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Andy Fox1,2, Tim Hoar2, Marcy Litvak3, Natasha Macbean1 & David Moore1

1. University of Arizona2. National Center for Atmospheric Research3. University of New Mexico

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Desert Grassland 1596 m Desert Shrubland 1605 m

Juniper Savanna 1926 m

Piñon-Juniper 2126 m

Ponderosa Pine 2486 m

Mixed Conifer 3049 m

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Elevation 1596m 1605m 1926m 2126m 2486m 3049m

DominantSpecies

Boutelouaeriopoda,

B. gracilis

Larreatridentata

B. eriopda

Juniperusmonosperma

B. Eriopoda

Pinus edulis,J.monosperma

Pinusponderosa,Quercusgambelii

Picea pugensP.engelmanniiAbieslasiocarpa, A. concolor

MAT (°C) 13.4°C 14.4°C 11.2°C 10.8°C 6.3°C 3.1°C

MAP (mm) 195mm 195mm 250mm 375mm 600mm 800mm

Monsoon Precip (%) 70% 70% 53% 45% 45% 36%

DesertGrassland

DesertShrubland

Juniper Savanna

Piñon-JuniperWoodland

Ponderosa PineForest

MixedConifer Forest

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• Using CLM4.5 BGC• PTCLM set up for each of 6 sites as

accurately as possible• PFT fractions of Bare, C4 grass, shrub

and Needleleaf Evergreen - Temperate• Sand/Clay fractions• Spun up by cycling 9 years of site

meteorology data

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• Carbon fluxes “OK” at grassland, shrubland and highest elevation site

• Seasonal patterns are key, and poorly simulated

• Difficult to determine sensitivities in IAV• The spun up carbon stocks seem to be

far too low

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• Model Structure• Model Parameter• Initial Conditions/Model States• Spin Up• Boundary Conditions

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Montané et al. (Submitted) GMDD

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Coming in CLM5.0 (?)

Litvak et al. 2016 - 2019 NSF Proposal: Hydrological tipping points and desertification of semi-arid woodlands

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Post et al. 2017 JGR-Biogeosciences

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Courtesy Bill Kolby-Smith, UA

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© 2012 National Ecological Observatory Network, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.28Georgia O’Keeffe – “Black Mesa Landscape”

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Matthes et al. 2016 JGR-Biogeosciences Paciorek et al. 2016 PLoS-ONE

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• Tower-based open-path eddy covariance (since 2007)– Net Ecosystem Exchange of carbon , Latent Heat flux, Sensible Heat flux

• Carbon pools – aboveground biomass, leaf area index, course/fine woody debris, litter, soil

• Micrometeorological variables– Air T, RH, Net radiation and components, PAR, Soil T and H2O , precipitation

• Physiology– Leaf-level gas exchange, soil, foliar and bole respiration, sap flow, soil CO2,

chlorophyll fluorescence• Detailed ecosystem structure and function

— Airborne LiDAR (summer 2011), QuickBird (5 acquisitions, 2011-2013) — NDVI and PRI sensors, phenocams, phenology surveys