Post on 10-Apr-2018
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A Gentle, Jargon-Free Introduction
K. RaghunathanChartered Engineer
FIETE, MIE, MCSI, MISTE, MISTD, MIIMM
Retd Dy Controller (R&D) [MoD]
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Section 1
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What is AI ?
Study/Science of
Intelligent Machines
Making Machines Intelligent
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AI & Computers
Computers seem to have some Intelligence
Solve Math problems [Arithmetic, Algebra, Calculus,
Geometry etc]
Do text processing
Control Eqpt & Processes in Industry
Communicate
Natural Belief: computers can be made more
intelligent
So, AI is considered a Branch of Computer
Science
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Machines & Humans
Right from Cavemen, humans are
inventing new Tools, Instruments &
Machines To do all our hard work
Even for entertainment
To reduce/avoid our physical/mental strain
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Human Tasks
What are our everyday tasks ?
Professional
Personal
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Functions of our Sensory Organs
Eye See
Ear
Hear
Tongue / Mouth Taste, Speak
Nose
Smell, Breathe
Skin / Limbs Feel, do Physical Work Walk, Climb, Lift, Throw, Eat etc
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Sixth Sense
Comprehend [Understand]
Vision
Language Remember
Plan
Decide Learn
Emote
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Brain & Mind
Concrete & Abstract
Tangible & Intangible
Similar to Computer Like Hardware & Software
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What we still do ourselves ?
Logical Thinking & Reasoning
Making wise decisions
often with Incomplete, Vague & Uncertainfacts at hand
AI attempts to fill this gap
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Intelligent Machines
Machines that can
Think
Decide Solve
Plan
Learn
Thinking Machines
Artificial Intelligence
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Can Machines Think ?
Some believe so & some dont
What Level of Intelligence will make aMachine qualify as Intelligent Machine or
Thinking Machine ?
The Turing Test
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The Turing Test
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The Turing Test
A machine can be deemed intelligent
If it can make a human think that
he/she is talking to a human & not to a machine
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Intelligent Machines
A machine can be considered Intelligent
if it can solve complex problems requiring a high level of intelligence
normally found only in human beings
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AI Science or Art ?
Science
Multi-disciplinary & Inter-disciplinary
Art
Very Intricate Fine Art Like Painting & Sculpting
Science
involves designing machines
Art
involves programming
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Inputs to AI
Maths [Symbolic Logic]
Physiology [Working of Body Parts of LivingOrganisms]
Philosophy & Psychology [Human Logic &Behaviour]
Cognitive Science [Perception, Understanding]
Cybernetics [Communication & Control inAnimals & Machines]
Electronics [Making Machines]
Computer Science [Programming the Machine'sBehaviour]
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AIs Output
Used by almost all Sciences
Including Computer Science
Maximum dependency on AI
Robotics & Neural Networks
Considered part of AI
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Section 2
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Back to Square One
What is Intelligence ?
Let us have your Opinions please
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Intelligence
Abstract
Eludes accurate, comprehensive definition
Easier to understood than to define
Seems to be directly proportional to
Knowledge
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Intelligence (contd)
The Albert Einstein Anecdote
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Intelligence (contd)
Knowledge [Lots of it !]
Ability to put knowledge to use
Pertains to what we can do with our 5
Senses
Pertains more to what we can do with our6th Sense !
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What is Knowledge ?Anybody wish to define ?
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Knowledge
Abstract
Eludes accurate, comprehensive definition
Easier to understand than to define
AI has to deal with various aspects of
Knowledge
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Knowledge (contd)
Classification
Representation [including Storage inComputer Memory]
Acquisition [Learning]
Manipulation
Searching & Matching
Reasoning [Inference, Drawing Conclusions,Decision Making, Problem Solving]
Planning
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Classification of Knowledge
Factual or Procedural
Certain orUncertain Consistent orInconsistent [vary with time,
place, person or situation]
Well-Defined [Crisp] or Vague [Fuzzy] Complete or Incomplete [Partial]
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Reasoning Techniques
Depend on the Type of Knowledge beingdealt with
Certain, consistent & crisp : PredicateLogic
Uncertain : Probablistic Reasoning
Inconsistent : Truth Maintenance Systems
Fuzzy : Fuzzy Logic Partial : Statistical & Probablistic
Reasoning
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Reasoning Techniques (contd)
Ad hoc Methods
Closed World Assumption Circumscription
Abductive Reasoning
Modal & Temporal Logics
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Learning Methods
By Rote [by Reading]
By being Taught From Experience
By Analogy [From Examples]
By Drawing Conclusions From other known Facts
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What Humans are Good at
An Interactive Experiment
1
2
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What Humans are Good at
Humans seem to be good at
Reasoning with Uncertain, Fuzzy & PartialKnowledge
Learning from Experience & Examples
AI Research pays more attention to these
Areas
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AI Techniques
Procedures & Algorithms employed in AI
Compared to those used in other Sciences
Not merely Formulae
Use different approaches
More efficient, effective & intelligent
Profuse use ofHeuristics
Heuristic Educated Guess
Born out of Past Experience
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Heuristics
- An Interactive Experiment[opening a book at a desired page]
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Heuristic Search Techniques
Many Methods available
Most Noteworthy are: A*
MiniMax with Alpha-Beta Pruning
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Expert Systems
&
Decision Support Systems
A Speciality of AI
Very High Level of Intelligence & DomainKnowledge
a Level normally found only in Experts in
that Field
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Expert Systems
Knowledge
Base
Search
Engine
Match
Logic
Inference
Logic
User
Inter
face
Query
Response
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Section 3
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Miscellaneous Topics
Miscellaneous, but nevertheless Essential
Automation Useful in Hazardous Environs
Computer Vision Object Recognition
Natural Language Processing
Pattern Recognition & Pattern Classification Data Mining, Image Processing
Guide/Help/Rescue Weather/Business Forecasting
Neural Networks
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Vision
Object Recognition
Range Estimation
Emotion Recgnition
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Natural Language Processing
Vocabulary
Ambiguity
Human Languages are Context-Sensitive One word having many meanings
Many words having same/similar meaning
Accent varies from place to place
Real Life Examples
Feelings/Emotions
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AI Milestones
Too many to list here
Early days of AI
Mycin - Medical Diagnosis R - Design of Computer HW Architecture
Deep Blue - Chess Champion
Eliza - Conversationist
Racter - Writes Books
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AI Milestones (2)
Modern days:
Expert Systems & Decision Support Systems ina wide range of fields especially Medicine, Finance & Entertainment
Wide range of Medical Eqpt - CAT Scan etc
Analysis & Prediction - Economics, Stockmarket,Agriculture, Genetics, Elections
3D Computer Games & Walk-throughs Helpful Robots - Rescue, Operating in
Hazardous environments
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AI Milestones (3)
Spell-Check & Word Completion
facility in Text Processing Programs
Voice Commands to open/close files etc Programs to read text, to teach Languages
3D & Walk-Through Games/Presentations
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Basic Hurdle
Intelligent Machine = Thinking Machine
To make a machine think, act & react like ahuman:
We should first understand how humans think,act & react
Why a person thinks, acts & reacts in aparticular way
Why different persons think, act & reactdifferently
Why same person thinks, acts & reactsdifferently at different times, even if situationsare similar
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Basic Hurdle (contd)
Real life examples Bernard Shaw & Isadora Duncan Episode
Once I took my wife to a movie .
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Basic Hurdle (contd)
Unfortunate Reality for AI scientists
God Almighty has a habit of makinghumans
so varied,
so un-understandable
so unpredictable !
Given such a starting point How are we going to make machines that
would behave like humans ?
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Basic Hurdle (contd)
Everyone says AI is a difficult subject".
Not only Students, even Faculty say so
except the Enthusiastic & Optimistic AI
Researcher, of course
The Ground Reality is:
Humans are so difficult to understand !
WE are our own Hurdles !
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Concluding Remarks
In spite of the Enormity of the Obstacles, AImarches ahead, relentlessly
The progress is slow
New Findings & Achievements are Sporadic, few& far between
But that is no reason to lose hope We have achieved many things, which were once
considered impossible
We have set foot on the Moon
Let us hope that one day we will see
The Ultimate Intelligent Machine
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Any Questions ?
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Thank You !