
N2+BF4-
NaN
O 2C
u ,
Warm
HBF4
F
Cl
CuCl
ClH
BrBrH
CuBr
I
KI
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292
CONCEPT MAPPING COLLOIDS
Based on particles of dispersed phase
i)Multimolecular
ii)Macromolecular
iii)Associated
Based on nature of interaction
i)Lyophilic
ii)Lyophobic
Based on physical state
i)solid in solidi)liquid in solid iii) gas in solid
iv)solid in liquid v)liquid in liquid vi)gas in liquid
vii) solid in gas viii) liquid in gas
Chemical Method
Bredig’s Arc Method
Peptisation
Tyndall effect
Brownian Motion
Electrophoresis
Colligative Properties
Charge on colloidal particle
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
PREPARATION OF COLLOIDS
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
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Colour
Coagulation
Dialysis
Electrodialysis
Ultra filtration
PURIFICATION
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CONCEPT MAPPING
CHAPTER 10
CLASSIFICATION OF HALOALKANES
On the basis of No. of Halogen atoms On the basis of Hybridisation Of Carbon atom On the basis of 1o,2o&3o Carbon atoms
Monh Haloderivative
CH3-X Dihaloderivative Trihaloderivative Primary haloalkane Sec. halo Tert. Halo alkane alkane CHX3(Haloforms) CH3-CH2-X CH3-CH(X)-CH3 CHX3
CH2-X CH2-X
Halogen is bonded to Sp3 Hybridised C Allylic halides Vinylic Halides eg. CH3CH2CH2-X eg. CH2=CH-CH2-X CH2=CH-X
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295
PREPARATION OF HALOALKANES
From alcohols From hydrocarbons From alkanes By halide exchange
CH2=CH2 +HX
ZnCl2 R-OH +HX RX +H2O CH3CH2-X
Cl2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
UV
Finkelstein Reaction Swarts Reaction
RX+NaI RI + NaX RX + AgF RF + AgF
(X=Cl,Br)
+KOH (aq.)NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES
R-OH +KX
+NaOR
R-X R-O-R +NaX
+KCN (alc)
R-CN + KX
+AgCN R-NC + AgX
+KNO2 R-O-N=O
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296
UNIT11
ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS ÐERS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS
Reactions involving the cleavage of Reactions involving the cleavage Reactions
involving the cleavage O-H bond of C-O bond alkyl as
well as OH gp
With metals Esterification 2ROH +2Na 2RONa +H2
RCOOH +R’OH RCOOR’+ H2O
With HX With PCl5 ROH +HX RX +H2O ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl
Reactions involving thealkyl as well as OH gp
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Dehydration Oxidation Dehydrogenation 30>20>1010>20>3010>20>30
H2SO4 K
2Cr
2O
7+H2SO4 CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 +H2O CH3CH2OH CH3CHO RCH2OH
443K [O]
573k Cu
CH3COOH
RCHO +H2
Tinsukia Region
UNIT12
Test for Carboxylic Acids
Litmus Test NaHCO3 Test Ester Formation Test
Turns blue litmus to red Brisk effervescence of CO2 is evolved Fruity smell of ester
Classification of Carboxylic Acid
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Monocarboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acids Tricarboxylic acids
1-COOH group 2-COOH group 3-COOH group
CH3COOH HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH HOOC-CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Reduction Oxidation
1.By HCN 4.By NH3
2.By NaHSO3
3.By RMgX
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Oxygen family
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300
CONCEPT MAPPING
d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS
Special
d-BLOCK
ELEMENTS
Physical
Properties Some important
compounds
KMnO4
:Preparation,structure
& its properties.
K2Cr2O7 :
Preparation,structure
& its properties
Properties
1.Variable Oxidation states.
2.Coloured Ions
3.Catalytic properties
4.Complex formation
5.Alloy formation
6.Interstitial compounds.
7.Paramagnetism.
1.Variation in M.P
2.Variation in atom &
Ionic size.
3.Ionisation Enthalpies.
4.Oxidation state variation
5.Trends in std.electrode
Potential.
6. Trends in stability of higher
Oxidation states.
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301
f-Block Elements
Lanthanides
4f series(Cerium to
Lutetium)
Common
ox.state:+3
In +2
state-
reductant;
In +4 state-
oxidant
Lanthanoid
Contraction:Reg
decrease of at.size
/ion.size
Actinides Misch Metall(Alloy of
lanthanoids contains
95% Ln & 5%Fe..
5f series(Thorium -
Lawrencium
Common
ox.state:+3
Extra
ox.states:+5,+6,+7
Most are
radioactive
Actinoid
contraction:Reg
decrease of at.size
/ion.size
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Guwahati Region Concept Mapping
Polymer in one Page
Type Polymer Monomer Uses Remark
Condensation Polymer
+ Homopolymer
Nylon 6 Caprolactum Fibre,Plastic,tyre
-cords
Thermoplastic
Condensation
Polymer
+Copolymer
Nyon66 HMDA,Adipic acid Stockings Shirts,
Ropes
Treylene(Dacron) Ethylene glycol
,Terphthalic acid
Fabrics
Glyptal Ethylene glycol
,Phthalic acid
Paints,Binding
materials
PHBV 3-Hydroxy butanoic
acid,
3-Hydroxy pentanoic
acid
Packaging in
Medical
industry
Biodegradable
Aliphatic Poly ester
Nylon2-Nylon6 Glycine &
Aminocaproic acid
Biodegradable Polymer
Bakelite Phenol , formaldehyde Elecctric Switch
& switch board,
Thermosetting
Polymer
Melamine
formaldehyde Resin
Melamine
,Formaldehyde
Unbreakable
Crockery
Addition
Polymer +
Homopolymer
Polythene Ethene Pipes, Electrical
insulators, Toys
Thermoplastics
Polystyrene Styrene Combs,Plastic
handle,Toys
Polypropene Propene Carry bags,
Plastic goods
PVC Vinyl Chloride Rain coat,
Electrical
insulators
PAN(Orlon) Acrlonitrile Fabrics
PTFE( TEFLON) Tetrafluroetene Non-stick
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303
utensils
Natural Rubber (
Neoprene)
Isoprene Football bladder
Addition Polymer +
Copolymer
BUNA-S Buta1,3diene,Styrene Tyre cords
BUNA-N Buta1,3-diene,PAN Water storage
Tank
Classification as elastomer, Fibre, Thermoplasic ,Themosetting Polymer
Polymer Classification Type
Natural Rubber ( Neoprene) Elastomer,
BUNA-S
BUNA-N
Nylon 6 fibre
Nyon66
Treylene(Dacron)
Polystyrene Thermoplastic
Polypropene
PVC
PAN(Orlon)
PTFE( TEFLON)
Glyptal
PHBV
Nylon2-Nylon6
Polythene
Bakelite Thermosetting ploymer
Melamine formaldehyde Resin
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304
Concept Mapping Chemistry in everyday life in one Page
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT DRUGS
Note: All the medicines should be taken under strict medical supervision
Drugs Action Example
Analgesics Pain Killer AspirinAnalgin, ,Anacine,
Analgesics
(Narcotic )
Produces unconsciousness Opium, Heroin , Codeine, Morphine
Antibiotics
i).Bacteriostatic
(Streptomycin)
ii).Bactericidal(Penicillin)
Produced by micro – organism that can
inhibit the growth or kill other micro-
organism.
Penicillin G(Narrow Spectrum)
Streptomycin, Ampicillin , Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol
Vancomycin, ofloxacin , (Broad Spectrum)
Antiseptics
Prevent the growth of micro-organism or
kill them but not harmful to the living
tissues.
Dettol(Chloroxylenol +Terpineol), Bithional(in soap)
Tincture iodine, 0.2% phenol, Boric Acid,
ethanol,Soframycin,furamycin
Disinfectants
Kills micro-organisms, not safe for living
tissues. It is used for toilets, floors ,
instruments.
1% phenol,
chlorine (Cl2) ,
Sulphurdioxide ( SO2)
Antacids
Reduce or neutralize the acidity.
Mg(OH)2
MgCO3
AlPO4
Al(OH)3 gelNaHCO3
Antihistamines
Reduce release of acid.
It is also used to treat allergy
Cimetidine(Tegamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),
Brompheniramine ( Dimetapp)
Terfenadine ( Seldane)
Tranquilizers
Reduce the mental anxiety, stress,
emotional disturbance (sleeping pill)
Valium, Serotonin, Veronal,
Equanil,Amytal,Nembutal,Luminal, Seconal
Antipyretics Reduce body temperature Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin, Phenacetin.
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CONCEPT MAP –BIO MOLECULES- [Proteins]
Antifertility
drugs
These are the steroids used to control the
pregnancy
Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol )
CHEMICALS IN FOOD
Sweetening Agent Saccharine, Aspartme(for cold foods) Alitame
Sucrolose(stable at cooking temp)
Food Preservative Salt, sugar, veg. oils, sodium benzoate
CLEANSING AGENTS
Soap Na / K –salt of long chain fatty acids Not work in hard water becoz with Ca and Mg salt soap
produce insoluble scum
Anaionic detergen Sodium laurylsulphate Used in household work / in tooth paste
Cationic detergent Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide Hair conditioner / germicidal properties
Non ionic detergent Ester of stearic acid and polyethylene glycol Liquid dishwashing
Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon parts are non-biodegradable and hence water pollutants so branching is minimized
which are degradable and pollution is prevented.
Pr
ot
ein s
All the polymers of ἀ amino acids connected to each
other by peptide bond or peptide linkage
Classification Based on molecular structure
1.Fibrous :insoluble in water polypeptide chains run parallel held by H and disulphide bonds. Ex:- Keratin
2.Globular :Chains of polypeptides coil around to give spherical shape. Ex: Insulin
Structure:-
Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
Secondary:shape due to H-bnding.
Tertiary:Overall folding of secondary
structure.
Quarternary:Special arrangement of
subunits wrt to each other.
Essential Amino acids:Which cannot be
made in body ,to be supplied through
diet.
Non-essential:Can be synthesized by
body.
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ἀ Helix :Formed due to intramolecular H-
bonds between the C=O of one amino
acid residue and the N-H of the 4th
amino acid residue in the chain. Ex
:Keratin in hair and myosin in muscles
ᵝ-Pleated structure:Peptide chains laid side by
side,held together by intermolecular H-
bonding, resembles pleated folds of drapery
ex:silk protein
Denaturation:Due to coagulation native shape
of the protein is destroyed and biological
activity is lost ,[2ᵒ,3ᵒ structure destroyed, 1ᵒ
intact.]
B.Sreedhar( NSB2)
Sushma(NAD) BBSR
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