Post on 05-Jan-2016
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
-Cavity is lined by a thin serous membrane called the Peritoneum - Parietal layer – lines abdominal wall- Visceral layer – covers organs- Encloses; liver, gal bladder, ovaries, spleen, stomach, most of intestines..etc..
PERITONITIS – inflammation of the peritoneal cavity caused by infections
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
ABDOMINAL CONTENTPLANES, QUADRIENTS AND REGIONS…
4 QUADRIENT METHOD
1 - RUQ2 – RLQ3 – LUQ4 – LLQ
ABDOMINAL CONTENTPLANES, QUADRIENTS AND REGIONS…
4 QUADRIENT METHOD
1 – RUQ - Liver, gal bladder,2 – RLQ - Liver3 – LUQ – spleen, pancreas4 – LLQ – spleen, ovaries
ABDOMINAL CONTENTNine Region Method
-Divided by (2) horizontal (transverse) lines
-Divided by (2) vertical lines
- (2) vertical planes are parallel to the MSP
- Run vertically up both ASIS’s
-(1) transverse plane runs horizon. through L-1
-(1) transverse plane runs horiz. through L-5
- divides the abdominopelvic cavity into (9) regions
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9 REGIONS
SEE HANDOUT
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Body Habitus
Hypersthenic - massive proportions (5%)
Sthenic – normal proportions (50%)
Hyposthenic – combination of hypersthenic and sthenic (35%)
Asthenic – long thin body cavity and structures (10%)
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVARIOUS BODY TYPES…
ABDOMINAL CONTENTPLANES
1. Transpyloric plane – through L-1
2. Subcostal plane – lowest point of costal margin, L-3
3. Intertubercular plane – level of tubercles of iliac crest @ SP. of L-5
4. Lateral planes – vertical planes on either side of MSP which bisect inguinal ligaments
5. Interspinous plane – through rt. and lt. ASIS, @ level of 2nd sacral seg,
6. Supracristal plane – highest point of iliac crest, L-4
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
1. STOMACH
-Organ of digestion- breaks down food- located just under diaphragm- divided into body and pylorus- lies in epigastric and lt. hypogastric region (LUQ)- size and shape vary from patient to patient- little to no liquid absorption, except…..
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1. STOMACH
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1. STOMACH
-Cardiac orifice level of 7th CC 1” lt. of MSP- Pylorus – transverse plane of L-1- Fundas – 5th intercostal space- Duodenum – above umbilicus
MARKINGS
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2. PANCREAS
- stretches obliquely against posterior abdomen wall- more to lt. than rt. of MSP- level of L-1 – L-2- head of pancreas lies within loop of duodenum- epigastric and hypochondriac regions- 13 cm long (adults)- exocrine and endocrine gland- accommodates CBD
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2. PANCREAS
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3. LIVER
-RUQ- largest endocrine gland- triangular shaped, mostly on rt., some crosses over to the lt.- mostly in rt. Hypochondrium and epigastric regions- produces approx. 1 pt. of bile per day- holds approx. 1. pt. of blood- divided into (4) lobes- very complex organ
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3. LIVER
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4. Spleen
-LUQ- posterior and along long axis of 10th rib- highly vascular organ, between the stomach and diaphragm- lt. hypochondriac region- part of the lymphatic sys.- defense- 12 cm long, 7 cm wide and 3 cm thick- function has baffled physiologists for over 100 years- dark purple in color
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4. Spleen
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5. Gallbladder
- RUQ - fundas at level of transpyloric plane - pear shaped gland, stores bile - receives bile from the liver - adult holds 32 mL of bile - during digestion of fats the GB contracts - gallstones
ABDOMINAL CONTENT5. Gallbladder
ABDOMINAL CAT SCAN
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 1
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 1
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 2
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 2
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 4
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 4
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 5
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 5
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 6
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 6
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 7
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 7
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 8
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 8
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 9
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 9
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 10
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 10
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 11
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 11
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 12
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 12
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 13
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 13
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 14
ABDOMINAL CONTENTCT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 14
ABDOMINAL CONTENT5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
- Begins at level of 8th intercostal space- approximately 1in. from MSP (rat) - approximately 3in. long- formed by the juncture of the cystic and hepatic ducts.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
ABDOMINAL CONTENT5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
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6. Jejunum
-Intermediate or middle portion of the S.I.- slightly larger the ileum- absorption of nutrients
Small Intestine – Absorption
ABDOMINAL CONTENT6. Jejunum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT6. Ileum
-Third lower distal portion of the small intestine- opens up into medial side of cecum (valve)- absorption
ABDOMINAL CONTENT6. Ileum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT7. Duodenum
-shortest, widest and most fixed portion of the S.I.- connects to pyloric valve of stomach- 25 cm long- divided into superior, descending, horizontal and ascending portions
ABDOMINAL CONTENT7. Duodenum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT8. Ascending Colon
- Rt lower quadrant- connects to transverse colon at Hepatic flexure
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9. Transverse Colon
- rt. to lt. in midline- dips down to umbilical region-ends at level of 8th cc on lt. side
Large bowl excretion and some absorption
ABDOMINAL CONTENT10. Descending Colon
- runs along lt. plane of abd. Cavity - ends in inguinal ligament
ABDOMINAL CONTENT11. Recto-Sigmoid Colon
- hypogasrtic region - behind the bladder
ABDOMINAL CONTENTReview Small Bowl
(3) portions
1.Duodenum2.Jejunum3.Ileum
ABSORPTION…..
ABDOMINAL CONTENTReview large Bowl
1. Cecum2. Ascending colon3. Transverse colon4. Descending colon5. Recto-Sigmoid colon
Excretion …..some absorption
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12.Kidneys
- (2) bean shaped organs- Filter waste from urine- rt. is lower than lt.- upper poles opposite T-11- lower poles opposite L-3
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Kidneys
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13. Ureters
-Lie on either side of ml.- turn medially entering bladder at a point 1 and ¼ in. above s.p.- connect kidneys to bladder
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13. Ureters
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14. Bladder
- Hypogastric region\ - Stores urine - contains trigone area - lower border corresponds with s.p.
- The urinary bladder usually holds 400–620 mL of urine
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14. Bladder
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15. Ovaries
-(2)- level of S-2, iliac spines- interspinous plane
An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. They are usually purple. It is often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate
female reproductive system.
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15. Ovaries
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15. Uterus
The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina; the other is connected on both sides to the fallopian tubes.
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15. Uterus
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15. Testicles
The testicle (from Latin testis, meaning "witness",[1] plural testes) is the male generative gland in animals
FunctionLike the ovaries (to which they are homologous), testicles are components of both the reproductive system (being gonads) and the endocrine system (being endocrine glands
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
16. ProstateThe prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system.The prostate differs considerably among species anatomically, chemically, and physiologically.
FunctionThe main function of the prostate is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline (pH 7.29) fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that, along with spermatozoa, constitutes semen. The rest of the seminal fluid is produced by the two seminal vesicles.
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16. Prostate
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ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
Abdominal Aorta - T-12 to bifurcation @ L-4
- slightly to the left of the MSP- transversely along supracristal plane
The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta (of the thorax).
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
Abdominal Aorta
Angio. MRI Angio. CT Axial CT
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Celiac Artery
- anterior to aorta- T-12-1 inch above transpyloric plane
The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk and also spelled as coeliac, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and branches from the aorta around the level of the T12 vertebra in humans.
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
Celiac Artery
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
Celiac Artery Branches
1. Gastric Artery – lt. of cardiac orifice @ 7thcc – stomach
2. Spleenic Artery – lt. of cardiac orifice, 4in, above celiac – spleen
3. Hepatic Artery – rt. of cardiac orifice - liver
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
Celiac Artery Branches
1.Gastric Artery
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2. Spleenic Artery
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3. Hepatic Artery
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4. Hepatic Artery - from the rt. Of the aorta – supplies liver
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5. Superior Mesenteric Artery starts in midline of transverse plane ½” below celiac artery @ L-1
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6. Inferior Mesenteric artery starts a ¼ in. above the supracristal plane.
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7. Renal artery from aorta ½ in. below transpyloric plane at L-2
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8. Common Iliac Artery starts @ L-4, bifurcation and runs into femoral point.1/3 down the brim of the iliac bone divided into internal &external iliacs
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9. IVC runs parallel to aorta more to the rt. of the MSP.
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10. Portal Vein - Formed by the junction of the Spleenic and superior mesenteric veins. @ L-2 it runs to the rt. Enters the liver @ the Porta Hepatis. Runs along the hepatic art. And the CBD.
The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely across the under surface of the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border.
ABDOMINAL CONTENTVESSELS
10. Portal Vein
Transverse fissure of liver
Inferior surface of the liver.
ABDOMINAL CONTENTAbdomen Muscles
any of the muscles of the anterolateral walls of the abdominal cavity, composed of three flat muscular sheets, from without inward: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis, supplemented in front on each side of the midline by rectus abdominis.
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