Post on 31-Mar-2015
Anatomy & Physiology
The Human Body
Body OrganizationWhat’s the smallest unit of life?
CellHuman Body: 100 trillion cells
Cells tissues organs organ systems organisms
Body Organization (cont.)
Levels of Organization
Skeletal SystemBones:22 skull27 hand26 foot
Skeletal System (cont.)
# of bones:Adults 206Babies 300
Two Divisions:–Axial skeleton:
Includes: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone
–Appendicular skeleton:Includes: pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, hands, thighs, legs, and feet.
Skeletal System (cont.)
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
Bone Structure
Bone cells are living!– Osteocytes
Bone contains nerves, blood vessels &
marrow
Bone Classification:Long Bones
–Ex. Arm and leg bonesShort Bones
–Wrist bones Flat Bones
–Make up the skull Irregular Bones
–Facial bones or vertebrae
Compact & Spongy Bone
Dense & strongProvides strength & protection
Outermost part of the bone
Compact Bone:
Less dense & contains bone marrow
Found in short, flat, and long bones
Surrounded by compact bone
Spongy Bone:
Bone Marrow-thick & jelly like
- Yellow- stores fat
-Red- makes blood cells
Bone Structure (cont.)
Ends of Bones are lined with dense tissue: cartilage
Cushions bones Provides support
Bone Structure (cont.)
Tendons: Tough fibers that connect muscle to bone
Bone Structure (cont.)
Ligaments: Tough fibers that connect bone to bone
Bone Structure (cont.)
Function of Bones
1. Support – provides framework for the body
2. Protection – for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
3. Movement – lever for muscle
4. Attachment – tendons connect muscle to bone
Function of Bones (cont.)
5. Blood Cell Production occurs in bone marrow
6. Mineral Storage Calcium & Phosphorus
Function of Bones (cont.)
Bone Connections
Fixed Joint (Sutures)
Connects plate-like bones of the skull
Hinge Joint
Allows movement in two directions (Front & Back)
Ex. Elbow, Knee
Ball & Socket Joint
Allows full range of motion
Ex. shoulder
Cracking KnucklesSpace between joints widen
Air bubble forms in the synovial fluid (joint lubricant)
Bubble bursts and makes cracking sound
Skeletal Conditions
BursitisScoliosisOsteoporosis
ArthritisSprainFracture
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa (sac)
Curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
OsteoporosisInefficient bone replacement
5-10% of bone mass lost every 10 years past age of 40
Rate of bone eating cells exceeds bone building cells!
ArthritisJoint inflammation
Lose strength & functionEx. Rheumatoid arthritis
SprainOver stretching of ligaments or tendons
Torn ligaments require surgery
FractureBroken bone
Multiple types:–Simple–Compound
–Stress
Simple fracture:–Bone breaks but does not come through the skin
Types of Fractures:
Compound fracture:–Bone protrudes through the skin
Types of Fractures:
Stress fracture:–A thin crack in the bone
Types of Fractures: