Aim: To understand what factors enabled a more connected world

during the 1450-1750 time period.

Let’s review the AP World Time Periods!

As we review, let’s discuss some major events and figures for each

time period!

AP World Time Period Review

• Technological and Environmental Transformations to c. 600.B.C.E.

• Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies c. 600.B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.

• Regional and Transregional Interactions c. 600 C.E. to c.1450

• Global Interactions c. 1450 to c. 1750 Industrialization and Global Integration c. 1750 to c. 1900

• Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c. 1900 to Present

Big Picture Idea• The interconnection of the Eastern and

Western hemispheres by transoceanic voyages shaped the period of 1450-1750.

• How were these voyages made possible?

http://www.telegraph.co.uk

New tools

• Astrolabe• Caravels• Revised maps

Astrolabe

http://www.astrolabes.org/pages/mariner.htm

•Used to determine time of sunrise, sunset, and identify celestial positions

•Mariner’s Astrolabe(popular in late 15th-early 16th centuries)- could help determine latitude (but not longitude) at sea

Innovations in ship design

• CaravelsThese ships (better designed),along with a better understandingof wind and currents patternsmade transoceanic travel and trade possible

Collegeboard AP World Curriculum guide

12th century map vs. 16th century map

http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/mapsq3.html#

World map by Juan Vespucci, 1526

http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng211/maps_&_changing_european_view.htm

Medieval European map

Q: How are these maps different?

• Medieval European maps were often more allegorical or ecclesiastical than cartographic.

• The 16th century map represents a vast increase in cartographic detail for the East and West coasts of the Americas in only twenty years of exploration.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/mapsq3.html#

http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng211/maps_&_changing_european_view.htm

Trade Routes circa 1000 CE

• Trans Saharan Trade • Silk Road• Indian Ocean Trade• Mediterranean Trade

During the 1450-1750 period there were intensifications of all regional trade networks

(CONTINUITY from 600-1450 time period!)

Trans Saharan Trade

The shaded portion indicates the empire of Mali in the fourteenth century, and the dashed lines trace the main trans-Saharan routes of the period.

Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Silk Road

http://www.orexca.com/silk_road.html

Indian Ocean Trade

http://images.wikia.com/history2701/images/a/ac/IndianOceanMaritimeRoutes.gif

Zheng He• Zheng He was a servant to the prince

who would become the Yong Le Emperor (Ming dynasty).

• Zheng He was appointed “Admiral of the Western Seas.”

• The voyages brought increased Chinese prestige

• Junks• Zheng He’s voyages were terminated

after a new Ming emperor came to the throne in 1433.

• The records of Zheng He were destroyed. We know of his voyages due to pillars that his crew had carved on a pillar in Fujian province (Southeastern China’s coast).

• Zheng He sailed around the coasts of China, India, Middle East, and East Africa

http://planet.time.net

National Geographic (Zheng He)

Q: What was the purpose of the Ming voyages?Q: How did the Ming voyages result in cultural

diffusion?Q: Why did the Ming terminate the voyages?

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/gallery1.html

Compare the ships of Columbus and Zheng He!

Mediterranean Trade

Snydertalk.com

Overview of trade routes

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/so-thats-where-that-comes-from-2/v/crash-course-world-history-09

What were the main motives of 15th century

exploration?

The motives for 15th century exploration

15th Century Voyages- Age of Exploration

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072424370/43862/Exploration.swf::Exploration%20and%20Empires,%201400-1600

What factors enabled the Spanish to defeat the Aztec and Inca?

• Guns, Germs, and Steel (Jared Diamond)

The Columbian Exchange

http://daphne.palomar.edu/scrout/AIS120/VAmericastoday.htm

Q:

What were the major benefits and drawbacks of the Columbian Exchange?

Major outcomes

• Portuguese development of a school for navigation (Prince Henry the Navigator) led to travel and trade with West Africa

• Spanish sponsorship of the Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade

• No major impact on Oceania and Polynesia because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean (until 1750 anyway)

Collegeboard AP World Curriculum Guide

How did these voyages result in cultural diffusion?

• New products, diseases, and technologies introduced• The inclusion of the Americas in global trade• New social organization in the Americas• New political organization in the Americas• Spread of beliefs and syncretism • New markets and commodities• Silver became an important form of currency• Population changes• Mercantilism caused the formation of joint-stock companies (a group of investors

financially backed a colony) which European rulers used to control their domestic/colonial economies

• Encomienda system• Plantation Monoculture• Sugar and Tobacco were examples of cash crops. What source of labor was used to

cultivate them?

New Social Organization in the Americas (ca 16th-19th centuries)

New Political Organization in theAmericas (ca. 16th-18th centuries)

Example of syncretism: Vodou in Haiti

• “The majority of Haitians today practice Vodou, a syncretic religion melding West African and Catholic religious elements. Most Haitians also consider themselves Catholic or Protestant as well. In the past, these identities were two sides of the same coin, allowing Haitians to participate in both realms equally. However, Haitian traditional practices of spirit possession, honoring multiple deities, and animal sacrifice are sources of misunderstanding and prejudice for immigrants in America. Therefore, Haitian immigrants often attend Christian churches and publicly deny any connection to the Vodou religion in order to avoid bias from their new community. Yet, in times of duress, many Haitians still turn to Vodou priests and priestesses to intervene with the spirits on their behalf, and some still attend yearly ceremonies to ensure they remain in favor with the Vodou spirits. Spiritually, this is a dangerous practice because the practitioners believe that if the Vodou spirits feel ignored or spurned, they can lash out at practitioners in devastating ways.”

• Based on the research of Elizabeth Thomas Crocker (Boston University)

http://www.bu.edu/anthrop/graduate/students/e-crocker/

Q: Explain the idea of Syncretism and how Vodou illustrates this concept.

Triangular Trade

• http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/index.html

• Q: Why is this pattern known as Triangular Trade?

How did profits lead to new forms of art?

Mona Lisa

http://www.river-styx.net/aztec-codex.htm

Codex Azcatitlan: Depicting the Spanish conquest 1519

Expansion of Literacy

• Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia

• Examples: Shakespeare (England), Sundiata (Epic of Mali)

AP World Curriculum Guidehttp://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl204/204home.htmlhttp://orias.berkeley.edu/hero/sunjata/sun1.gif

Diverse Interpretations (Handout 2A)

• Who did the Amerindians think Cortez and the Spanish were? How did the Spanish view the Amerindians?

• From the two readings on Montezuma’s and Cortez’s meeting, make a list of items that both men agree happened and another list about what the they disagree about.

• What lessons do you think we need to learn about studying history with primary sources?