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Anatomy & Physiology of CellsChapters 3 & 4
Anatomy & Physiology
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Basic Cell Info
•Cell Theory - the cell is the fundamental organizational unit of lifeSchleidon & Schwann – first to suggest that all living things are
composed of cells
•Human body – _____ _____________ cells
•Cell diameter range: 7.5 micrometers (RBC) – 150 micrometers (ovum)
•Composite cell – generalized cell illustration we study that exhibits most important characteristics of many different dinstinctive cell types; no such cell exists in the body
•3 Main Cell Structures: • ___________ _____________• __________________ (with organelles)• _____________
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Nuclear pore
ChromatinCytoplasm
Plasma membrane
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Cell StructuresCell Structures
Plasma membranePlasma membrane Outer boundary of cellOuter boundary of cell Made of ___________, ____________, and other Made of ___________, ____________, and other
moleculesmolecules ____________ ______________model ____________ ______________model
molecules slowly float around the membranemolecules slowly float around the membrane molecules bound tightly to form continuous sheetmolecules bound tightly to form continuous sheet molecules bound loosely to slip past one anothermolecules bound loosely to slip past one another
Chemical attractions / forces hold membrane Chemical attractions / forces hold membrane togethertogether
Phospholipid ___________Phospholipid ___________ hydrophilic heads - polarhydrophilic heads - polar hydrophobic tails - nonpolarhydrophobic tails - nonpolar
Without _____________________ (steroid lipid), Without _____________________ (steroid lipid), membranes would break easilymembranes would break easily
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Plasma Membrane cont.Plasma Membrane cont. ____________________ permeable
__________-soluble molecules pass through easily __________-soluble molecules can not pass through
without help Membrane proteins:
how the cell controls movement of molecules “gates” that open and close to allow things into and out of
the cell Carbohydrates attached – glycoproteins
______________________ markers allow to distinguish between normal and abnormal cells
attack bacteria, cancer, blood transfusions _____________ attached – catalyze cellular reactions Other proteins attached – form connections between cells Receptors – react to hormones, etc. to trigger metabolic
changes; __________________ transduction
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Peripheral protein
HydrophobicPhospholipidtail
HydrophilicPhospholipidhead
Integral protein
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NucleusNucleus One of largest cell structures Occupies ______________portion of cell Shape and number in a cell vary (most common is one spherical
nucleus) Nuclear membrane - double membrane with pores
contains _____________________ pores called nuclear pore complex (NPCs) selectively permit molecules to enter or leave nucleus extensions of the ________________
Contains genetic material forms _______ chromosomes in _____________ cells Remains as ________________ in ______-dividing cells
Dictates structure and function of the cell Contains ________________
nonmembranous contains RNA synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to combine with proteins to
make ribosomes cells that make more protein have bigger nucleolus
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CytoplasmCytoplasm Gel-like substance that makes up inside of cell Contains various organelles suspended in ___________________
(intracellular fluid) _______________ organelles - specialized sacs or canals made of cell
membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Nucleus
____________________organelles - not made of a membrane; made of microscopic filaments Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
Fibers – microfilaments; intermediate filaments Centrosome Cell extensions – microvilli, cilia, flagella
Nucleolus
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OrganellesOrganellesEndoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Flat, curving sacs in parallel rows
Two types ____________ ER
Contains ribosomes Extends from ___________ Protein synthesis and
intracellular transportation proteins move through
canals to the golgi ______________ ER
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates steroid hormones,
glycoproteins, membrane lipids
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Steps to processing and packaging1.ER delivers protein via vesicles2.Enters first cisternae3.Chemical modifications4.Sent to next cisternae via vesicle5.Further modification6.Repeated until last cisternae7.Packaged in secretory vesicle8.Migrates to cell surface9.Combines with membrane10.Secretes contents
Organelles cont.Organelles cont.Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Membranous ________________ (sacs) stacked near nucleus Processes and packages molecules for export from
cell
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Organelles cont.Organelles cont.Lysosomes & PeroxisomesLysosomes & Peroxisomes
Lysosomes Membraneous sac Vesicles that pinched off from Golgi Size and shape change depending on activity Contains enzymes that if bust can kill the cell Destroys __________________ “digestive bags” , “cellular trashcan”
Peroxisomes membraneous sac Smaller than lysosome Contains enzymes (peroxidase, catalase) _________________ harmful substances Seen in kidney and liver cells
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Organelles cont.Organelles cont.MitochondriaMitochondria
Membraneous _____________ membrane Form a sac within a sac _______________ – inner
membrane folds contain enzymes – make ATP
Membranes same structure as plasma membrane
“power house” Liver - +1000
mitochondria Sperm cell – 25
mitochondria Exercise – increases
number of mitochondria
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Organelles cont.Organelles cont.RibosomeRibosome
Every cells contains thousands rER and free in cytoplasm Nonmembranous Protein synthesis (cell’s “protein
factory”) Ribosomes on ________ – export and cell
membrane use ________ribosomes – make proteins for
domestic use make structural and functional
proteins (enzymes) Large and small _________________
each has RNA bonded to protein rRNA
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Cytoskeleton
1. Cell’s internal __________________ network2. Made of rigid, rodlike pieces (support and movement)3. Muscle-like groups of fibers4. Twisted protein molecules
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Cell FibersCell Fibers
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments smallest fibers serve as “cellular muscles” muscle cells – proteins slide past each
other Intermediate filamentsIntermediate filaments
slightly thicker than microfilaments supporting framework ___________ everything in the cell dense arrangement in cells on outer skin
layer MicrotubulesMicrotubules
thickest cell fiber “_____________” of the cell
move things around in cell cause movement of entire cell movement of vesicles movement of chromosomes in
mitoses
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Cytoskeleton cont.Cytoskeleton cont. CentrosomeCentrosome
Non-membraneous Very _____________ site Near ___________ Coordinates building and breaking of
microtubules “______________ organizing center” (MOC) Important role in cell division Centrioles found here
form microtubular cell extensions (see next slide) form _______________ in cell division
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Cytoskeleton cont.Cytoskeleton cont. Cell extensionsCell extensions
MicrovilliMicrovilli found in areas where
_________________ is important increases surface area of cell allows faster rate of
absorption found in epithelial cells that line
intestines cover surface of cell contain ____________________ 100s/cell
CiliaCilia contain _________________ main purpose – _________________ cilia shorter and more numerous
than flagella line respiratory tract; cilia moves
mucus to be swallowed FlagellaFlagella
contain microtubules main purpose – movement Only present in _______ ______
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Cell to cell contactCell to cell contact Gap junctionsGap junctions
It directly connects the _________ of two cells, which allows various molecules to pass freely between cells.
______________proteins connect plasma membranes
DesmosomesDesmosomes ________________ filaments
connect plasma membranes
specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion
Ex. Skin cells
Tight junctionsTight junctions join together the
______________ of adjacent cells.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xb0PFFGblI
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PASSIVE Cellular PASSIVE Cellular TransportTransport
with concentration gradient with concentration gradient Moves from areas of HIGH to low Moves from areas of HIGH to low
concentrationconcentration Simple diffusion – movement of particles
through bilayer from high to low concentration 3 main categories
Dialysis – diffusion of small solute particles through selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis – diffusion of water Facilitated diffusion – diffusion of particles
through membrane with help of carrier proteins
Diffusion http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
1. molecules densely packed when enter water 2. molecules collide in high conc. 3. gradually move away from each other toward low conc. 5. eventually evenly distributed
1. semipermeable membrane2. left – unbalanced3. right - homeostasis
Dialysis
OsmosisOsmotic pressure / tonicity – water pressure that develops in the solution with the higher concentration of impermeable solute (low water concentration)
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html
Osmosis cont.
HypotonHypotonicic
IsotonIsotonicic
HypertoHypertonicnic
PressurePressure LowLow SameSame HighHigh
Solute Solute concconc
LowLow SameSame HighHigh
Water Water concconc
HighHigh SameSame LowLow
Cell Cell changechange
SwellsSwells SameSame ShrinksShrinks
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U04L03/osmosis.swf
plasmolysis crenation
Facilitated Diffusion
1.Carrier mediated2.Attracts solute to binding site3.Carrier protein changes shape 4.Solute can move to other side of memb
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U04L03/facilitated%20transport.swfhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html
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ACTIVE Cellular ACTIVE Cellular TransportTransport
_____________ concentration gradient _____________ concentration gradient From __________ to HIGH concentrationFrom __________ to HIGH concentration Uses carrier protein & _______________Uses carrier protein & _______________ Two main categoriesTwo main categories
EndocytosisEndocytosis- - movement of particles into the cell via movement of particles into the cell via secretory vesicles fusing with plasma membranesecretory vesicles fusing with plasma membrane Phagocytosis Phagocytosis -- taking in of __________ particles by taking in of __________ particles by
vesicles fusing with plasma membrane vesicles fusing with plasma membrane ““cellular eating”cellular eating”
PinocytosisPinocytosis – taking in of _____________ particles – taking in of _____________ particles (fluid) by vesicles fusing with plasma membrane(fluid) by vesicles fusing with plasma membrane ““cellular drinkingcellular drinking
ExocytosisExocytosis – movement of particles out of the cell – movement of particles out of the cell via secretory vesicles fusing with plasma membranevia secretory vesicles fusing with plasma membrane
Active Transporthttp://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U04L03/active%20transport_jeffedit.swf
Carrier protein uses ENERGY to move solute AGAINST conc gradient
3 Na+/2K+
Endocytosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuDmvlbpjHQ
NameName Type ofType ofTransportTransport
DirectionDirectionOfOf
MovementMovement
ConditionsConditions ExamplesExamples
Diffusion
passive TowardsLowerconcentration
Concentration gradient
Water, gases (02and CO2), and steroid hormones.
FacilitatedDiffusion
passive TowardsLowerconcentration
Concentrationgradient, pluschannel or carrierproteins
Water, glucose, and amino acids.
Osmosis passive TowardsLowerconcentration
Concentrationgradient,Channel Proteinsoptional
Water 0nly.
ActiveTransport
active TowardsHigherconcentration
Carrierprotein andATP energy
Ions, sugars,and aminoacids.
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EnzymesEnzymes Functional ______________ Catalyst ____________ activation energy
to start chemical reaction Not changed in reaction or
used up Tertiary/quaternary proteins Cofactor – inorganic, non
protein Coenzyme – organic, non
protein Active site – part of enzyme
where binds to substrate Lock-and-key model
Enzyme FunctionEnzyme Function ________________Effect________________Effect
Allosteric effector molecule binds to allosteric site
Active site’s shape is changed Inhibition or Activation of
enzymes Factors that have allosteric
effect pH Temp Cofactors being added/removed
Proenzymes – inactive enzymes Kinases
synthesize enzymes Convert proenzyme to enzyme
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1. Catabolism a. net __________ of energyb. Breaks down large molecules into smaller onesc. ex. cellular respiration
2. Anabolism a. net ____________ of energyb. Build large molecules from smaller onesc. ex. synthesizing DNA
Cell Metabolism
Cellular Disease
1.Cystic fibrosis a. ____ pumps in membrane missingb. Secretions (sweat, mucus) saltyc. Thick mucus causes lung infectiond. Respiratory & digestive problems
2.Diabetes mellitus/type 2a. Adult onsetb. Non-insulin dependentc. Obesity onsetd. Reduces ___________ receptors in memb
3.Cancersa. Abnormalities in __________b. Cause tumorsc. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells
4.Genetic Disordersa. Sickle-cell anemia: mutation in _____________________ protein