Post on 02-Jun-2018
8/10/2019 Anatomy of Breast, Milk Production, And Milk-ejection.ppt
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Anatomy of BreastMilk Production
Milk-ejection
Deepak Ghimire
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Anatomy of Breast
The nipple is the central areathrough which the milk ductsopen.
The areola is the circular darkarea around the nipple.
The "bumps" on the areola an
nipple are Montgomery'stubercles.
These tubercles contain theopening of sebaceous and sweglands (Montgomery glands)that secrete lubricatingsubstances for the nipple.
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Milk production
Milk is produced in the alveolu The alveolus is made up of gla
cellsaround a central duct.
The milk is produced by the glacells.
Surrounding the gland cells ar
the myoepithelial cellswhichcontract to cause milk ejectioninto the milk duct.
The milk then travels down thelactiferous ducts.
Lateral view with anatomical overlay
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Milk production
Milk is stored largely inthe alveoli with little
storage in the ducts
between breastfeedings
Mothers continue tomake milk between
feedings and they make
more milk during feedin
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Milk production
When an infant breastfeeds, the infadraws the nipple and the areola intotheir mouth.
The mother's nipple elongates toabout twice its normal length.
The nipple height is compressedbetween the tongue and the palate.
Milk is ejected about 0.03 secondsafter maximum nipple elongation
http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/getcite.cgi?name=SMITH1988
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LACTATION
Lactationis the process by which milkis synthesized and secreted from themammary glands of the postpartumfemale breast in response to an infantsucking at the nipple
Four Important Hormones areInvolved Estrogen
progesterone
prolactin
oxytocin
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Stages of lactation
There are four stages of lactation:
1. Mammogenesis(growth of the breasts)
2. Lactogenesis(the functional change of the breasts so that they cansecrete milk)
3. Galactopoiesis(maintaining the production of milk)
4. Involution(the termination of milk production).
http://www.fastbleep.com/medical-notes/o-g-and-paeds/16/79/496
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ROLE OF HORMONES
Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth.
Progesterone levels drop after birth
this triggers the onset of copious milk production
Estrogen
stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation.
Estrogen levels also drop at delivery and remain low for the first severalmonths of breastfeeding
Breastfeeding mothers should avoid estrogen-based birth control methods, spike in estrogen levels may reduce a mother's milk supply.
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ROLE OF HORMONES
Prolactin contributes to the increased growth and differentiation
the alveoli
also influences differentiation of ductal structures
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and
breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increasegrowth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolismin preparation for breastfeeding.
During lactation, prolactin is the main factormaintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and
regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
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ROLE OF HORMONES
Oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle of the uterus during a
after birth
After birth, oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle
layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli tosqueeze the newly produced milk into the ductsystem.
Oxytocin is necessary for the milk ejection reflex,
or let-downto occur.
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Importance of Reflexes in baby
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Role of Oxytocin
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Role of prolactin and oxytocin
Prolactin signals for milk
production
oxytocin operates to push out the
breastmilk that accumulates in the
breast ducts
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Mechanism of Milk Production
Suckling infants compress the areola with
their gums which stimulates oxytocinrelease.
The oyxtocin release causes an increase inthe diameter of the milk ducts andmovement of milk in the ducts toward thenipple.
Mothers may feel a sensation of pins andneedles, pressure, or pain in the breastwith milk ejection.
This sensation may disappear as lactationcontinues over a several month period oftime.
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Initial milk ejection ismanifested by
an increase in diameter of
the milk duct
movement of the milk fatglobules
occurred at an average of
50 seconds after suckling
began
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LEVEL OF HORMONES
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MECHANISMOF BREAST
MILK
PRODUCTION
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Action of hormones
When a baby sucks on the nipple, the stimulation is transmitted to thpituitary gland and hormones called prolactin and oxytocin are
produced.
Prolactin signals for milk production
oxytocin operates to push out the breastmilk that accumulates in thebreast ducts.
Breastmilk is released when the baby sucks on the nipple.
It may not work at first, as both baby and mother are beginners, but
with repetition, both will grow more adept at it.
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Milk j i fl
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Milk ejection reflex
This is the mechanism by which milk is transportedfrom the breast alveoli to the nipple.
Suckling by the baby stimulates theparaventricularnuclei and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus,which signals to the posterior pituitary gland to
produce oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelia
cells surrounding the alveoli, which already hold mil
The increased pressure causes milk to flow through
the duct system and be released through the nipple
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