Post on 08-Jul-2020
Accident Data Collection & Accident Data Collection & AnalysisAnalysis
Short Course in Road Safety & Accident Short Course in Road Safety & Accident AnalysisAnalysis
University of MoratuwaUniversity of Moratuwa
2525thth March March 20042004
Trends in Growth Rates (1980=100)
300
350
400
450
500
550
Gro
wth
Ra
te (
19
80
=1
00
)
Operational Vehicles
Operated Vehicle kilometers
Road Accident
Passenger km
Accident Fatality
Population
50
100
150
200
250
300
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Gro
wth
Ra
te (
19
80
=1
00
)
Rates of Annual Growth in Accidents Rates of Annual Growth in Accidents and Related Characteristics (1997and Related Characteristics (1997--98)98)
AAGR
(%)
P o p u la t io n 1 .3
O p er a t io n a l Veh icle Flee t 8 .7O p er a t io n a l Veh icle Flee t 8 .7
Veh icle T r ip s 6 .8
P a s s en ge r T r ip s 4 .3
Accid en t s R ep o r t ed 4 .3
Fa t a li t ie s R ep o r t ed 3 .6
Injury Related Mortality, World 1998Injury Related Mortality, World 1998
Leading Causes of Death (World, 1998)Leading Causes of Death (World, 1998)
Traffic FatalitiesTraffic Fatalities
�� Estimated 700,000 to 1.3 million p.a.Estimated 700,000 to 1.3 million p.a.
�� Presently 10Presently 10thth place among all causes of place among all causes of deathdeathdeathdeath
�� Anticipated to be ranked 3Anticipated to be ranked 3rd rd by year 2020by year 2020
�� A leading cause of death in 5A leading cause of death in 5--59 yr group59 yr group
Cause of Death due to Road Traffic Cause of Death due to Road Traffic Accidents as ratio of all other causesAccidents as ratio of all other causes
�� In Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka -- 1 in 66 deaths1 in 66 deaths�� In Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka -- 1 in 66 deaths1 in 66 deaths
�� In High Income CountriesIn High Income Countries -- 1 in 25 deaths1 in 25 deaths
Factors that are likely to Factors that are likely to contribute to an accidentcontribute to an accident
-- TheThe RoadRoad
-- TheThe Vehicle/sVehicle/s-- TheThe Vehicle/sVehicle/s
-- TheThe RoadRoad User/sUser/s Driver/sDriver/s
--
-- EnvironmentalEnvironmental FactorsFactors
The RoadThe Road�� Land Use & Road Layout Land Use & Road Layout
�� Access ControlAccess Control
�� CrossCross--Sectional Design:Sectional Design:�� Side WalksSide Walks
�� Cycle Paths Cycle Paths
�� Centre Medians, Centre Medians,
�� Speed Related DesignsSpeed Related Designs�� SightSight--DistanceDistance
�� Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
Signs & MarkingsSigns & Markings�� Signs & MarkingsSigns & Markings
�� Overtaking; Overtaking;
�� Surface TextureSurface Texture
�� Safety Fences and Barriers Safety Fences and Barriers
�� Crossing DesignsCrossing Designs�� Intersection DesignIntersection Design: :
�� Pedestrian Crossings: Pedestrian Crossings:
�� Locational Designs:Locational Designs:�� Roadside Obstacles, Street Furniture and TreesRoadside Obstacles, Street Furniture and Trees
�� Embankments, Crash Barriers/Recovery ZonesEmbankments, Crash Barriers/Recovery Zones
�� Potholes & Surface defectsPotholes & Surface defects
�� ParkingParking
The VehicleThe Vehicle
� Braking Systems
� Tires and the steering mechanism
� Load� Load
� A ‘sympathetic design’ for VR Users
� Safety Design for Vehicle Users
The Road UserThe Road User
-- PerceptionPerception:: processprocess ofof seeingseeing anan objectobject
-- IdentificationIdentification (also(also knownknown asas Intellection)Intellection):: processprocess ofofunderstandingunderstanding oror recognizingrecognizing thethe objectobject
-- EmotionEmotion:: thethe processprocess ofof makingmaking aa decisiondecision onon whatwhat reactionreactiontoto makemaketoto makemake
-- VolitionVolition (or(or Reaction)Reaction):: processprocess ofof executingexecuting thethe reactionreaction totothethe objectobject..
-- PrecautionsPrecautions (Steps(Steps takentaken toto mitigatemitigate anan accidentsaccidents andand thetheimpactimpact ofof anan accident)accident)
-- safetysafety equipmentequipment�� safety educationsafety education
The EnvironmentThe Environment
� Weather
� Road side distractions
� Lack of stimulation
Accident BlackspotsAccident Blackspots
� Blackspots are usually caused by bad road design combining with a poor driver, unfavourable weather conditions or a vehicle defect.
� Poor visibility, slippery road surfaces, lack of super elevation at a curve, poor intersection control are the commonest causes.
Accident Data CollectionAccident Data Collection
�� For legal purposes (e.g. for prosecution, For legal purposes (e.g. for prosecution, insurance claims)insurance claims)
�� For record purposes (e.g. for future reference)For record purposes (e.g. for future reference)
�� For improving road safety (e.g. to determine For improving road safety (e.g. to determine cause of accident, identify location)cause of accident, identify location)
Types of Accidents & Collision Types of Accidents & Collision DiagramDiagram
Head on Collision
Right - Angle Collision
Side Swipe
Motor Vehicle Moving Ahead
Motor Vehicle Backing
Pedestrian Movement
Parked VehicleSide Swipe
Out of Control
Fatal Accident
Personal Injury
Property Damage Only
Parking or Unparking Manoeuvre
Parked Vehicle
Fixed Object
Rear-End Collision
Accident Data AnalysisAccident Data Analysis
�� Safety has always been an issue in Safety has always been an issue in transport.transport.
�� On the one hand, transport planners On the one hand, transport planners �� On the one hand, transport planners On the one hand, transport planners argue that travel is getting safer. argue that travel is getting safer.
�� On the other hand, sociologist would On the other hand, sociologist would argue that road safety is a bigger social argue that road safety is a bigger social issue today.issue today.
Accident Reporting StatisticsAccident Reporting Statistics
�� Annual Accidents ReportedAnnual Accidents Reported
�� Fatalities per 10,000 Registered VehiclesFatalities per 10,000 Registered Vehicles
�� Fatalities per 10,000 Operational Fatalities per 10,000 Operational VehiclesVehiclesVehiclesVehicles
�� Fatalities per 100,000 PopulationFatalities per 100,000 Population
�� Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 Vehicle kms Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 Vehicle kms TravelledTravelled
�� Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 (Billion) Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 (Billion) Passenger kms TravelledPassenger kms Travelled
�� Fatality IndexFatality Index
Annual Accidents ReportedAnnual Accidents Reported
�� Sri Lanka’s Road Traffic InjuriesSri Lanka’s Road Traffic Injuries•• FatalitiesFatalities -- 2,000+2,000+
•• Grievous InjuriesGrievous Injuries -- 3,300+3,300+
•• Other InjuriesOther Injuries -- 11,600+11,600+•• Other InjuriesOther Injuries -- 11,600+11,600+
�� Vulnerable Road Users (% of Vulnerable Road Users (% of casualties)casualties)
•• PedestriansPedestrians -- 45 %45 %
•• CyclistsCyclists --07 %07 %
•• Motor CyclistsMotor Cyclists --14 %14 %
•• DriversDrivers --07%07%
•• PassengersPassengers --27%27%
Fatalities per 10,000 vehicles Fatalities per 10,000 vehicles (Sri Lanka)(Sri Lanka)
40
50
60
Fata
lity R
ate
Operational Registered
0
10
20
30
40
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Fata
lity R
ate
Fatal Accidents per One Hundred Thousand Population
6
8
10
12
Fa
talit
y R
ate
-
2
4
6
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Year
Fa
talit
y R
ate
Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Road Accident Fatality Rates per Billion Vehicle kms in Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986Sri Lanka by User Categories (1986--------1992)1992)1992)1992)1992)1992)1992)1992)
50
60
70
80
Fata
lity
Rate
Pedestrian
0
10
20
30
40
50
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Year
Fata
lity
Rate
Passenger
Driver
Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Road Accident Fatalities per Billion Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka Passenger kms Carried in Sri Lanka
(1977(1977(1977(1977(1977(1977(1977(1977--------1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)
25
30
35
Fata
lity
Rate
10
15
20
25
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Fata
lity
Rate
Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Variations in Road Accident Fatality Index for Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980Sri Lanka (1980--------1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)1998)
10.27
11.55
9.7210.00
11.00
12.00
Fa
talit
y In
de
x (
%)
7.83
9.18 9.20
8.66
9.72
8.78
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000Year
Fa
talit
y In
de
x (
%)
Fatality Index (death) and Action of Victims
shoulder edge of road
Falling from a Vehicle
Inside a Vehicle
Alighting from a Vehicle
Boarding a Vehicle
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00%
Total
Other actions/not stated
Crossing on legal crossing
Crossing but not on legal crossing
On road
Fatality Index
Comparative Accident RatesComparative Accident Rates
Vehicle Type
Vehicle Kms Per Year
(Millions)
Pedestrian Deaths Per
Year
Fatality Rate
Death/Veh. Km
Ratio With
Car
Buses
1,268
152
120
1.77
V,J,L & T
2,501
258
103
1.52
Cars
1,328
90
68
1.00
Motorcycles
2,084
110
53
0.78 Motorcycles 2,084 110 53 0.78
Bicycles
1,270
38
30
0.44
Road Total
8,451
648
77
Railway (w/o trespassers) -do- (all fatalities)
6 6
43
156
7,167
26,000
105.7 383.5
Total
8,457
804
95
Vehicle Type
Passenger Kms Per Year
User Deaths Per Year (million)
Fatality Rate
Deaths/Bil Pax Kms
U.K. Fatality Rate
Motorcycles Bicycles V,J,L & T Cars Buses
2,709 1,390 8,753 3,320
34,700
294 249 198 54 149
109 179 23 16 4
131 78 - 5
0.4 Buses 34,700 149 4 0.4 Road Total
8,451
944
112
19.8
Railway
1,734
02
1
Total
10,185
946
93
Reasons for Increase in Injury Reasons for Increase in Injury due to Increase in Incomesdue to Increase in Incomes
�� Higher MobilityHigher Mobility
Move from Safe to less Safe modes of Move from Safe to less Safe modes of �� Move from Safe to less Safe modes of Move from Safe to less Safe modes of traveltravel
�� Desire for SpeedDesire for Speed
Identification of Causes for Identification of Causes for AccidentsAccidents
Short Course in Road Safety & Accident Short Course in Road Safety & Accident AnalysisAnalysis
2626thth March 2004March 2004
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� Where does it happen?Where does it happen?
�� Are accidents more in some geographical Are accidents more in some geographical �� Are accidents more in some geographical Are accidents more in some geographical areas?areas?
No. and Percentage of Accidents by Class and Province (2002)
Class of Accident
TotalFatal Grievous Non-Grievous Damaged Only
Western Province796 1,288 5,488 25,106 32,678
39% 39% 43% 68% 60%
Eastern Province102 189 674 748 1,713
5% 6% 5% 2% 3%
Northern Province58 119 387 414 978
3% 4% 3% 1% 2%
Southern Province239 351 1,370 1,562 3,522
12% 11% 11% 4% 6%12% 11% 11% 4% 6%
Central Province149 258 1,361 2,965 4,733
7% 8% 11% 8% 9%
North Central Province45 66 231 631 973
2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
North Western Province424 578 1,595 2,502 5,099
21% 18% 13% 7% 9%
Sabaragamuwa Province172 322 1,116 2,131 3,741
8% 10% 9% 6% 7%
Uva Province53 115 503 803 1,474
3% 3% 4% 2% 3%
Total (100%) 2,038 3,286 12,725 36,862 54,911
Fatality Rate by Province (2001)
Province
Fatality Rate
per 10^6 Vehicle
KmsRank
Per 10^5 Population
RankComposite
Rank
Central 0.22 6 7.41 5 4
North Central 0.15 7 3.80 7 5North Central 0.15 7 3.80 7 5
North Western 0.38 1 19.14 1 1
Sabaragamuwa 0.27 4 11.97 3 3
Southern 0.32 2 10.23 4 2
Uva 0.30 3 5.89 6 5
Western 0.22 5 17.01 2 3
27.73 12.32
[1] Statistical Analysis of Road Accidents in Sri Lanka for 2001, M.D.R.P. Jayaratne 2003[2] Exclude North & East Province
Distribution of Fatal Accidents in the Western Province by Time & Road Type (2001)
Time Range (Hrs.) Road Class 1-4 4-7 7-10 10-13 13-16 16-19 19-21 21-24 Total
A1 6 10 7 10 11 20 13 13 90
A2 4 14 6 11 15 16 16 15 97
A3 4 12 19 16 17 15 30 13 126
A4 2 4 4 2 7 7 7 1 34 Other A Roads 2 8 5 5 9 14 7 50 Roads 2 8 5 5 9 14 7 50
B 1 7 19 15 12 16 9 12 91
C 1 1 1 5 3 2 2 15
M 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 Uncoded
roads 13 23 45 42 28 74 59 29 313
30 73 110 103 102 162 151 93 824
9.06%
9.19%
9.51%
12.86%
WP
EP
SP
NWP
Severity Index by Province (2002)
4.46%
6.05%
7.26%
8.18%
8.94%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
Uva
CP
NP
SAB
NCP
Severity Index (%)
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� When does it happen?When does it happen?
�� Are accidents more likely to happen in certain Are accidents more likely to happen in certain �� Are accidents more likely to happen in certain Are accidents more likely to happen in certain hours?hours?
Accidnets with Time of Day (2002)
1 2 3 4 5 67
8
9
10
11
121314
15
16
17
18
19
2021
22 23 24> 3,300
2500 - 3300
< 2500
All Accidents
2423
22
21
20
19
18
17
1615
1 2 3 4
56
7
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
> 110
90 - 110
< 90
No. of Fatal
Accidents
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What vehicles get involved?What vehicles get involved?
�� Are some vehicles more likely to be involved Are some vehicles more likely to be involved �� Are some vehicles more likely to be involved Are some vehicles more likely to be involved in an accident?in an accident?
No. of Vehicles involved in Accidents (2002)
Vehicle TypeFatal Injury Damage Only Total
# Rank # Rank # Rank # Rank
Motor Cycle 600 1 6,104 1 2,815 6 9,519 5
Bus 498 2 3,103 3 9,475 4 13,076 3
Light Vehicle 485 3 4,003 2 18,968 1 23,456 1
Lorry 454 4 2,723 6 10,087 3 13,264 4
Bicycle 364 5 2,798 5 353 8 3,515 7
3 Wheeler 189 6 2,970 4 4,201 5 7,360 6
Car 176 7 2,002 7 17,349 2 19,527 2
Other Vehicles 116 8 342 9 1,654 7 2,112 8
Land Vehicle 85 9 346 8 350 9 781 9
2,967 24,391 65,252 92,610
126
87
67
65
47
15
3 Wheeler
Bicycle
Land Vehicle
SLCTB Bus
Other Vehicles
Forces Vehicle
Ac
cid
en
ts
No. of Vehicles involved in Fatal Accidents (For Faulty Drivers) (2002?)
403
372
371
349
139
126
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Light Vehicle
Lorry
Motor Cycle
Private Bus
Car
3 Wheeler
Ac
cid
en
ts
No of Vehicles involved in Fatal Accidents for Faulty Drivers
Faulty Rate for Fatal Accidents by Vehicle Type
Vehicle Type
2002 2001
No of Vehicles involved in Fatal
Accidents Faulty Rate for
Fatal Accidents
No of Vehicles involved in
Fatal Accidents Faulty Rate for
Fatal AccidentsTotal
Faulty Drivers/
Rider Total
Faulty Drivers/
Rider
Bicycle 364 87 24% 357 78 22%
Motor Cycle 600 371 62% 571 362 63%Motor Cycle 600 371 62% 571 362 63%
3 Wheeler 189 126 67% 159 106 67%
Car 176 139 79% 150 128 85%
Light Vehicle 485 403 83% 472 400 85%
Land Vehicle 85 67 79% 59 44 75%
Forces Vehicle 19 15 79% 26 24 92%
Private Bus 415 349 84% 410 338 82%
SLCTB Bus 83 65 78% 91 65 71%
Lorry 454 372 82% 482 391 81%
Other Vehicles 97 47 48% 113 70 62%
2,967 2,041 69% 2,891 2,006 69%
8
10
12
14
16
18
20p
er
00
0' v
eh
icle
s
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
pe
r m
n v
eh
km
s
Fatality Rate per ‘000 Vehicles
Fatality Rate per mn veh kms
0
2
4
6
Private
Bus
Lorry SLCTB &
Other
Light
Vehicle
Land
Vehicle
Motor
Cycle
Car 3 Wheeler
pe
r 0
00
' v
eh
icle
s
0
0.1
0.2
pe
r m
n v
eh
km
s
Figure 13 : Fatality Rate by Faulty Drivers by Vehicle Type (2001)
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What type of accidents are there?What type of accidents are there?
�� Are some types of accidents more likely than Are some types of accidents more likely than �� Are some types of accidents more likely than Are some types of accidents more likely than others?others?
Accidents by no. of vehicles involved (2002)
Class of Accident
TotalFatal GrievousNon-
GrievousDamaged
Only
Single Vehicle Accidents1,180 1,527 6,459 9,784 18,950
Single Vehicle Accidents
58% 47% 51% 27% 35%
Two - Vehicle Accidents794 1,666 6,036 25,869 34,365
39% 51% 47% 70% 63%
Multi - Vehicle Accidents64 93 230 1,209 1,596
3% 3% 2% 3% 3%
2,308 3,286 12,725 36,862 54,911
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
No
. o
f S
ing
le V
eh
icle
Fata
l A
cc
ide
nts
Co
llid
e w
ith
Ped
es
tria
ns
Fatal
Injured
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
Forces
Vehicle
Land
Vehicle
SLCTB
Bus
Bicycle 3 Wheeler Other
Vehicles
Car Motor
Cycle
Lorry Private
Bus
No
. o
f S
ing
le V
eh
icle
Fata
l A
cc
ide
nts
Co
llid
e w
ith
Ped
es
tria
ns
Figure 1: Fatal Accidents Involving a Single Vehicle by Vehicle Type (Object of Collision:
Pedestrian)
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bicyc
leM
otor
Cyc
le3
Whe
eler
Car
Ligh
t Veh
icle
Privat
e Bus
SLCTB
Bus
Lorry
Land
Veh
icle
Forc
es V
ehic
leO
ther
Veh
icles
3 Wheelers
Large Vehicles
Motor Cycle
Four Wheelers
Cyclist
0
10
20
Figure 1 : No. of Two Vehicle Fatal Accidents (for Faulty Drivers) by object of collision
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� Are there Hit & Run Vehicles?Are there Hit & Run Vehicles?
�� Are some vehicles more likely to be involved Are some vehicles more likely to be involved �� Are some vehicles more likely to be involved Are some vehicles more likely to be involved in a hit and run accident?in a hit and run accident?
Non-Grievous
13%
Grievous
3%
Fatal
1%
Damaged Only
83%
Non-Grievous
47%
Grievous
9%
Fatal
9%Damaged Only
35%
Figure 1 : Breakdown of Hit and Run Accidents involving a single vehicle
Figure 1 : Breakdown of Hit and Run Accidents Involving Two Vehicles
Type Vehicles in 2 Vehicle Hit & Run Fatal Accidents by Object of Collision
Object of Collision
Faulty Vehicle Cyclist
Motor Cycle
3 Wheelers
Four Wheelers
Large Vehicles
Pedestrian involved accidents
Total ‘Run’ Instances
Bicycle 2 2
Motor Cycle 4 1 2 6 13
3 Wheeler 1 2 1 4
Car 1 2 3
Light Vehicle 4 3 1 1 2 11
SLCTB Bus 1 1
Lorry 4 1 2 1 8
Other Vehicles or unknown 7 1 8
Total Instances ‘Hit” 20 4 3 3 13 7 50
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� Who is at fault in accidents?Who is at fault in accidents?
�� Are some road users more likely to be at fault Are some road users more likely to be at fault �� Are some road users more likely to be at fault Are some road users more likely to be at fault in an accident?in an accident?
3%
6%
26%
54%
65%
5%
22%
24%
53%
69%
Passenger (Other)
Passenger - Pvt Bus
Cyclist
Rider
Driver
Faulty Rate (Fatalities)
6%
6%
4%
5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Passenger - SLTC Bus
Pedestrian
Faulty Rate
Faulty Rate (Fatalities)
Faulty Rate (All Casulaties)
Figure 1 : Faulty Rate of Casualties
Faulty Rate for Casualties
All Casualties Fatalities Casualty Type
Total Casualty @ Fault
Faulty Rate
Total Casualty @ Fault
Faulty Rate
Pedestrian 7,232 462 6% 815 43 5%
Rider 4,095 2,223 54% 339 180 53%
Driver 3,280 2,122 65% 216 148 69%
Passenger - SLTC Bus 486 27 6% 26 1 4% Passenger - SLTC Bus 486 27 6% 26 1 4%
Passenger - Pvt Bus 1,169 74 6% 51 11 22%
Passenger (Other) 5,119 134 3% 388 20 5%
Cyclist 2,922 761 26% 340 83 24%
24,303 5,803 24% 2,175 486 22%
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What vehicle maneuvers are more likely to What vehicle maneuvers are more likely to result in an accident?result in an accident?
�� Are some vehicle maneuvers more likely to Are some vehicle maneuvers more likely to result in an accident?result in an accident?
Matrix of Two Vehicle Fatal Accidents by Maneuvers of Vehicles at Time of Accident
Sta
tio
na
ry
Sta
rtin
g
Tu
rnin
g R
igh
t
Tu
rnin
g L
eft
Ove
rta
kin
g -
in
sid
e
Em
erg
ing
fro
m M
ino
r ro
ad
Em
erg
ing
fro
m a
ng
le
pa
rkin
g
Tu
rnin
g r
oun
d
Re
ve
rsin
g
Go
ing
str
aig
ht
ah
ea
d
Oth
er
Total
Stationary 2 15 17
Starting 4 1 1 4 10
Turning Right 2 2 16 3 23
Turning Left 9 9
Overtaking 2 4 2 1 55 4 68 Emerging from Minor 6 6
Turning round 5 5
Reversing 3 3
Going straight ahead 28 2 54 11 23 13 2 4 2 464 27 630
Other 1 1 1 11 9 16
Speed Related accidents make up 37Speed Related accidents make up 37%%
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
CarLorry
M.Cy.Pvt.
BusCTB
Bus3-
Wheel
er
Light
VehLand
VehBicycle
Total
Wrong Side
Fail to Signal
High Speed
Avoid Accident
Collide with street Furniture
Skidded
Lost Control
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What type of drivers get involved?What type of drivers get involved?
�� Are drivers with more experience less likely to Are drivers with more experience less likely to �� Are drivers with more experience less likely to Are drivers with more experience less likely to be involved in an accident?be involved in an accident?
Not known
5%> 12 yrs
25%
9 - 12 yrs
0 - 3 yrs
26%
DL not required
5%
No DL
10%
9 - 12 yrs
7%
6 - 9 yrs
10%
3 - 6 yrs
12%
Figure 1 : Experience of Drivers Involved in road accidents (All
Accidents)
Not known
5%> 12 yrs
16%
9 - 12 yrs
4%
DL not required15%
No DL
22%
6 - 9 yrs
7%3 - 6 yrs
8%
0 - 3 yrs
23%
Figure 1: Experience of Drivers Involved in Fatal Road Accidents
Pax - SLTC Bus
1%
Pax - Pvt Bus
2%
Driver
10%
Rider
16%
Pedestrian
37%
Cyclist
16%Passenger
18%
Figure 1 : No. of Accident Fatalities by Activity at time of accident
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What actions of pedestrians are most What actions of pedestrians are most risky?risky?
�� Are some pedestrian activities more likely to Are some pedestrian activities more likely to result in an accident?result in an accident?
Table 1 : Pedestrian Activity by Degree of Injury
Injury Type
Pedestrian Activity Fatal Grievous Non-
Grievous Total Walking on shoulder or sidewalk 317 403 1,742 2,462
Walking on road carriageway 19 31 214 264 Crossings road not on a Pedestrian crossing 409 578 2,659 3,646
Crossing road on Pedestrian crossing 15 28 88 131 crossing 15 28 88 131
Playing on road 1 9 10
Pedestrian after drinks/drugs 1 2 3 6
Any other action 54 131 556 714
Total 815 1,147 5,271 7,233
Steps in identifying the causes for accidentsSteps in identifying the causes for accidents
�� What driver related problems are the most What driver related problems are the most serious?serious?
�� What is the impact of drinkWhat is the impact of drink--driving on driving on accidents?accidents?
Accid e n t
Typ eIn to xica te d Fatigu e d
Oth e r
D e fe ctsTo ta l
Fa t a l 9 .3 % 1 2 .3 % 3 .4 % 2 5 .0 %
ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND DRIVER CONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONCONDITION
G r ie v o u s 5 .4 % 2 .8 % 3 .8 % 1 2 .0 %
N o n -
G r ie v o u s1 .7 % 0 .5 % 2 .4 % 4 .6 %
N o In ju r y 1 .2 % 0 .1 % 2 .5 % 3 .8 %
Think Safety!Think Safety!
Cost Benefit Analysis of Road Cost Benefit Analysis of Road Safety ImprovementsSafety Improvements
Short Course in Road Safety & Accident Short Course in Road Safety & Accident AnalysisAnalysis
2727thth March 20045March 20045
Accident CostsAccident Costs
�� Direct Tangible costsDirect Tangible costs
��Damage to propertyDamage to property
��Medical costsMedical costs
��Administrative costsAdministrative costs
Costs of delays to other road usersCosts of delays to other road users��Costs of delays to other road usersCosts of delays to other road users
�� Intangible costs Intangible costs
�� Private Costs relating to injury or deathPrivate Costs relating to injury or death
Methods for Valuing Accident Methods for Valuing Accident ImpactsImpacts
�� Loss of OutputLoss of Output
�� Willingness to PayWillingness to Pay�� Willingness to PayWillingness to Pay
Fatal Grievous Non-
Griev’us
Damage
Only
Property Damage 51,846 51,846 51,846 51,846
Medical Costs 19,180 15,929 15,105 -
Police Costs 4,704 2,455 200 200
Insurance Costs 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400
Congestion Costs 16,000 8,000 2,000 2,000
Output Loss 1,179,197 58,959 11,792 -
Pain & Grief 235,839 11,792 2,358 -
Total 1,509,166 151,381 85,701 56,446
1998 Accident Cost per Vehicle / pax km (@ 1998 values)1998 Accident Cost per Vehicle / pax km (@ 1998 values)
Cost of Accidents in Sri Lanka Cost of Accidents in Sri Lanka --19981998
Type of AccidentType of Accident
FatalFatal GrievousGrievous NonNon--GrievousGrievous
Damage Damage OnlyOnly
TotalTotal
Annual Accident Annual Accident 28992899 431431 995995 1,9131,913 6,2386,238Annual Accident Annual Accident Cost (Rs mn)Cost (Rs mn)
28992899 431431 995995 1,9131,913 6,2386,238
Accident Cost Accident Cost (Rs./veh.km)(Rs./veh.km)
0.1840.184 0.0270.027 0.0630.063 0.1220.122 0.3960.396
Accident Cost Accident Cost (Rs./psg km)(Rs./psg km)
0.0390.039 0.0050.005 0.0130.013 0.0260.026 0.0830.083