Post on 06-Jan-2018
description
Abraham Lincoln – Marfan SyndromeEmily Dickinson – Manic Depression
Vincent Van Gogh – EpilepsyAlbert Einstein – Dyslexia
John F. Kennedy – Addison’s DiseaseRita Hayworth – Alzheimer’s Disease
Ray Charles – Primary GlaucomaStephen Hawking – Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Of course you may not have been born!
Chapter 9 Frontiers of Biotechnology
In most cases of genetic engineering, scientists start by cutting the DNARestriction enzymes = enzymes that cut DNA
at a specific spotHundreds of restriction enzymes are used as tiny scissors
Restriction enzymes either leave a “blunt end or sticky
end”
Once DNA is cut up it can be studied in a couple ways
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the pieces 1. DNA is loaded into a gel
2. Voltage is applied3. DNA has a negative charge, it moves toward the positive end
Little pieces move fastBig pieces move slow
Instead of adding paper/toner, add DNA polymerase and free bases
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows scientists to make many copies of DNA
PCR is like a copy machine for DNA
DNA fingerprinting take advantage of restriction enzymes and the fact that everyone's DNA is different
Created using gel electrophoresis
A clone = genetically identical copy of a gene/organism
Dolly was the first clone of an adult mammal
Cloning occurs naturally (plants/bacteria/twins)
Genetic engineering = changing DNA to give new traits
Recombinant DNA = DNA that contains genes from more than 1 organism
Plasmid = closed loop of DNA separated from the rest
Bacteria is often used in genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes + plasmid + sticky ends = recombinant DNA
Transgenic bacteria can be used to create human proteins
Transgenic organism = has genes from another organism
Transgenic plants create natural pesticidesTransgenic mice are models of human
development
The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA
Genomics = study of genomes/ gene sequences
Genetic screenings can identify disordersGene therapy could help cure those
disorders