Post on 01-Oct-2021
N.A. NEKRASOV - "illNSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORK3W"
Nataly Baurns
A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Arts
(East and Sou-tii European In s t i t u t e ) of the University of Ottawa in Par t ia l Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
A"
•or
\u Ottawa/ |
MtiOTMtoutS
Ottawa, Canada, 1950
UMI Number EC55144
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H.A. HEKPACOB - "IIEBEn. TOPfi HAPOflHOrO"
HaTa^H« Eayicm
OrJIABJIEHME
ITJiaBN GTp.
BBE/EEHKE v
I . - nPE^nOCMKH TBOPqECTBA HEKPACOBA T
1 . CeMeftno-poaoBH© BJTH«HH« Ha JIHHHOCTI> HeKpacoBa I
2 . B^HHHHe OKpyxaiomeS npnpoflH Ha HeKpacoBa 18 3 . BJiHHHHe ropo^a B »HH6 roflH SCH3HH HeKps-
coBa 21 A . B^HUHHe snoxH Ha (£opMHpoBaHHe MHpoco3ep-
uaHHH HeKpacoBa 24
I I . - KPECTLHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 31
1 . TTepBHe CTHXH HeKpacoBa nocBameHHHe Ha-p o a y 32
2 . Taxejioe SKOHOMHiecKoe H wopajibHoe ITOJIO-JKeHHC KP«CTb«H 35
3 . HeorpaHH*ieHHaH BJincTb noM©mnKOB Has Kpe -CTbJTHaMH 49
4 . OTJmHVfTejiwwe nepTH x a p s K T e p a p y c c K o r o KpecTbaHHHa 6 3
s . Tlo^oaceHHe KpecTbflHCTBa a o H nocjie MaHH-tfcecTa 69
6 . OTHomeHHe HeKpacoBa K pedf)opMe H B©pa B CyayimrocTb Hapofla 74
I I I . - 5ETH H )KEHDIHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 78
1 . ZteTH r o p o a a 79 2 . KpecTbffHCKHe ZteTH 8T 3 . HeHWJTHH B np0H3B6fleHH«X HeKpacoBa 8 3 4 . TnaceJiafl cyf lbda pyccKOii sceHmwHH 84 5 . PyCCKH6 HCeHUIJIHH - 3K6HH fleK8<5pHCTOB H HX
OTpaxeHEie B no33HH H e K p s c o p a 9 6
i y . - HEKPACOB - ITEBEII TOPO/tA 104
OIVIAB;iEHHE iv
T iaBH CTp.
y . - HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA TI8
I . CTHJib, vteJioflHKa H peTMHKa cTwxa HeKpacoBa TI8
8 . H3HK HeKpacoBa 132
3AKJDDHEHHE 140
EHEJIH0rPA*Hfl 143
llpH.aosceHHe
! • ABSTRACT OF H.A. HeKpacoB - "IleBeij ropg HapogHoro". . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . 145
BBEZDEHHE
CKOpo HcnojiHHTC« flecaTb JieT c Tex n o p , KaK MH n o a x B a -
qeHH BHxpeM BTopoS MHPOBOB B O H H H , OTOpBaHH OT r o p a v o JHO<5H-
MOK CTpaaajiHUH-PoflHHH, OT CjrH3Koro, p o a H o r o CTpaaa j ib i j a -Ha-
p o a a .
HecMOTpa Ha OKpyacaiomyio Hac T e n e p b CBoCoaHyro, cnoKOHHyio
nO^Hyn aOBOJIbCTBa HCH3Hb, MHCJIH ^aCTO BO3BpaiItai0TCH H 8 3 a a .
TTpa3aHyeTca JM JiHxaw apywecKaa nnpyutKa - KTO-HH6yab
H3 COCpaBHTHXCH ? a nt)OpOHT»T: "A K«KOBO-TO T6M, TOJIOaHHM?"
"TeMn - Bee 3HaKT, K T O 3 T O .
BocxHrnaioTCH JIH ort i^BwoH, KTO-JTH6O a a saMSTHT: "A KaKO-
BO-TO HM, pa3a©THM?n - " H M " - BCe 3HaK)T, KTO 3TO.
CnOTJHT JW, CBO^OCTHO BHCKa3HBa« CaMbie paSJTHMHHe MHeHHH,
HaSaeTca KTO-HH(5yab, KTO yaHBHTCff: "A TaM <5H na 3 T O . . . "
nTaMn - Bee 3Ha»T, r a e 3 T O .
H B nHJiKHx H B cepbesHwx p a 3 r o B o p a x o ne^aJTbHoit c y a b -
<5e PoaHHH qacTO u,HTHpy»Tca CTHXH HeKpacoBa , neBiuero o c x p a a a -
HHHX pyccKOro H a p o a a , C T H X H , CTaBmne CTpaHHO coaByqHHMH Hanien
a n o x e .
BBEZIEHHE vi
HyXHO OrOBOTJHTbCH, MTO BOCneTK© H©KpaCOBHM "cTpaa«wHa
6bWIH CTpaaaHHiTMH HO KpHTSpHK) 19 B©Ka. T©n©pb 3TH CTpaaaHHH
noKa3aJiHCb 6m "ocBo6oxa©HHOMy" pyccKOMy Hapoay p a e M .
XapaKTepHO « T O , HTO Kascaaa cbpasa HeKpacoBa o napoaHOM
r o p e He noTepa j ia c B o e r o 3HaqeHj*« cef tqac - OHa T S K ute aKTyajrb-
Ha, aax© HecicoTpa Ha T O , I T O a©8eTBHTe^ibHocTb n p e B o e x o a n T Bee
B THcaqn TNCHM p a 3 .
HeyaHBHTejrbHO no3TOMy, qTO aaTop TeMOH CBoeft patfoTH
BH6D8UI "HeKpacoB - neBen. r o p a H a p o a H o r o " .
ABTop CMHTaeT 3Ty TeMy BSOKHOH. T . K . , KBK ysce 6njio
CKa3aHO Bimie, CTHXH HeKpacoBa a o cTpaHHoro C O 3 B V H H H HanreMy
Bp©MeHH, H©CMOTpa Ha aaBHOCTb HX HanHCaHHH.
"CipaaaHHa p y c c K O r o H a p o a a " - Tenia, He cxoaamafl c VCT
pyccKHx JiroaeM B H3rHaHHH H ocHOBHa*i TeMa HeKpacoBCKoro TBop-
q e c T B a , H cjroBaMH n o s T a MH BHCKa3HBaeM aojno CBOHX MHCJieS.
CoBpeMeHHaa P O C C H H JtHiueHa FO^MOHCHOCTH HMeTb C O ( 5 C T B 6 H -
HHX H©KpacoBHx. CMSJibMaKH, nHTaBHraeca ^Ka3aTb np^Bay o c T p a -
aaHHHX H a p o a a , XOTH <5H HaMeKOM y K a s a T b HS CBoe Hecoiv iac i ie c
rocyaapcTB©HHHM CTPoeM, 6nji7i odpeqeHH Ha ccnJiKy, CMepTb, My-
H©HHH. MHorHe, oTHaflBiuttob, noiiMH Ha caMoyCnScTBO. ^tocTaToqHO
BcnoMHHTb HMeHa TyMHJieBa, BojrouiHHa H MHornx a p y r n x .
B O T noaTOMy HeKpacoB <5JIH30K HSM C e r o otfnaoH 3a n o p a -
CoiueHHHfi Hapoa H c e r o no33HeM, CecnpecTaHHO o TOM noroureM.
KpoMe T o r o aBTOp CHHTaeT H©O<5XO/IHMWM ocpeTHTb T / T O -
XQCTBeHHH© aoCTOHHCTRa 6e3yCJTOBHO BeJTHKOrO HaitHOHaJIbHOrO no3Ta
BBEAEHHE v i i
xyAOBBBRa a peaJtacTa, Gepjwfipo OCHOBOH CBOBPO TBopqecTBa Hapoa
a n i a y v o r o B aapoAaoa CTB.*©, BO AO CBX nop H© naHHToro a H © -
AocTaToqHO on©H©HHoro MBOPBMB.
Baxea B 'TOT $aRT^ HTO HeRpacoB - sepRajio nepexoAaopo
nepaoaa B p y e c R o l JtarepaType 1 9 - r o B©Ka, Koraa a a otiBteeTBea-
a y » e a e a y n o a B B j e a BOBHB Rjiaee oo^ecTBa - KJiacc p a 3 B 0 i a a n e B ,
carpaBBRx <5ojibmy» pojib B nocK©Ay»«ea cyafcO© POCCBB a , MOXBT-
6"HTb, OTB©TCTB©HHHX SB BBSy 3KBPpaX(BK>.
BosToxy aBTop pemajt e s o n patfoTy nocBHTHTb pas(Sopy
TBOpieCTBa BBJIBROPQ B09TB B erO XyAOXeCTBeHBHM OC06©HHOCTffM,
eTBBaaiBx HeapacoBa B HBCJIO aaa60Jiee BNAa»iHHXca pyccRax noBTOB.
B aepso f i pjiaBe poBopaTca o npeanocHJiKax TBopqecTBa
HeRpaeoBa, nocTaBBBnax ©ro a a ayTb "neBija ropa HapoaHoro":
o ceMeBBO-poAOBBXBJiaaaaax; o npapoa© a RpecTbaacRoa e p e A e , c
ROTOpHBR 0CO<5©HHO KBOPO BOOT COBpBRacaJtCB B A©TCTB©; O pSHHOM
BJDMIBBB popoAa a , BaRoaen., o BJIHHHHH caxofi a n o x a , s e p a e e ,
r p a a a AByx anox - OTxapaBBa "yoaaeCHoft1' P o c c a a a HapoxAeaaa
BOBHX CJIOSB p a s B o i B a n e B a (JjaHaneoBoft tiypxyasaa.
Bropaa pjtasa nocB&steaa ocHOBBOxy TBopqecTBy HeKpacoBa -
cTHxoTBopeaaaM o xyxBRax, 06 a x Taxe^toit SKOHOMHMQCKOM a aopsuab-
HOB nojtoxeHBH B nepaoA RpeBocTHoro n p a B a . B a e 8 yAejieao B H B -
xaBBe (jHTy RpecTbaa, OCHOBHHM qepTaii ax xapaRTepa , ax oTHome-
HBD R p e $ o p x e a B3r^aay noaTa a a CyaymaocTb RpecTbaHCTBa.
TpexB« r^aBa nocB«m©Ha ACTAM a xeHamHaM B oTpaxeHaa
BeRpacoBcapff n o a s a a .
BBE.ZIEHHE • i i i
HexBepxaa rvtaBa oxBaTHBaex XBopqecxBO HeapacoBa, ox-
aocameeca R ropoay - deaaoxe a Bucmexy cBexy.
IlaTaa pjiaBa nocBaiaeHa aHajiH3y xyaoxecxBeHHHX ocodeH-
aocxea a AOCXOBBCXB noaxa.
ABxopy Kaxexca, qxo noaodHHB nopaaoK pacnpeaeJieHHfl
no pjiaBax aacx BosxoxHOCXb oxBaxaxb Haadojiee nojiBO OCHOBHH©
axaaa XBopqecTBa HeRpaeoBa a 3aaoaqaxb padoxy oneHKoM ax c
xyaox©CTB©HHOB cxopeax, x . e . npaAacx padoxe <5OJI©© HJIH xeaee
xoaoppa4»qeeRBM xapaaxep.
0 HeKpacoB© naeajiocb oaeHb KBOPO. Exy nocBamaJiH
dojibnae padoxn a accseAOBaaaa xaaae BejiaiBBH JiaxepaxypHoro
xapa KaK EBP©Hb©B-MaKcaxoB, HyKOBCKHH, 38xeB<5ayx, l©roJi©B,
ropa$ejibA, nxnaa B XBOPO apyrax.
K coxauieHHi), y exyaeaxoB CJaaBancKoro oxaeJia Bectxa
oiQrxax aeaocxaxoa JiaTepaxypH. TpyAHO aocxaxb aaxe OCHOBHH©
TpyaH nacaxejieM, ae roBopa o Kpaxaae HJIB cnenaa.abHHX padoxax.
noaxoxy as Top cqeji 3a .aynuee noJioxaxb B ocaoBy patioxx noapod-
HHB aHaJiB3 CTHxoTBopeHHfi HeRpaeoBa, acxoaa as npeanojiOKQHHa,
qxo p aBHH© pepoa npoaaBeaeaaM, ra© HeRpacoB cax H© Bacxynaex
AeficxBynmax JHIUOVI, Bxpaxaiox xHeaae noaxa.
IVIABA I
nPEOTOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA
HTOGH noaaxb, RBRBX odpasox HeRpacoB npameji K cBoexy
xaapy, i x o A&SO exy Boaxoxaoexb nacaxb o RpecxbaHax, deABflKax,
Boodxe Bcex "ocRopdJieHaxx B yBBxeHHHXff xaa, RBR nacaJt OH,
caeAyex ocxaHOBBXbca aa HeRoxopxx cTopoaax ©ro jiaqHofi XH3HB,
aa BjnuiBBB BnenaxAeaaB a e x c x s a , aa BJIHHHHH caxxx dJiasRax
jnoaeS - oxaa a xaxepa , aa JOHomecTB© - nepBxx caxocxoaxejibHxx
POABX noaxa, X . K . O6HHHO nepBaa nop a XBSHB KJiaaeT oxneiaxoR
aa xapaaxep q©jcoB©Ka, a y Jivm coaaaaiomax - Ha xapaaxep
XBopqecxBa.
I . CexeSao-poAOBne BJiaaHaa Ha JJHHHOcTb HeKpacoBa.
HeRpacoB - Bsxoaen. a s cpeaHeM ABopaHCRofi cexba .
CaeayeT HecKOJibKo sapjiaayxb aa3aa, B cexeKHyro acxopaio. Eme
npaaea noaxa odJiaaaJi ROJSocca^bHHU dopaxcxBOM. Ho Ryxexa,
X6HBJHBH, KapXH yX©BbflIH4IB 6PO SHaHHTeJIbHO. EBr©Hb©B-MaKCHMOB|
cpaBHBBaa AORyxeaxx, Racajomaeca cexefiaoR xpoaaRa poaa Heapa-
COBBX, aadpeji aa HeaoxopHe HHxepecHHe $aRXH. TaK, OKaauBaex-
ca , dojtbmaa qacxb COCTOHHHA npa-npaaeaa noaxa, HROBB HBaHOBana
HeRpaeoBa, tfHJia npoRyneaa a oq©Hb doJibniaa qacxb yum a na
I B . E . EBreHbeB-MaRCHMOB, HeRpacgB_RaK_3e50BeRA_xyp; S M B S T . a . s g g j , MocRBa-^eaaappaA, Toe .HSAT, 1928 , c x p . 2 3 .
nPEflnOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 2
i
ooRpxxae xaxopo-xo xaBBCXBeaaopo AOJia, o aoxopox jraROBBiecRa
yaoxxHaexca RBR o "cxpopocxax ero xeaHn. CoB©pm©HHO BCHO,
ixo "cxporocxa" GHJIB c aex-xo as apenocxHax a MTO coBepmeHBHfi
nooTynoK, daxb xoxex, HOCHJI xapaaxep KpoBaBoro caxoaypcxBa,
ix© dHJio aajiexo ae peARoexbn B I© ABB .
Ilpaaea noaxa - AjieaceM fiKOBJieBHq - xeaaxbdofi Ha dora-
xoM ABopaaae HpaBajiOBofi (npaaecisefi xyxy B npaaaHoe cxaBmee
BnocJieaciBHH saaxeBBXHX ce-abno rpemaeBo) nonpaBBJt nomaxHyBme-
eca 6UAO coexoaaae oxna.
#BA aeaxa, Cepre8 AJJ©KCB8BHH, xaaoft xe cTpacxaxS aap-
xexHBR, R B R B HROB HBaaoBaq, npoarpeus B KapxH Bee aocTaBxaeca
exy oexaxRa Koraa-xo Rpynaoro cocxoaHaa. nocaeABBfi dcabmofi
npoBppHK (8.000 pydJieS) noBJieK 3a codofi 3aKjraa aueHaa, 3axex
Cep re M AJieaceeBaq 3anyxajrca B aojirax, nponeHXH nepepocjia cyxMy
3&xopa a HeapacoBH paaopaJiacb eoBepmeHHO. IIpaBaa, xJionoTaMH
dadyxRH, xeaotaaH oq©Hb aHepraqHoft a xyxcKOPO CKJiaaa yMa, yaa-
Jiocb He xoJibKO nonpaBaxb aeJia, ao a nojiyqaxb Hasaa (fjaKxaqecKH
npoappaBHoe axeaae.
HaaoaeB, oxen, noaxa, AjieKcea CepreeBaq, cosepmeHHO
yHacJieaoBaJi poaoBOt! xapaaxep HeRpacoBBtx. HecaepxaHHxM, BcnHJib-
qaBHH, cxpacxaaa KapxexBBR, KyxaJta a cxpaciHHH RpenocxaaK, OB
xaa xe RBR a asa epo cxapmax dpaxa, dHJi BoeHHHM a cayxaji B
ErepcRBx nojiKax. HeKpacoB (CHB) xaK nepeaasaji oioBa oxBa BO
Bpexa cBoeB dojiesHa: "npeaaa BamH,-paccKa3HBaji exy Ajieacefi Cep-
pe©BHq,-dHJiH. dopaxH. Ilpa-npaaea Bam npoarpsur c©Mb XHCHH aym,
IIPEflnOCbLflKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 3
apaABA - ABB, ABA (xott OT©B) - OAay, a - Haqepo, noxoxy qxo
aeqepo GHJIO npoappasaxb, BO B Rapxoqaa noappaxb Toxe JIK-
d a j " . 2 3xo a ae XOPJIO duxb aaaqe . H3 noaoJieBBH B noKOJieHH©
HoRpacoBH XHJIB BOXHKB noxenjaRaxH - nojib30Bajiacb xpyaox CBOBX
padOB-KpecTbHH, aaaa, qxo caMH Mopyx aaqepo He Aejiaxb a B TO
xe Bpexa deeaoaxpojibBo pacnopaxaxbca cyabdaxa a aaxe XB3BHXB
CBOHX RpenocxBHX. H3 poaa B poa pocjio B Rpenjio xanaqBO pyc -
CRoe caxoAypcxBO, apoasx, coaBaaae HeoppaaaqeHHoM BJIBCXH HBA
coxHaxa, a noaqac a XHcaqaxa JiK>Ae8. BJiacib Bceraa onbaaaex.
Haxypa rpydx© axo aroHcxaqecKoe caMoaypcxBO IIPBBOABJIO cnjofflb aa paAox K X©CXOROCXB a aaxe sBepcxBy; Haxypa qyB-CTBOHHH© - R Heody3AaHHOMy pasBpaxy; Haxypa mumae - K yBaeqeaan BCAKHMH BBABMH a3apxa; HaxypH MHTKH© a naccaB-HH© - R KaHBJIOBCROXy np©HHH) BB KOpHK) H OdJIOMOBCKOXy daft-
daqecTBy®.
AJieKceft CeppeeBaq ocodoro odpasoBaaaa, Kpoxe BOBHHO-
PO, He nojiyqaJi. Bee , qxo XOPJIO dmb xopomepo B ero ayme, 3a-
PJIOXJIO, ae pacnseB. OB BWRBJI njioaox BocnaTaHaa poaoBsx npa-
BaqeR a aaRJioaaocxeS HeapacoBHX. CxpaaiHO cxaHOBaxca, qaTaa OX3HBH O BOX dHBfflHX ©TO RpenOCXBHX BJXB CTHXH ©TO CHHa.
AJI©RC©B Cepreesaq - apxfi RpenocTHHK, aaxe AJia CBoero BpeMeHH,
aeodHxaoBeBBO XOCXOKHH dapaa, can pacnpaBJiajica c KpenociHHMH,
npacoypoM a Aaxe xeaoi i , Be cxecaaacb npacyxcTBaa aeTeB.
MajieHbRafi xaJibqaK, noaqac HHKSM ae 3axeqeHHHft, qacxo dHJi CBH-
2 B . E . EBreabeB-MaKCHMOB, HeKpacoB KaK qejiOBeK, xyp B&XBCT a noaT. MocRBa-^eaaHrpaa, T o e , H 3 a . , 1 9 2 8 , c x p . 25
3 Ibid., cxp .25
IIPEZmOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 4
Aexejiex yxacHNX KapTHH, Morymnx nep©B©pHyTb H noTpacTH aymy
BspocJiopo q©JiOB©Ka, a He TOJibKO BneqaTJiHTejibHyio aymy pedeHKa.
XapaKTepHH OTSHBH dHBiiiax KpenocTHHx od AjieKcee CepreeBHq©
HeRpacoB©:
MBJIO cJiOB.a popa p©q©HbKa, TOPH peqeHbKa d©3aoHHaa.
- KaK MQTKO BnOCJieaCTBHH 3aM©THT CHH.
EHBHEHH CTapocTa c©Jia rpenmeBO, 9pacT MaKCHMOBHq Top-
qaa , BcnoMHBaeT, qTo AJieKceS CepreeBHq dHJi oq©Hb cTporaH H
CRynofi noMemHK. OcodoB noxaqKH CBOHM "jiioaaM" He aaBaJi. ITopKH
dbuiH npaBHqHHX aeJiOM B y c a a b d e . KpecxbHHKa TaTbHHa MapoKOBa
paccKasEreajia, BcnoMHHaa dapnjHHy B rpenraeBo: "xajia aseM H HOHbuf,
TopqHH ynoxHHaeT a o TOM, qTo AJieKcefi CepreeBHq B c e r a a HMSJI
JindOBHHB a s CBOBX xe KpecTbaaoK, HHoraa nejiHfi rap©M CbaHa dx-
Jia RopeHHaa, a p y r a e B n p a c T a x K e " ) . IIoaxBepxaaex 3xo H apyroB
KpecibaHHH, xoxe rpemHeBCKHH, Ceprefi C©M©HOBHq IIojiaHHH. OH
npHBoaax xaKofi $aKx:
CxapHH dapHH BO BP©MA OXOXH 3aMeTHJi KpacHByio aeByiHKy, nojiOBHiyio KapTO$©Jib; OHa ©My noHpaBHJiacb. -"ECJMIM, npaBeaa" , pacnopaaaj ica oa , a© aojiro ayMaa. Hy, E$HM H npneeji e o , KaK codaay Ha n.ena. ArpacJeHa 3Ta dHJia H3 KOIUSBKH. CyMejia yroaaTb dapaay - PJIBBHOS HajioxHHneft e© caeoiaji. A Koraa -Bce-xaKH H efi nonaaaj io . 4
IIpaBaHBOS KapXHHKOZ SnOXH aBJiaSTCfl 3KH3Hb IIOJIHHHHa.
Ero OTeB dmi npoarpaH B KapiH B TpeiiiHeBO. fleBHTHJieTHero
4 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, op. c i t . , c T p . 30
nPEOTOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 5
xaJibqamRy BSAJIB aa dapcaafi ABop. MaJibqaa dHJi mycxpxif, pa3Ba-
xoft a Aaxe ppaxoxBHa. Hxo dxjio yxacao , qxo noaeBOJie dojiee BH-
coRoe yxcxBeaaoe paaBHxae, qacToe qxeHae pasBHJia B H©M qyB-
CXBO codcTB©HHoro AocxoHacxBa - KaqecxBO, He npasoaamee R
aodpy B B pade n , ado STO qyBciBO HenpecxaHHO yaaxajiocb a xon-
xajioeb B rpasb . IIo BOcnoMHaaHHflM EBreHbeBa-MaKCHMOBa,KOTopoMy
yaajiocb jiaqao nodeceaoBaTb c IIOJIAHBHHX B 1913 roay, cxapaK
njiaKaJi, Bcnoxaaaa o nepeHeceaaxx yHaxeaaax a H3AeBaxejibCTBax.
CROJibRO da iba-xo axoro XHO npnnuiocb Bxxepnexb. y Bac HB pajioBe Hex cxojibRO BOJiocy, CROJibRO y xeaa Ha xejie KO-Jiocy ox dapcRax nodoeB; Bepaxe JIB, xecTa XHBOPO H©X. H sa qTO dBJi-xo? Ilacbxa XH© aaxTOBaji, a a ©me xajibqeHKOx dxji, ppaxoTe ae doJibao 3HaJi, aananiy qxo-Hadyab He TaK, -eeffqac a npaxexca PB03aaTb. A xo pa3 codaxe ero HeqaaHBO aopy oxaaBBJi, - Ha KOHKMIHSO nocjiaJi; xax daJia xeaa TaK, qxo ©ABa XBB noaaajxca. H cqaxauia eate, qxo co XBOB dapaa XH-JIOCXBBO odomeJica, - HyxeH B©ab eMy dbui, - apyroro aBopo-BOPO aa xy xe Baay B cojxaaxx oxaaji. Yxapaxb cxaay - x a -JiocxeM ero ae 3adyay. BOJIOCH-TO aa BHCRax - 3a BHCKB OH xeaa apaji qxo BB aeab - aeaaBHO BHpocjia, Aa a xo peaaae x a a a e . . .
Hyxao dHJio Baaexb , - BcnoxaHaex EBPeBbeB-MaacaxoB,- KaK axo roBopaJiocb: xyaoe dojie3HeHHoe JXHBO cxapaKa xyqnxejibHO noaepPHBaJiocb, pjia3a nocxoaHHO aanojiaajiacb cji©3axa, pyaa apoxaj ia . . . HyBCTBOBajrocb, qTO Heoxpa3HMoe co3HaHH© cxa-pxx odaa BJiacxao oxBaxaJio ero aymy.^
A xajfbqax-HeRpacoB axo BBABJI, aexcKaa ayma BC© BnaxaBBJia.
EojibmaHcxBO onpomeHHHx HOKpacoBCKax RpecTbaa B OAHH
POJIOC noKasHBajiH, qxo dapaa (AJI©KC©H CepreeBHq) dHJi AHKO-
BeaajibqBB, aeodyaaaa, x e c x o a , qxo "aeqex dapaaa xopomaM
5 EBPeHbeB-MaRcaxoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 30
nPEflnOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 6
noxaayxb". BnocJieACXBaa HeKpacoB B paa© CTaxoxBopeHaB xapaK-
xepxsyex oxqa a , onacHBaa aoBOJibHO noapodHO codciBeHao© aex -
cxBO,Aaex aax noaaxb, oxRyaa Bsajia HaqaJio ero aaBHaa xysa
"xecTH a neqajia" a qxo ©ro cxaxa - Jiamb n^Baa©TeJia XBBH© 3a
xap apojiHTHX eJiea". Hecnpocxa B CBOOX nocjiaaaa K cecxpe noax
poaaex CJIOBB:
MBJIKB apyr , noaajia TH aaBao , -3a«cb OAHB xoJibKO KaxHa He n j i a q y x . , . 6
OABO aa caxHX paaaax BocnoxaaaaaS od oxqe Bcxpeqaexca B CTH-
xoxBopeaaa "IIcoBaa oxoxa" a "HecqacxBHe". 3Aecb, B OCBOBBOM,
onacaaa BBeaaaa odcxaHOBRa XB3BB oxqa noaxa, ero jnodaxoe 3a-
Haxae - oxoxa, saKaaqaBaiomaaca odxqHO nbHHoB oppaeB. (Kpe-
HOCTHH© Rpecxbaae xoxe BenoxaaaJia, qxo aeBOSMOxaocxb nooxo-
THTbca dajia OABOB a s npaqaa, BHBoaHBiflHx AjieRcea CepreeBHqa H3
ceda - "ax, qopx B03bxa, onaib Hejib3a aa oxoxy exaxb".''')
Cdopx dapaaa aa oxoxy aacxaBJiaioi apoxaxb Bcex "ao
ppyABOPo xajrbqamKa" BKJnoqaxejibao. IIOMemaR TOJibao ttnoBoaaT
BJiacTBxeJibBHM BapjiaAox". OxqacxH ©ro yBJi©q©HH© oxoxoB paayex
ORpyxajomax, X . R . C oxbeaaox dapaHa BCB B aoxe , KaK B ocaxaea-
aoB RpenocTa, "cBOdoaHO nepeBOAax ayx". "Meaaa dxcxpo nocx
HSBOJibaxB.. .cnexax sadaxbca pad aoBOJibaxfi". Ho, q y . . . OTen,
B03Bpamaexca, aeTB ae deryT exy HaBCTpeqy, wnpaMOJiKHyBn, OHH
6 H.A. HeRpacoB, ITojiHge codpaHne coqaHeHHB. IlpHJioxe-Hae K "HjunocxpapoBaaaofi P o c c n F H j a 1933 roa , ~T.II , cxp.162
7 EspeHbeB-MaKcaxoB, op, o i t . , c x p . 29
nPE/UIOCIMKH TBOPHECTBJS HEKPACOBA 7
xoxax y d e x a i b . Maxb ax ocxaaaBJiBBaex, ao "ax saop yaxji, He-
Baaxea Jienex, onaxb coaox, xpeBOPa, xpenex". 3axex cjieayex
odaqHaa nonofiaa. A cxa?
EJieaaxB xaJibHHK, y cxeax npaxaBnmcb, CJiymaeT npajiexao a cxoxpax x a a a o . . .
Hxo BHaax a cJixntHi pedeaoK? - CJIHHIHX "necHH yaaJine", nJiacKa,
Baaax, KBK "qama apyroBHe nycxyrox dncxpofi qepeaoB". H ©CJIB
dx TOJibKO axo . Beat OB Baaax a apyroe:
BoRpyp xeaa Raneji paaBpax BOJIBOK) rpasHoB, Eopojiacb cxpacxa aaiaexx,
H aa aymy xon xoB XB3HH desodpaaHoB JloxaJiacb rpydae qepTH. 8
C popeabio noax scnoxaaaex, KaK
. . JftH3Hb OXBOB,XOHX, ddcnJioaaa a nycxa , TeKJta cpeaa napoB, deccxucJieBBOPO qBaHCTBa, PaaBpaxa ppa3Horo a MejiKoro xapaHCXBa.. .9
B OXBOBCROX aoxe Baaax OH, KaK
PoB noaaBJieHHHX a xpenexaxx padOB 3aBBAOBaji xaxbX) nocJieaaax dapCKax H C O B . . .
ra©, Koraa oxeq dHBaji ae B Bacxpoeaaa,
Oa B PHeBe noaaaHHHx Tapaaax. Kpypox npoRjiaxba, B on JIH, C T O H . . .
H HexpacoB BOCKJiaqaex:
Hex, xoB BOCXOA ae Jiyqesapea -Haqex a B aexcxBe He BJiegSH H BBKOxy ae dJiapoaapea.
8 HeRpacoB, op.oi t . , d p . 19
9 Idem., c x p . 15
10 idem., c x p . 92
IIPEOTOCtUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 8
Iloax ropbKO cnpamaBaex caM ceda:
yxejiH Ayme xoeB He aacT OTpaaH B BOcnoMHHaaba K>HHX JI©T? HJib ToqHO TaM oxpaaw Hex?
yBa! TaM ayuiao, xaM nycTHHa. I I
ECTOCTBQHHO, qTO »HH© roaH, npoBeaeHHH© B ycjioBHax,
HeaaypaaHHx aaxe AJia xoro BP©M©HH, noa "BeqHxB ryji noaaBJieH-
HHX cxpaaaHHB", ocTaBHJiH pjiydOKaB mpaM Ha aynie pedeHKa.
HeRpacoB qacTO ynoMHHaeT B CBOHX npoH3B©aeHHax o TOM, qxo aa-
Jia exy cexba, BepHee, oxen.. 0 Maxepn, KOTopyn OH dopoxBopaJi,
dyaex ynoxaHOTO HHxe.
B oaHofi H3 nepBOHaqaJibHHx peaaKnnB CTHXOTBopeHHa
"yHHBae" oa TaK nnmex o CBOQM oxqe: He 30JI , HO Kpyx, aexefi B cypoBoB IEKOJI© #epxaji cxapHK, pacxHJi, KBK aHKapeB. 12
Bxecxo H©XBHX BOcnoxHaaaaB od oxqe aaxoaax:
. . . B aepeBH© nojiyaHKoB fl poc CTeab dyBHHX aHKapefi, H MH© aajia cyabda, no MHJIOCTH BBJIHKOB, B pyKOBoaHTOJiH ncapeB.
C yxacoM BcnoMHHaex noax, KaK OH ayxsui, qTO ero ayme,
nAOBpex©HHO ydHTofi,' yx H© BocKpecnyTb HHKoraa". B BocnoMHHa-
aaax o aeTCXBe aex HH oaHofi paaocxHoB HOTKH: "noa TBeTOM po-
ROBHX irpoBeji a aeTCTBo" ("HensBecxHoxy apyry") , H B H©M "OX-
paaBoro ayffle BOcnoMHHaHba H©T" ("PoaHHa").
11 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 91
12 ABXorpacp H.A. HeKpacoBa, BHXnpoBaHO EBr©Hb©BHM-Ma KeaMOBHx, op. c i t . , cxp .31
13 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , cTp.I9
IIPEflnOCbLJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 9
HTO noqepnHyJi HeRpacoB ox odmeHHH c OXBOM? IIoBJiHajio
JIH aXO RBRBX-JIBdO 0dpB30M HB CpOpMHpOBaHHe ©TO n033HH?
- K o a e q a o . T o p e , c j i e a x , CXOBH, OKpyxaBmH© ©ro c nepBHx aH©B
XH3HB, a© nponuia deccJieaHO.
B e e , qTO xnsHb MOW onyTaB c nepBHx jrex, npOKJIflTb©M HB M©Hfl JIOPJIO H©0Tpa3HMHM -
B c e x y HaqaJio s a e c b , B Kpa» MOSM poaaMOM,I3a
PA© TOJIbKO TOT, "KTO BCBX COdoB AaBHJI, CBOdOaBO H aMliaJI, H
AeBcTBOBaJi, a XHJI", -nacaj i HeRpacoB B CTHXOTBOP©HHH "PoaHHa".
Tax, erne xaJibqHK, no3T HayqHJica "TepneTb H H©HaBHa©xb", xaM
x e OH nciyqHJi B HacjieacTBO "cTpacxa" , KOXOPH©, oaHaKO, odJia-
popoABJiacb B H©M. Cxpacxb K KapTaM nepenuia H3 BJieqeHHH K H B -
XHB© K BJieqeHHio K CHJibHHM omyiaeHHHM. HeKpacoBa Taayjia K arp© doJie3H©HHaa ncaxojiopHa q©JiOB©Ka, oaepxHMoro cTpacTbio
K a r p e , nenpeoaojiHMO BJi©Kym©K> e r o Ha 3Ty pacKOBaHHy» dopb-dy x e x a y c q a c x b e x H onxTOM, yBJieqeHbex a BaaepxKoB, s a -nsusbqHBOCTbK) a xJiaaBOKpoBH@M, PA© pjsaBByio pojib appaeT He BHHrpHm, He npHOdpeTeHHe, a cBO©odpa3HO© co3HaHHe CBOSB nodeaH. 14
Cxpacxb K oxox© B nojiHOM CMHCJI© CJiOBa "nonuia BnpoK". BHTb
cxpacxHHM OXOXHHKOM COBC6M He nJioxo. TeM doj i ee , qxo no CBHae-
xejibcxBy MHoroqncjieHHHx COBpeMeHHHKOB, o x o x a dmia H© TOJibKO o x -
aaxox aJia n©peyTOMJi©HHOpo n o a x a , HO H cpeacxBOM odm©HHa c Kpe-
cxbHHaMH, "HapoaoM", oxKyaa noax qacTO qepnaji CHOH CMX©IH.
I 3 a HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "PoaaHa", T . I , CTp. 16
14 A . $ . KOHH, Ha_atH3HfiHHQB-nyiH, H . I I , BHTHpoBaHO EBreHb©BHM-MaKCHMOBHM, op. c i t . , C T p . 32
nPEOTOCH^KH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA TO
TaK c e c T P a n o a T a acnoMHHaeT, I T O " O X O T S . . . rtwra fljia Hero He
OaHOB 3adaBOT0, HO W Cpe^CTBOM 3FawOMPTTbCH r HapO/IOM... OH TO-
BOPPTJI, qTO caMHB TaJiaHTJiHBHB npoqeHT H3 pyccKOro Hapoaa O T -
a©Jia©Tcjr B OXOTHHKH: peawaB n a a He TIPHBO3HJI OH HS c B o e r o
CTpaHCTBOsaHHfl KaKoro-J iFdo n a n a c a RJISI CBOHX nponsBeaeHHB.
TaK, oaHaxaH, n p a MHe BepHyJica H 3ac©Ji 3a "KopodeBHHKOB", K O -
TOpHx noTOM n p a MHe qHTaJi KpecTbaHHHy Ky3bMe. B a p y r o B p a 3
3acej i Ha aBa aHa - H aBHJincb "KpecTb«HCKae a e x n " . I 5
KpecTbaHe, oxoTHBurneca BMecTe c HeKpacoBHM, BnnoMHHajra, KaKoB
OH dNji xoponiHH v aodpHB ie."OPftK H KaK OXOTHO BHpyqaJi nonaBniHX
B d e a y . To KOHa CBoero OTaacT oxoxHHKy-KpecTbaHHHy, y KOiopo-
r o CBOH KOHb OKOJieji, TO KaK-TO BMecTe c 3aroHii]HKaMH c n a c r o p a -
myio aepeBHM.
Ho, K coxaJieHHTn, OT«n nftneaajr CHHy He TOJibKO OTH a s e ,
B CHHe coBepnreHHO de3odHaHHe, c T p a c T H . BypHHH TeMnepaMeHT
o m a noqTH nojraocTbio nepeuieji K CHHy. Enje pedeHKOM, npescae , qeM
noaT Mor "noHHTb paccyaKOM Hepa3BHTHMn, "npoHHK nopoK aHxapbeM
aaoBHTHM B MOM MJiaaeHqecKyw r p y a b " - c ropeqbro BcnoMHHaeT OH
o MOJioaocTH, KOTopyio "nocTHaHO H de3yMHO B p a s B p a T e d © 3 o d p a 3 -
HOM c x e r " . noqTH Bee ©ro jnodOBHHe n o x o x a e a n a aaJieKO He d e 3 -
rpeuiHoro x o p a K T e p a . Ra H H© MOIMO dHTb HHane . no cjioBaM
EBreHb©Ba-MaKCHMOBa HeaaBHO ycTaHOBJieHo, KTO Arpadb«Ha, o K O -
TOpofi paCCK83HBaJI nOJIflHHH, dHJia BB6a©Ha OTUOM nO-'Ta B aOM
T5 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, o p . c i t . , C T P . 3 ?
nPE/DIOCtMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA II
&U& npa XBSBB xaxepa . B axox oxaomeaaa oxeq noBJiaaji pa3Jia-
pai>B(ax odpaaox aa cxaa , KOxopxK TOJibKO xaa ero a BcnoxaHaex:
Cpeaa BBepeB a asepex cxaji, BBHOX a coBecTb ycunJiaji H yx racaJi, I 6
B XHJI B aoxe "RpenocxBHx JirodoBHim a ncapeB" ,
TAB OT ayma xoeB, AOBpexeaHO pacTJieaaofi, TaK paHO OTJieTeJi noKoB dJiarocJioBJieBBHfi.1^
HenpecTaaao conpoBoxaa»Htae OTqa cJiOBa "THpaa", "pa3BpaTn,
"ppa3HHB pasapaT", "nopoK", "ncapb", "aecnoi" aocTaxoqao
acao odpacoBHBanx apaBCTBeaHOCTb oxqa a ©ro xJiexBopao© BJIBA-
aae aa pedeHKa. Ho y HaKOJiaa AJieRceeBaqa dHJia xaxb, H©XHO
ax jnodaxaa. Hxo aaJia oaa caHy? KaK noBJiaa.ua oaa aa aexcayio
Aysy? B xaxaox, cjioBe, B KaxaoM <f>pa3e, odpameaaofi K xaTepa,
y HeRpaeoBa BByaax rJiydOKas aexaocxb. OH dopoxBopax, a a e a -
jmaapyex cxpaAajraqy-xaxb.
K coxaJieHHio, B Bocnoxaaaaaax coBpexeaaaROB noaTa a B
cexeMaox apxaB© o xaxepa HeKpacoBa ynoxaaaexca peaKO. OCHOB-
HKB cseAeaaa noqepnayxx a s CXHXOB caxopo Haaojiaa AJieRceeBaqa.
IIo ©ro codcxBeaaxx cjiOBax AJia aero caxoe "BejiaKoe, cBaxoe
CJIOBO: xaTb". MaTb Bxaecjia aa cedenBecb yxac xeacaofi aojia".
Hs-aa aee HeRpacoB dyaeT BCH> xasab "aa xeamaay cxpaaa ib" .
Etoax aaaqe ae odpamaexca K itaxepa, aaa R "d©3rjiacaoB cxpaaa-
16 HeRpacoB, op .o i t . , c x p . 96
17 ib id . , c x p . 15
nPEOTOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 12
jnqe" a ropjoex aaa "noaopox cyAbdx ee BecaacxaoB". JEaaBb x a
xepa - cnjiomaaa qenb cxpaaaaaB. C MOJIOAHX jiex "HaBOKa oxaa-
aa yppKxoxy aeBexae" oaa "xpedxB CBOB aecjxa B xojiqaHaa padx".
Jlaxb "dojte3B©HHO neqajibaxB JIBR" noaBOJiaJi aoraAXBaibca o ee
cxpaaaaaax B XOX aoxe , rae noa BJiaaaaex ORpyxaiomefi odcxasoB-
RR a BOA BJiacxbB"pydaxejian B"xapaaan yracajia, "RBR padxaa,
esaxaa xeacRaa ayma", ROTopaa dsuia "ropaa, ynopHa a npeKpac-
aa". MaTb, BHA« ORpyxaromaB npoasBOJi a pasBpax, cxpaaajia sa
AexeB,
B CBoeB xwpbxe, cyabd© BS ycxynaa, ^yxaM CROpdax doocajibHaa noMoqb.Io
yaaxeaBaa a aadpouieBHaa xyxex (em© npa XHSHH ee B aoxe noa-
BBJiacb ©ro jix)doBHaqH; HHoraa xyx noAHBMaji pyRy aa Hee) , oaa
cxpexBJiacb xoxa dx aexefi CBOBX jiiodaMHX orpaAaib ox a e r o .
HeRpacoB Bcnoxaaaex, qTO TOJibKO BJIHHHHK) Maxepn dmia odasaHH
AeTa xoxy, qxo oxeq ae 3acTaBJiaji ax npaaaxaxb yqac iae B "de-
3yxBBx 3adaBax" a qxo npa3Hy3aaHHofi CBOdoax oa ao Koana He
aoBOAaji" - Bee axo noxoxy, qxo
Ha cxpaxe xx aaa aax cxoajia POAH, IIORyAa xpaR B Ayme ero qapaji.19
B noaxe "MaTb" HeRpacoB noApodao KacaeTca daorpadaiB
xaxepa. Cyaa no cxaxax, oaa BHuuia saMyx no jirodBa, BoceMHaa-
qaxaJiexaeB a©BymKofi. DoKaayjia nojibmy, dJiecxamafi CBex, ydaTyio
18 HeRpacoB, op . c i t . , c x p . 246
19 ib id . , c x p . 1 7 4 , T .3
nPEOTOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 13
popex cexbio a nocJieaoBajia aa Myxex, apxeBcaax odpaqepox, "apa-
CBBKX ABRapex", odjtaAanamK, npaBaa, 'hpapoABxx yxoxj HO C
"apaBox". M BOX, B qyxoB cxpaae , noRaayxaa xyxex , aanepTaa
B AepeBae, oaa xeAJieaao ypacaeT. Xapaxxepao, qTo HyROBcaaB
caenxaqecKB oxaecca R BdKpacoBCKOMy B30dpaxeaaK> xaxepn. OH
cqaxaex, qxo Maxb-cTpaaaJiaqa - Jiamb "dmaxacxaqecRaB odpas",
qTO HexpacoB "HaaeJiHJi axy rajunoqaaaqaio Bcexa qepTaxa, KOTO-
pxe dxjra aeodxoaaxH exy aJia ero yxaJieaaB, noKaaBaB a XOJIBXB72
HyKOBCRBB npaBoaax npaxep, qxo B exaxax, odpamaacb K xaxepa,
HeapacoB, aaaHBaa ee "pycoRyapofi", "rojiydooKofi",
MoJioaa yxepjia xx , npeRpaeaaa . . .
a ao apxBBBHX aaHHHM asBecxao, qTO yxepjia OHa, dyayaa cxapme
aaxaaecaxa Jiex, xaxepb» qeTxpHaaqaTa AexeB.
y HeKpacoBa xaTb - aexaaa noJibCKaa naaHa, roHaa, p©a-
Raa RpacaBaqa, pyaa KOTopoB "M.M. acKaji, KBR CJiaBx", aoab
nojibCROpo xapaaxa, ymeamaa BCJiea 3a xyxex B "pyccKae CHera?
A AOKyxeBTaJibao aoaaaaao, qxo xaxb noaxa, xoxb a aocamaa
BOJibCRyn cbaxHJiHK). ( 3aRpeBCKaa), dsrjia pyccaoB, a s xeJiKoqaaoB-
HOB cexba . " y Hac aex BBKaaax CBaaexeJibcxB,- namex *IyKOBC-
RaB,»qxo K ee noaJiaaaoxy ROBRpexBOxy odpa3y HeapacoB OIBOCBJI-
ca c xofi xe noaxa pejiBraoaaofi JnodOBb©, c Raaofi oa OXBOCBJICB
K aeB aexexy-aePAa aaa yxepjia a cxajia aeAocxynaoB M©qxofi."2I
20 K.H. HyROBCKaB, HeKpacoB KaK xyaoxHHK, CITE, H3a. "3noxa", 1922, cxp .31 — * - — — - — *-
21 Ibid., cxp . 31
nPEZUIOCbLUKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 14
Moxex dxxb,axo a npasaa , X . R . B nacbMax K c e c x p e , Hanacaaaux
npa xaaaa xaxepa, HeapacoB Aaxe ae nepeAaex ©B npaBexa, BB
CJIOBOK ae ynoxaaaex o aeB a odpamaexca K cecTpe, Raa K eaaH-
cTB©HHOxy apypy: n S jnwSjno Teda KBR cecTpy, aaa Apyra,KOTo-
PXB OABB TOJIbRO BOBBXaBT XBBfl, n©p©A ROTOpXX XOJIbRO fl BHCKa-
3KB8JB aynry".2 2 Koraa HexpacoBa BH3BaJia aa nexepdyppa B aepeB-
BK> R yxapaniaeB xaxepn, OH H© noexaji, OTPOBapaBaacb "HQOT-
JIOXBXKB" aejiaxB, a nodxBaB qepea poa aa ee MOPBJIB, "aaqaji
( B 1842 poay) yBopHTb xy JiereaAy, aoxopaa dHJia aacymao ayx-
aa epo jrapaKe".** qyKOBCKaB, axo qyBCXByexca, ae naxaex
ocodoB caxnaxaa K noaTy. A xexay Tex, oxBOineaap HeKpacoBa K
xaxepa odmeqeJioBeqao: "Bee xx JIK>AB, BC© MH qejiOBeaa". B 1842
poay exy dxjio Bcero ABaAqaxb JI©T. MOXBO JIB dxjio TpedoBaTb
ox aero xoro , qxo oa cax noaaji noaanee? Hxeaao ox Hero,Boc-
naxaBBOPO (HJIB, s e p a e e , HeBOcnaxaaaopo) TaK CTpaaao, noa
BJiBflaaex TBRBX npoTBBopeqaBHX aaTyp, aaa MaTb a OTeq?
Tex dojiee, daaya ceda, HeapacoB HeoaaoKpaTHO roBopax,
qxo B KOJIOAOCXB y Hero dHJia"ycHnJieBa coBecTb", qTO ayma dHJia
"spexaeBpexeBBO pacTJieaa" a qTO cxpaaBO, ©CJIB poaaxejia
. . . B aexax Baaa noaJieqoB, H Heroay»T a aaBATca, KaK dyaxo ox xaKax oxqoB Tepoa rae-HHdyab poaaxca? 2 4
22 H.A. HeRpacoB, ITacbxa, qaxapoBaHO HyKOBCKHM, op. c i t .CTp.3I
23 HyKOBCKafi, op . c i t . , c x p . 32
24 H.A. HeapacoB, ABiorpacp, qnTapoBaHO EBrenbeBHM-MaacaxoBHX, op . c i t . , CTp.27
nPEfflTOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 15
Bo BCflKOM cj iyqae, dyayqa JOHomeB ( B CTHXBX) H noxHJiHM qeJiOB©KOM,
HeKpacoB djraropoBsBHO BcnoMHHaeT o MaTepa. nycTb STO 3ano3-
aaBHiee qyBCTBO, HO OBO n p a u u i o . . .
B no3M© "MaTb" HeapacoB KaeTca:
v TOB nJiHXH, r a e TH Jiexaiub, poaHaa, npanoMBBJi a , BOJiHyacb H MeaTaa, HTO Mor em© yBaaeTbca c Todofi H on03aaj i . 25
Oa od"bflCH»©T, qxo
H MHoro JieT cpeaa TpyaoB a JieHH C nocTHaHHM MaJioaymbeM yderaj i TTJieHHTeJibHoB MHorocxpaaaJibHoB T©HH, 26
HO "qac H9CTajr" a , T . K . HeapacoB H© xoqeT a-aa Maiepa "no3aH©-
r o BeHna", TO OH xejiaex ( B nosM© "MaTb")
Hxod CB©T ayma BHCOKOB CBAJI aJia Bac cpeab nojiHoqn rJiydoKoB,
TToaodHO eS HecqacTHHe c e p a q a . 27
HecMoxpa Ha BCK> CBOIO aaMKHyTocxb, HeKpacoB HHoraa n y c -
Kajrca B CTpacTHH© naHerapHKH MaTepa. TaK ^OCTOSBCKHB BCTTOMH-
Hajr, qTO, OTKPOBeHHHqaa o MaTepH, HeKpacoB KSK-TO odpHcoBajrca
"caxoB cymecTBeHHofi H cawoB 3aTaeHHoB cToponoB CBoero a y x a " . OH roBopHJi MHe co cjiesaMH o caoeM aeTCTBe, o d e s o -
dpa3Hofi XH3HH, KOTOpaa H3MyqwJia ©ro B poaaTejibCKOM aoMe. o CBoeB MaTepa, H Ta cajia yMHJieHHa, c KOTopoB BcnoMHHaJi o Hefi, poxaajia H Toraa npeaqyBCTBwe, MTO ecjin dyaeT HTO-
25 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , C T p . 168 , T . I I T
26 HeKpacoB, l oc . c i t .
27 HeKpacoB, loc . c i t .
nPE/HIOCblflKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 16
aadyab CBATO© B ero xa3aa , HO TaKoe, qxo MOPJIO da cnacTa ©ro, a nocjryxBTb exy xaaaox, nyxesofi 3B©3aoB aaxe B ca-xxe xexaxe a poxoBxe xpaoBeaaa cyabdu e r o , TO yx , KOHeqao, JiaiHb oaHO 3TO nepBOHaqajibaoe BneqaTJieaa© aeTCKax CJIB3, AexcRax pxaaaaB BMecxe, odHHBinacb pae-aadyab yKpaaaoB, qxodx HO BaaaJia ( RBK paccKasHBaji oa xae ) c xyqeaaqeB ua-
T©pbK), C CyiaeCTBOX, CTOJIb JIBdHBlHHM ©rO.^O
3a©cb HeKpacoB dxJi em© oq©Hb XOJIOA. yx© yMapaa, OH qnxaji
TaBaedypoBy CBoe CTaxoiBopeHae "Maxb" a BBaae Bcxynjieaaa pac-
eRasaji exy Koe-qxo o xaTepa. Ilpaaex, paccRasxBaa, oa BcnoMBHaji o xaxepa c XBKOB jnodoBbio,
c xaRoB xpopaxeJibaoB aexaocxbio, OH npanacHBaJi efi xaaoe rpoxaaaoe Bjraaaae aa BCK> CBOIO xa3Bb a PBCOBBJI ee odpas B xaxox noaxaaecKOX opeojre, qTo AJIA MOHA Bnojme CTaJia HOHflTHa BOCTOpxeHHOCXb, C KBKOK) OH BCnOMHHaJI O MBTSpH B
npexaax CBOBX cTBXOTBopeaaax... 29
KaK xe Bce-TaKB noBJiaaota MaTb Ha HeapasoBa?
Bo-nepBHx, CJIOBBMB caMoro noaTa, ecjia eMy yaajiocb c roaaMa
ocBodoaHTbca OT MHororo "TJieTBopaoro", OT BJiaaaaa cpeax,
"popaaBsefica aeBexecTBOx", ©CJIH exy yaajiocb aanojiaaTb xa3Bb
"dopbdoB aa aaeaji aodpa a KpacoTx", TO MaTb Moa, noaBarayx a xodoio, Bo xae cnacjia xaByio ayury X H . 3 0
Maxb - ero "aaaa a AHreJi-XpaHBTejib". MaTb - ero nepsxB yqa-
xejib, cxapanstaBca paaBBTb yx a qyBCTBa pedeHKa.
28 #.M. HocToeBCKafi, aBSBBBK_DHSSISJJ8, 1877, N? 1 2 , qaxapoBaao EBPeabeBxx-MaKcaxoBHX, op .c i t . , c x p . 34
29 Cxaxbfl n . TafiaedypoBa B "Heaejie", 1878, N? I , qaxapoBaao EBPeabeBHX-MaKcaMOBHX, o p . c i t . , CTp. 35
30 HeapacoB, op .o i t . , T. I l l , c x p . 174
nPEOTOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 17
H POJIOC XBOB . . . HcnoJiBeaaxB xejioAaa a JiacKH, Koxopxx xu MB© caaaxBajia cRaaRB 0 pnqapax, xoaaxax, aopojiax. 31
BnocjieacxBaa, Kacaacb xapoBoB JiaTepaxypx, HeapaBOB Bcnoxaaaji,
qTO BnepBae ©ro nosHaxoxaJia c Hefi MaTb.
noTox, Koraa qaiaji a flaaia a lUeacnapa, KaaaJiocb, a BCTpeqaji saaROxxe qepTx: To odpaax H3 ax XBBOPO Mapa B xoex yMe 3aneqaTJieJia XH. 32
Ha CBoex codexBeaaox npaxepe xaxb yaaJta cxaa pyMaaaocTa,
JIBdBB K dJIBXBBK, A8X6 ROPAB 3XOX dJIHXHBfi - pad . OBa 3BJIOXB-
jia cxay B ppyab "caJiy cBodoaayn, ropAyn"'; "He podeTb nepeA
npaBAofi-qapaqew aayqajia XH Myay xox>" - Bcnoxaaaex HeKpacoB.
BeAb ee aaeaJi - "ydaBJieaaoe pope". "Koraa Kpyrox aacajib©
JIBROBBJIO", ROPAB saaacTyn xyx XOXSJI pacnpaBaxbea e Kex-Jiado
aa KpenociHHx codcTBeaaopyqHO, oaa Kaaajiacb K Bexy aa men a
TOX aeBOJibHO yxoABJi. Tox xe KpecxbaaaH TopqHH paecaasHBaJi,
qxo qacxo EJieHa AHApeeBaa "npocaJia xyxa 3a Bcex a, aaopaa
BHBBBaa raeB e r o , caxa cxpaaajia" , 3 3 EHBinae Kpenocxaxe apee-
TbflHKB C JDOdOBbn BCnOXBBBIOX O H©fi, KBK O "aodpofi, XOpOM©fi
dapaa©", aoxopaa a dojibaxx noMOPajia, a aaBaJia, qxo MOPJia, a
eoBexoBajia oxoxao, a© odpexeaajia xeamaa padoxofi, a ecjia BH-
Aejia dojibayn, xo cJieaaJia, qxod Boodiae ae padoTaJia.
31 HeapacoB, op.oit., T . I I I , d p . 172
32 Ibid,, T . I I I , CTp. 172
33 EBreabOB-MaKCHMOB, o p . c i t . , CTp. 36
nPE/OTOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 18
EcxecxBeaao, qxo Bee ayBcxBO xajiocxa K HecqacxHHM
RpecxbflHax, CKonaBmeecg y HeRpaeoBa, npaxepoM MaTepa TOJibKo
yRpenJiflJiocb a noaaepxaBajiocb.
MaJio TOPO, MaTb cnocodcTBOBaJia apyxde cHaa c Kpe-
CTbflHCKHMB A©THniKaMH, qTO TaK H© JIBO6HJI a 3a qTO BaKasHBaji
oxeq. A COBMSCTHO© BpexanpenpoBOxaeaae, coBxecxaxe appx
oaeab cBasaJia dyaynjero nosxa c KpecxbaacKoB epeaofi.
no CBBAexeJibcxBy Mnorax COBpeMeHHHKOB, yxe dyayan
BspocJiHM, HeKpacoB He xepaJi CBH3B co CBepcTaaKaMa H3 aepeBBB.
TaK qTO xojibRO aexaoe , ao xBepaoe MaxepaacKoe BJiaaHae pa3BH-
JIO HeRpaeoBa yxcTBeHBO ( T . K . OTqoBCKafi aaeaJi - "pyaa TBepaa,
pjia3 Bepea, ayx acnHxaa, ao rpaMoxy BecbMa a© XBepAO 3Haji8,)
a cnacJio OT Toro oxyTa, Kyaa oa nonaji dH, JiamaBiUHCb e r o .
TojibRO odiaeaae no aacxoaaaio Maxepa c aapoaoM, aa raex oxqa,
oaaaaKOBO xaxeJio jioxaBmafica KaK aa apecTbaa, xaK H Ha cexbio,
3acTaBHJiH noaTa npoaaKayTbca noHaxaHaex apecTbaBCKOfi aynra.
2 . BJiaaaae OKpyxaniaeft npapoax Ha HeapacoBa.
Oaeab dojibmoe BJiaaaae aa CKJiaa ncaxaKa HeKpacoBa oaa-
aajia HenocpeacTBeaHaa dJinsocxb K Bojire - 3TOB BejiHKofi pyccKofi
peK©. MHoro© aoBeJiecb exy 3aecb yBaaaib . Bo-nepBHx, p^AOx
c rpemHeBHM npoxoaaji BJiaaaxapcKHfi TpaKT - 3HaxeBBTafl "BJiasa-
xapaa", no ROTOpoB axanoM roHajra ccxJibHHX. Hacxo cjixmajica
RaaaajibBHfi SBOB, 3ayaHBBHe necHH "HecqacxHxx". *3najo, aapoa
npoxopeaaofi qenaxa aTy aopory 3 0 B © T " , nacaji BnocjieacTBHB HOST.
nPEflllOCEUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 19
H c BOJIPB AOBOCBJica CTOH:
BxAb Ha Bojipty, qefi CTOH pa3AaeTca HaA BeJiHKOio pyccKOfi peKofi? 3TOX CTOH y Hac necHefi 3 0 B 6 T C H , To dypjiaKH aayx daaeBofi . 34
HeyaaBBxeJibao, qxo ayma p e d e a a a , eme ae ycneBmaa oqepcTBeTb,
3aJiaJiacb BOJIHOIO acajiocTH a coqyBCTBaa K nHecqacTH©HbKax".
EeaycJiOBBO asTodHorpacpaqecKoe CTaxoTBOpeHHe "Ha BoJire" a o a a -
3HBaex 3 T O . OdpaiaaflCb K peKe , HeRpacoB naTeiaqecKH BOCKJinqa-
e x : " 0 , BoJira, ROJixdejib x o a . JlndaJi JIB KXO x e d a , KBK a ? " -Ho ,
yBBAas HSMoxaeHHHx dypjiaKOB, KpoBaBHe paHH Ha nj i eaax , a a x e p x x e
JiaxKaxa, yBaaaB
JIOXXOTbfl xajiRofi HameTH, H3Bexox©HBxe qepTX H, Bxpaxaioiaafi yKop, CnoKofiao-deaaaaexHHB Bsop 3 5
OABOPO H3 dypjiaKOB, ycjixniaB " B O S " , T . © . n e c a n a x , HeKpacoB
npaxoaaT R BHBoay, aTO
He ymeji dH aaKyAa -KorAa d , o , BoJira! BBA Todofi
He pa3aaBaJica axox B O B ! 36
IIoxpaceBBHfi neqaJibBoB aapxaHoB, HeKpacoB ycTaxa BajiexaaKOBa
BOCRJiaqaex: . . . a cxoaji
Ha d e p e r y poaaofi p e a a , H B nepBHfi p a 3 e© aa3BaJi P e a o n p a d c i B a H I O C K B I 3 ™
34 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 1 0 9 , T . I
35 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , T . I , CTp. 125
36 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , T . I , c i p . 1 2 4
37 HeKpacoB, Q p . c i t . , T . I , CTp.I25
nPE/raocbyiKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 20
Tyx x e HeRpacoB-BaJiexBBROB, cxoa Ha depepy peRH,aaBaJi KJIHTBH
c e d e . Oa ae POBopaT, aaRae, doacb, 'qxod axo-aadyab ae ocMeflJi".
Ho ax JIBPRO cede npeacxasaxb, BoodpadBB noTpaceaaopo HapoaHHM
popex BajiexHHKOBa.
HaRoaeq, BeJiaKopyccKaa npapoaa, cpeaa KoxopoB poaajica
a poc noax, Be xopjia ae ocxaBHXb OBoeodpaaaopo cjieaa Ha ero
TBopqecTBe. HxeHBO B aeTCKa© roax ayma qejioBena HaadoJiee BOC-
npaaxaaBa. rpemaeBO, rae npouuio aeTcxBO noaTa, dxJio xanaqaxM
BBJiHRopyccKax ceJibqoM, cepHM a yHHJiHM, c qepaoBKofi Ha xojiMe,
"ydorofi" a "MOXOM 3eJieHHM nopocmefi", pacKHHyBmaMca "nocpeaa
decKoaeqanx JiyroB". Jlec BeTpeqajica peaao , a o e - r a e . Ha xaKOM
cpoae noRpaBBBiUBecfl deaaxe apecxbaHCKae Hsdymaa H© MOT JIH c o 3 -
Aaxb paaocxaoro aJia rJiaaa Baaa. MaJibqaRy-HeRpacoBy qacxo npa-
xoaaJiocb BMecxe c oxqoM, Koxopxfi dHJi oaao BpeMa acnpaBBHKOM,
pas3>©3xaxb no OKpecaaHM aepeBHflM, npacyxcxBOBaib aa paccjieao-
Baaaa BceBoaxoxHxx npoacmecxBafi, xpedoBaBmax BMemaxeJibcxBa
OTqa. 3xo xoxe dojiee 03aaKOMHJio HeKpacoBa c dHiOM KpecxbaHCX-
Ba. Taa-KaK no xejiaHan Maxepa HeapacoB nocxoaHHO odniajica c
RpecxbHBCKBxa aexaniKaMB aoxa, xo nocxeneBHO ero ncaxaKa Bnaxa-
Jia B ceda xaorae CBoBcxBa a KaqecxBa, xapaKxepHH© HMSHHO aJia
RpecxbflH BeJiBKOpyccKOfi nojiocH. BnocJieacTBaa, npa©3xaa B3 Ile-
xepdypra aa oxoxy, OH onaib nonaaaJi noa BJiaaHae JindaMofi BeJia-
RopyccKofi npaposx a BeJiBKopyccKoro KpecibaaBHa. "HeKpacoB HH-
CXBBRXBBBO JiiodaJi B pyccKOx q©jioB©K© apocJiaBqa. HoBropoacKoro
HPEflnOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 21
xyxBRa oa a e juodajx a qyxaaJica"- aoxa3HBaex HyKOBCRaB.3^
TOJIbRO OqyTBBlBBCb B pOABOX KpaX), BM6BBO CpeAB JindBMHX HM B©-
jniRopoccoB, B npaBxaaoB C T H X B B , HeapacoB n p e o d p a x a j i c a , noKH-
aaji CBofi yaxjixfi TOB B CTBXB ©PO CTaaoBBJiacb ndJiaroayniHO-3a-
Aopax a BecejiH, Kaa a n o a o d a e x x o x y , KXO a o x a , y c e d a , y CBO-
B X , a qyBCXByex CBOIO apenRyio cnaaaaocTb co B c e x OKpyxanmax" . 3 §
3 . BJiaaaae popoaa B ioaHe p o a x XB3BB HeKpacoBa.
EoJibmoe BJiaaaae a a TBopqecTBO HeKpacoBa* o c o d e a a o Ha
e r o BBRJI "ropoacKHX CTBXOB" 0Ka3ajia e r o paHaaa caxocToaxej iB-
aaa x a s a b . niecxaaaqaxaJieTaaM roHomefi OH noKHaaeT oxaafi a o x ,
( " 3 a cjiaBofi a B CTOjiaqy ToponaJica") , n o c x y n a e x Bonpeaa x e j i a -
aan o x q a B y n a B e p c a x e x ( o x e q xoxeJi BHaexb CHHa BOHHHHM) a ,
ocTaBJieHBxfi coBepuieHHO de3 KaKoB-Jindo MaTepaajibBofi noaaepxKB,
aaqaji " x a x b c s o a x Tpyaox" . H e r o - q e r o ae dxjio n e p e x a x o , KaKae
x p a a a x e cTopoax X B 3 B B H© dxjia a s B e a a a x . Ho y n o p a a a a a a n p a -
xeHHaa dopbda s a cyHieciBOBaaae ae cjioxaJia BO JIB HeKpacoBa.
Koraa oa noexaj i a a s e c x a x b POAHHX, OH dxji, no c o d c x B e a a o x y B H -
paxeBBn,
Ha X H B , HH xepTB ( a rojioAaji n o a o j i r y ) , Ho ropaeJ iBB. . . 4 0
38 HyKOBCKafi, o p . c i t . , CTp. 59
39 I b i d . , CTp. 60
4 0 HeRpacoB, Op. c i t . , T . I , CTp.I68
nPEflnOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 22
neTepdyprcKaa xaaab MHoroMy HayanJia HeapacoBa, HO d e -
roTHfl no ypoKBM, nocTOflHHoe OTcyTCTBne cpeacTB, yq©Fb© yp*re-
KaxH, qacTH© rojioaoBKH noaopBajin e r o s a o p o e b e .
Cpeaa, B KOTopoB BpamaJica no3T - xHJibUH MedJiHPOBaHHHx
KOMHaT, MOJIKH© qaHOBHHKH, d©aHH© CTya©HTH, KO©-K8K n©p©dHBaiO-
maeca c xjieda a a Boay, coTpyaanKH M©JIKBX xypaajiOB, apTHCTF
TPeTbefi BftjinqaHH. neqaJibHHfi cpaKx: K S K - T O , H© dyayqa B c o c -
xoaHHH ynjiaTHTb 3a ypoji, HeapacoB dtui BHKHHyT Ha yjiaqy. Ero
npa»TaJia KaKa©-TO aainao. y KOTOPHX OH a npoBOJi aecKOJibKO HO-
qefi. HeyaaBBTejibao, qTO BnepBH© aJia TOPO BpeM©HH y Heapac-OBa-
no3Ta noflBHJica HOBHB THnwrepoa" - HHUfaB.
H©JIOB©K, 3HaioiaHB Hapoa dJTH3KO, aojiro H BnJIOTHyiD od-
laaBiHaBca c HHM, 3acjiyxHBaeT xapaKTepncTHKa, aaHHoB B.fl . Epro-
COBHK:
HeKpacoB 3anjiaTHJi meapyn aaHb r o p o a y , saneqaTJieB B CBOHX CTBxax odpa3 coBp©MeHHoro eMy n©T©pdypra, 3apacoBaB T© TBHH a T© cqeHH, KOTopHe BHaeJi exeaHeBHO, H e r o dJiecK H e r o xpaK. OH caejiajt 9TO H© KBK cpoTorpacb, CHHMaronmfi Ha CBOHX njiacTHBKax Bee, qTO "noaBepTHBaexca" noa annapaT, BO KaK XyaOXHHK rOpOXaHHH, CaM JKHByiUHfi OaHOB XH3HbW c c o -Bp©M©HHHM TOpOaOM, TJiydOKO nOHflBIDHfi ©TO xyTKO©, MarH©TH-qecKO© oqapoBaHHe. nocjr© nyuncHHa SOCTOSBCKHB H HeKpacoB -nepBH© y Hac nosTH r o p o a a , H© nodoHBmaecfl a cyMeaniH© od-paTHTb B xyaoxecTB©HHH© co3aaawa T O , qTO npeaurecTBOBaBme--Xy nOKOJieHHK) "pOXaHTHKOB" Ka3ajIOCb "H©no3TaMHHM". 41
HeKpacoB dojibmyjo qacTb CBoero TBopqecTBa nocBautaeT
neTgpdypry . "EHTb MOX©T, 9TO aaxe jiyqume ©ro necHF, - TOBOPHT
EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,- B HHX OTqaaHH© HHiaeTH, yxac oaanoqecTBa,
41 B.H. EpncoB, d a T b a B "PyccKHx BeaoMOCTax",1912, 25 aeKadpa, qHTnpoBaHO EBr©Hb©BHM-MaKCHMOBWM, op. c i t . , CTp.60
nPEOTOCttZIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 23
xajiodH BeyaoBJiexBopeHHOPO caxojuodaa, PBBB a 3Jioda Ha aecnpa-
seAJiHBOcxb xa3BB. 3Aecb - BBqero npaAyxaaaoro". 42
naaaeB BcnoxnHaex, noaexy EeJiHHCKHB TaK Jindaji a qeaaji
HeKpacoBa:
HeRpacoB e RBXAHX aH©x dojiee cxoaajica c E6JIHHCKBM, paccRasHBaji exy CBOB popbaae jiaxepaxypHxe noxoxaeHaa, CBOB paccaexx c peAaaxopaxa pasjiaqaxx xypaaj ioB. . . OH npo-BSBQJI aa EejiBBCKoro c caMoro aaaajia npafliaoe sneqaxJieHae. IIocjieaHafi nojmdaji ero 3a peaaafi, HecKOJibKO oxecxoqeHaxfi yM, 3a xe expaaaHaa, ao iopxe oa acnHiaJi xaa paBO, aodaBa-flcb KycKa Bacyocaopo xJieda, a 3a xox CMBJIXB npaKxaaecKafi BSPJiaA Be no JiexaM, RoxopxB oa Bxaec B3 CBOBB xpyxeaaqec-ROB a CTpaaaJibqecKofi xaaHB a KOTopoxy EeJiaacKaB Bceraa xyqaxejibao aaBBAOBBJi. Ha B KOM aa CBOHX npaaxeJieB EBJIHH-CKBB ae aaxoaaji HH Majiefimero npaRxaqecaopo ajiexeaxa a, npeyBejiBqaBaa ero B HeRpacoBe, CMOipeji aa aero c KaKHX-xo ocodeHHHM yBaxeaaex. 43
EeJiaacRafi, npoqaxas "nexepdyprcKae yrjix" HeKpacoBa,
Bocxoprajica axa PnexepdyprcKae yrjix" dHJia aanacaHH, Koraa
noaxy noaieji aBaaqaxb qexBepxHfi p o a ) . OB XBK oTosBaJica o BHX:
"nexepdyprcKae yrjix" r . HexpacoBa oxjiaqanxca aeodHKao-BeHHofi HadjmaaxejibHocxbn a aeodxKBOBeaHHX Macxepcxsox a 3 -Jioxeaaa. 3xo xaBaa Kapxaaa ocodopo xapa X B 3 B B , KOTOPHB He Beex aaBeexea, ao xex ae x e a e e , cyiaecxsyex, - Kapxaaa, npo-BBKByxaa XHCJibn . . . 4 4
EJiHsocTb HeRpaeoBa R ropoacKofi TOJIB, e ro coBMecTHaa XH3Bb c aeio,
Aajia exy B03xoxaocTb cjiHTbca ayinofi c BTHM aapoaoM a BocneTb ero .
Cax Heapacos BnocjieacTBaa nacaji:
42 EBreabeB-MaRCBMOB,op. c i t . , c i p . 61
43 H.H. n a a a e s , "BocnoMaaaaaa", qaTapoBaHO EBreabeBHM-MBRCBXOBHX, op, c i t . , CTp.52
44 B . r . EeJiaacRafi, HojiBoe codpaHHe cogHHeaafi. noa p e a . HBaaoBa-Pa3yxBBRa, CIIE, 1913 , d p . 365, T . I I
nPEOTOCEWEH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 24
Ho paao Haao MBOB oxapoxejia y3H ZIpypoB, aeJiacKOBofi H HejnodaMoB My3H, neaaJibHofi cnyTaaqx neqajiBaxx deaHflROB, PoxAeHBxx AJia TpyAa . . , 4 5
Ero Mysa BeJia epo no I lexepdypry
Hpe3 de3ABH xexaxe HacaJiaa a 3jia, TpyAa a TojioAa . . . noqyBCTBOBaTb CBOB cxpaAaaba HayqHJia, H CBexy B03Becxaxb o aax dJiarocJioBHJia. 4 6
4 . BJiaflBae anoxH Ha cpopMapoBaHae MapocoaepqaHHa HeKpacoBa.
HaxoBeq, nocJieAaafi, ao oaeHb BaxBHfi cpaKTop, oqeab n o -
BJiaaBmaB a cnocodCTBOBaBmafi {popMapoBaHHw ncaxaqecKoro CKJiaaa,
a, cjieaoBaTejibBO, a noaaaa HeRpaeoBa, dbuio ©ro nojioxeHH© H KaK
noaTa, H KBK odiaecTB©HHoro aeaTejia (peaaKiopa H xypHajiHCTa), a
KaK qejioBeaa Ha"rpaHH asyx anox" aKOHOMaqecKoro a odmecTBea-
a o r o pasBBTaa P o c c a a .
B aKoaoxaqecKoB XH3HH rpaHb Mexay asyMfl anoxaMH dHJia
npoBeaeaa Baesanao a p©3KO. B 1861 r o a y dHJi, aaKoaeq, p a 3 p e -
mea aadojieBnrafi KpecTbaacKafi Bonpoc, c yaejibaxx BpexeH dHBiaaB
xaxHex np©TKHOB©HHa BO BayTpeBHefi nojiaxaK© poccaficKoro pocy-
aapcTBa.
B yaejibaoe BpeMa KpecTbaa© eiae a© dHJia B npaMofi 3aBB-
CBMOCXB ox KBB3a a Morjia yxoaaxb ox Hero B "DpbeB aeHb" . C
co3aaHa©M e a a a o r o r o c y a a p c i B a B I 5 - O M BOK© KBH3ba "cxajia Bce-
45 HeapacOB, op. c i t . , T . I , c x p . 3 8
46 Ib id . , T . I , c x p . 3 9
IIPEflllOGIMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 25
xx cpeAcxBaxa oppaBBaasaxb caodoAy Kpecxbaa^ 4 7 B I 6 - O M Bene
ax yxe aaxpenajiB, npasaa, xojibRO aa aexjiefi, T . K . noMemaKH non
jtyqaJiB CBOB xajtosaabe aa BoeHayn CJiyxdy KpecTbaHCKax TpyaoM.
Caaqajta RpecTbaae dHJia aojiroe Bpexa ysepeaH, qxo cjiyxda noM©-
saxy ecxb cjiyxda rocyaapcTBeHHaa, HO Koraa neTp I I I B3aaJi
"MaaacbecT o BOJibaocxa ABopaacTBa", CMKCJI 3aKpenomeBBfl KpecTb-
aa aeaea , ao can (paxx ocxajica. KpecTbaa© qacTO BOjiHOBaJiacb a
BOccTasaJia (OABB B3 KpynHeBmax dyaTOB - nypaqeBcaafi dyax) ,
T . K . , nepeaoca xaxecxa CBOBPO noJioxeaaa, oaa ae xoTejia xa -
paxbea c ero aeenpaBeAJiBBOcibn.
nocTeneaao, OAHaKO, KpecTbaae caeJiaJiacb nojiaofi cod-
CTBOHHOCTbW nOXeBfHKOB Hapflay CO CKOTOM, 3©MJiefi, HeaBHXHMHM
axywecTBOx.
Maorae pocyaapa (ocodeaao EKaTepaHa I I a naseji I ) B B -
aejia BC» aeenpaBeAJiBBOCTb cymecTBOBaHaa KpenocTaoro npasa, ao
doflJiacb cABJiaTb pemaTejibaxfi map a STBX BOccTaaoBHTb npoTHB c e
da HeaaaHxepecoBaaaoe B oxMeae ero ABopaacxBO. ITyraJia ax a
aeaaBecxaocxb - sax noBeAeT ceda Bae3anao ocBOdoxAeaHaa MHJIH-
oaaaa apxaa padOB.
HecxoTpa aa acRpeHHee xeJiaHae XHOPBX rocyaapeK a Baaanx
rocyaapcXB©HHHX AeaxeJiefi noxoqb B pa3pemeHaa KpecibaHCKoro BO-
npoca, BBRIO ae aaaji XOJIKOM, KaK K aexy noAofixa.
HaRoaeq, 1 9 - P O cpeBpajia 1861 roAa, qepes 5 Jiex nocjie
47 B .T . KapiBmaa, PyccKaa acxopaa, H3AaxejibcxBO "noceB? repxaaaa, 1946, c x p . 263
ITPEflnOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 26
BCxynJieaaa aa npecxoji, AJiOKcaaap I I noanacaji Maaacbecx od OCBO-
doxaeaaa Rpecxbaa OT xpenocTBofi aaBacHMoexfl.
HeRpacosy npauuiocb xaxb B caxoe aanpaxeHHoe npea a
nocJiepetpopMeHHoe Bpexa, Koraa dopbda CIOPOBHHKOB a npoxaBaa-
KOB ocBOdoxaeaaa aocxapjia CBoero KyjibMaaaqaoaaopo nyHKTa H
KOPAB nepea RpecxbaHCXBOx nocJie HecxojibKBx BBKOB padcTBa ox-
RpxJiacb aoBaa an ox a CBOdoaaoB, H©3aBHCHMoB xH3aa.
B Odm©CTB©HH0M H COBHSUIbBOX pa3BHTHH CXpaBH "ppaBb
AByx anox" cxaaaJiacb B noaBJieHaa HOBOPO KJiacca "pa3HoqaaqeB",
npameamepo aa cxeay paaee pocnoficxBOBaBmexy noxemaqbe-ABopaac-
Roxy RJiaccy, ROTopxfi nocTeneaHO "nepexaji ceda", X . K . dapcx-
Beaaocxb, RpenocxaaqecTBO - npaBHaaa xaTb 3a caeT KpecTbaH,
He padOTaa, "odJioxosmaHa" MemaJia npeTBopeaaro djiapax nopHBOB
a yjtyqmeaaio HapoAaoB aojia B x a a a b . noflBJieaae pa3aoqaHqeB npea-
semajio noflBJieaae BOBOB anoxa. PasaoqaaqH - Baxoaqx H3 MQJIKG-
qaaoBaaabeB cpeaa a ayxoBeacTBa, 3aKaJieaaH© B dopbde 3a cyme-
cxBOBaaae, BxaocjiaBHe, ynopBHe B Tpyae a aocTaxeaaa CBOBX qe -
Jiefi, Aeaxejibaxe H aaxe , xoxeT-dHTb, HecKOJibxo ppydoBaTxe -
CAejiajiacb Rpynaofi CBJIOB B xo3aficTBeaaofi a JiaTepaTypaofi XMSHH
POCCBB.
B Jiaxepaxype B aaaaJie I 9 - r o Bexa ©m© pocnoAcxBOBaji
ABopaHCKO-noMemaqbafi KJiacc. KyJibTypHHMH qeHTpaMH dHJiH apacTO-
RpaTaqecRae CBJIOHH, B KOTOPHX KpanKO npHBHJiocb KapaM3HHCKoe
HanpasjieHa©, x . e . no33aa, ae aaTparaBaromaa Haqepo HenpaaTHOPO,
aaqepo aeacxexaqBOPO, rae qapaji B03BHmeHHHfi "npaaxaxB" A3HK,
nPEflnOCbL/IKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 27
BaoxmeBHxfi nepa<ppa3axa.
EcxecTBeHHO, qTO aaeppaaaHM, aeaTeJibHHM pasBoqaaqaM
BB noAxoABJia acTeTaaapoBaaBaa a OTBJieqeaBaa noaaaa KapaM3BHa,
SyKOBCKoro, Typr©H©Ba a a p . Hx HyxeH dbui cxejiHfi noJieT MHCJIH,
aoBxe xexH, caJibHH© Bxpaxeaaa , CBexafi A3HK, x . e . BC© XO, qxo
nojiBocxbK) OTpaxajio dH dHT H qaflaafl Hapoaa .
Opa TaKOx pasj iaaaa xapaaxepoB a sanpocoB paaaeJieHae
odmecxBa B noJiaxaxe, B JiaTepaType a B acaycexBe dHJio a e a s -
d e x a o . IIoaTOxy 4 0 - e a 50 -e TOAH 03aaMeaoBajiBCb dxcxpxM p o c -
xox xaoxecxBa nojiHTHqecKHX xpyxKOB. 3 B a OCHOBHHX x e q e a a a , c
ROxopHxa npauuiocb cTOJiKayTbca HexpacoBy, dHJia T . H . 3anaaHHKB
a cJiaBflBO<pBJiH, HOCHTeJia aaefi HOBOH a cxapofi a n o x a .
3anaaaaKB (TypreaeB , Pepqea , EejiaacKafi, HepHumeBCKHB)
cToajia 3a qaBBJiB3aqaK) Poccaa no 3anaaaoMy odpa3qy . OBB c q a -
TaJia, qTO PoccHfl npaaaaJiexHT K c©Mb© ©BponeficKax HapoaoB, qTO
efi HeodxoaHMo npofiTH odaqaxfi nyTb, yace npofiaeaaHfi 3anaaaHMa
rocyaapcTBaxa, T . e . ocBodoaaxbca ox Kpenocxaopo npaBa a 3aT6M
nocTeneaao BBecTa KoacTBTyqaoaHHe yqpexaeHHa HB Maaep 3 a n a a -
aofi EBponx.
CjiaBaaocpBJiH ( d p . AacaKOBH, d p . KapeeBCKae, XOXAKOB),
aaodopoT, yTBepxaaJia, qTO Poccaa aojixaa HTTH efi OABOB n p e a -
aa3BaqeBBHx nyTex, He noaaaBaacb BJIBABBK 3 anaaa , T . e . coxpa-
aaa Tpa OCBOBBHX npaaqana pyccaoB XH3HH - npaBOCJiaBne, qapa
( d e s ROHCTHTyqaoHHHx orpaHBaeHafi) a naTpaapxaJibHOCTb ceMbn.
CTHqRH Mexay odeaMH rpynnaMH dbura ocodeaHO caJibHH B
nPEflnOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 28
nepaoa 1840 - I860 POAOB a aaaaMajia codofi jiyqmae yxx n e x e p -
tfyppa a MOCKBH. KBK p a 3 B axo Bpexa MOJioaofi HeRpacoB nonaji
B nexepdypp a Bcefi ayinofi cTaJi a a CTopoay sanaaHHKOB.
HexpacoB,no poxaeHan npaHaa^exaBmafi K ABopaHaM-noM©-
mHRax, no qyBCTBaM H aaeaJiaM BceqeJio 6UJI B paaax padHoqnHqeB.
TypreHeB BBOJI B odaxoa RJiaccaqecKyn <ppa3y "OTBH a a e T a " . no
poxaeaaio HeRpacoB npaHaaJiexaji KtsTqaM", no aaeaJiaM H xapaKTepy
TBopqecTBa - K "aeTflM". HyKOBCKHfi Ba3HBaex e r o "napaaoKCOM
H C I O P H H " . OqeHb Bepaa xapaKTepHCTBKa HJiexaHOBa:
XOTH OH cax dHji aBOpflHCKoro npoHexoxaeHHfl, HO y Hero aex yxe a cjieaa aaeaj ia3aqaa aBopaacKofi x a s a a ; OH pjiaaax Ha Hee pjiasaxa npoTeciyioiaero pasHoqaHqa. OHB noBepHyjiacb R aexy CBoeB oxpaqaxejibaofi cxopoaofi, apKo BHCTaBHB nepea aax npoTBBOpeqae aHTepecoB "djiaropoaHHx" aKcnJiyaiaTopoB, c BBTepecaMa aKcnJioaTapyeMofi " q e p a a " . 48
CexaaaqaTBJieTHHM »Homefi, xaBa B neTepdypre , HeapacoB
nameT CBOB nepBHe CTBXB, B3aaaHHe edopHaaKOM B 1839 r o a y noa
3arJiaBHex "MeaTH H 3ByKHn . HacTb cTHXOTBopeHafi B HQM dHJia Ha-
n a c a a a ©me B dHTHOCTb HeKpacoBa B PHMHB3HH , B "oneKaeMyio"
nopy XH3HH. TeMH HX dbiJia cyrydo poMaHTHqecKHe, OKpaineHHHe p e -
JiHrao3HO-XHCiHqecKHM HacxpoeHHeM, HaB©aHHBi© eme MaxepaHCKHMH
paccKasaMH,
H rojioc XBOB MH© cjiBnuaJiea BnoxbMax, HcnojiHeHHHfi Mejioann H JiacKH, KOTOpHM TH MHe CKa3HBaJia CKa3KH 0 pHqapax, MOHaxax, Kopoj iax . 4 9
48 nJiexaHOB, CTaTba o HeapacoBe, qaTHpoBaHO EBreHbe-BHM-MaKCHMOBHM, op. c i t . , CTp. 253
49 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , IIoaMa "MaTb", T . I I I , CTp.I72
nPEOTOCBUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 29
aaBeaBHHe CTaxaMH JKyKOBCKoro (HeKpacoB BcnoMHHaeT B nosMe
"Cya", KBK OH "OTPOKOM djiyxaaji no THXHM BOJIWCKHM deperaM" H
qaTaji "HyKOBCKoro noaMy" co BCHKHMH "yxacaMa": "T6MHHM cBoaoxi!
rOTOBHM OdpyiHHTbCH, "yrp»MHMH KJIOdyKaMH", "MOHaxaMH, CTpaxaMH,
naJiaqaMa" a
. . . a XBBO TaK B ayme Moefi To BneqaTJieabe a e i c a a x aHefi. 50)
HaBeaHHHe BJiHflHHeM JiiodHMoro yqHTejra, cHadxaBmero HeKpacoBa
xypHaJiaMH "Tejierpacb" a "TeJiecaon".
XapaKTepao, qTO npocMOTpeTb cdopHHK HeapacoB nonpocaji
XyKOBCKoro - aoKa3aT©JibCTBO, q i o HM6HH0 JKyKOBCKnfi - qeHTpajib-
ao© 3BeHO I anoxH - dHJi JiHTepaTypHHM aBTopaTeTOM MOJioaoro
noaTa B nepBHe roaH TBopqecTBa.
C XyaOxeCTBeHHOfi CTOpOHH CdopHHK OCOdofi qeHHOCTH He
npeacTaBJiaeT, H ynoMHHaeTca o HeM TOJibKO Jiamb noTOMy, qTO BH-
meji oa aa noa nepa HexpacoBa.
16 - 17-JieTaafi Majibqaa, HaaBBHfi, MHCTHqecKH HacTpoea-
axfi, nonaJi B "ropoa-cnpyT". Haqajiacb Taxejiaa caMocToaT©JibHaa
xaaab . ypOKH, coqaHeHHa aeTCKax nbecoK (ae no BaoxaoBeaaio, a
qTOdn aapadoxaib) , ayxaa, noaqac TOJIOA. Hyxaa cdJia3HJia Heapa
coBa c deaaHxa cJioflMH HacejieHHH. "Meqxa" a n3ByKHM oxcxynHJia
aa saaaafi HJIBH. HoBHe BneqaxjieHaa BJiacxHO 3axBaTHBaioT noaTa.
Ecjia dH HexpacoB nomeJi no nyTB CBoero nepBoro cdopHHKa, Bpaa
50 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , nosMa "Cya", T. I I , CTp.239
nPEZUlOCtWKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 30
JIH OB dHJi dH B3BeCTBHH X©n©pb . Iloa BJIBflHHeM POpOAB, rA© OH
B caomecKH© poax BBJI odpa3 XHsaa He dapqyna, a deaHOPO p a s -
Hoqaaqa, odaxaxeJia noaBaJioB, ©ro TBopqecTBO npaaajio ocodnfi
xapaRTep, RaR TBopqecTBO noaTa - npeACTaBBTejia aoBofi anoxa.
Bee BHmenepeqacJieaHHe BJIHHHHH OTqa, MaTepa, cpean,
npapoax, anoxa, nepeKpemaBaacb noa pa3BHxa ypjiaMa, ccpopMHpo-
BBJIB HeKpacoBa KBK coBepmeHHO ocodopo, opapaaajibaopo no cpop-
xe a BanpaBJieaai) noaTa.
IVIABA I I
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA
fl npa3Baa dHJi Bocnexb XBOH cxpaaaHba, TepBBHbex aayMJUOomafi Hapoa.
H.A. HeapacoB -"HeasBecxBOMy apyry" .
IloxaJiyfi, caMaa Kpynaaa cparypa B XBopqecxBe HeapacoBa,
PJIBBBBB pepofi dojibmaacxBa epo npoa3BeaeBaB - axo npocxofi pyccaai
xyxaK, caaaajia xpenocxHofi, a 3axex ocBOdoxAeHaxfi.
CXBXB HeRpaeoBa oiRJiaaanica aa Jirodyn cxopoHy XB3BB ape-
cxbflBBBa, onacxBaiox jindyn npocjiofixy KpecxbaacKofi,cpeaH. Odpa-
ax npocTHX xJiedonaarqeB aepeaynxca c odpasaMB nayaa-KadaxqaKa,
dypjiaaa, xapaoro noapaAqaKa, BHmeAmero H3 Rpecxbaa; odpa3 MOJIO-
aoro padoaero aa x©Ji©3Hog aopore CMeaaexca npejiecxBHMa xapxaB-
Kaxa c aaTypx - KpecxbaacKHMH aexbMH. Paaocxa, aeB3roaH, odnq-
aaa padoxa, CBaabdH, noflBJieaae Ha CBex, noxopoHH KpecxbflHCKHe -
BC© BamJio CBoe OTpaxeaae B noa3HH HeKpacoBa.
MyxHK - rJiaBa aoMa, KpecTbaBCKaa xeamaaa, e ro Bepaaa
noxonmaqa, aeTamKB, eojiaaxn (xe xe KpecxbflHe B npomjiOM), peMec-
JieHHBRB (onaxb-xaaa dHBmae Rpecxbaae) - BOX qxo BOcneBaex Myaa
noaxa.
HapoA! aapoa! MHB He aaao repoficxBa CJiyxaxb xede, - njioxofi a rpaxaaBHH, Ho xryqee CBaxoe decnoKoficxBO 3a xpedafi XBOB aoaec &. ao ceaaa . I
I HeKpacoB, 0 p . cit./yBHHHe", T . I I , cxp.325
KPECTfcflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 32
He oaaa HexpacoB, Bee pasaoqaaqn BepaJia B CHJiy p y c -
CROPO xyxaaa . Hxeaao axoxy KJiaccy npeacKa3HBaJiacb dojibniaa a
BaxBaa pojib B ppaaymax codHTaax coqHBJibHHX nepexea .
I . IlepBHe cxaxa HeKpacoBa, n o c -BflmeHHHe Hapoay.
IlepBHe cxaxa HeRpaeoBa, nocBameHHH© Hapoay, CTHXH
4 0 - x roaoB, onjiaRHBanT aojin Beeqacxaoro 3aKpenomeHBoro Myxa-
Ka. noqTH KaxAoe npoaaBeaeaae noaTa - njiaxeaanfi npoTecT rrpo-
I B B oaaofi aa caxax yxacaxx cpopM qeJiOBeqecxax BaaaMOoxBonteHafi-
padcxBa. Maopae aa nacaTejiefi TOPO BpeMeaa RJiefiMBJia Rpenocx-
BOB npaBO, a o , noxajiyfi, caxoe popaqee, caMoe paeBaoe a aaado-
Jiee pe3KO BHCRa3aHHoe HepoaoBaaae MH Haxoaax y HeapacoBa.
B nepaoa 40-x roaos HeKpacoB B OCBOBBOX nepeKJiaaHBa-
ex B cxaxoxBopHyn cpopxy xo , qxo OB BaaeJi a BBABX - CBoeodpas-
axfi nature morte. B axax cxaxoiBopeaaax aeJib3a aafixa cxpoqea,
rae B HecKOJibKHX CJtoBax dHJiB dn aaan ododiaeaaa, qxo oxjiaaaex
TBopqecTBO dojiee nosaHero nepnoaa. nona-qTO axo TOJibKO ox-
A©JibBH© cpaKTx, HO Hac TOJibKO BonnraaHe, qTO qHxajoiaafi O HHX He
XOXBT ocxaxbca paBHoaymBHM, T . e . , cax TOPO He noao3peBas, He
KpacoB npeaocTaBJiaeT npaBO ododmeHnfi qHxaxejno - CHJibHHfi x y a o -
xeciBeHBHfi npaeM, dyab OH npHM6H6H co3HaTejibHO. To, qTO Toraa
eme MBoma, noaT cyMeji ocTaHOBHTbca, CBM Toro He noao3peBaa,
Ha caxHX BaxHHX cpaxxax, TO, qTO OH cyxeji BxaejiHTb HX H3 odiaefi
xaccx codxTafi,aaeT noqyBciBOBaxb B aex HesaypaaHoro noaxa.
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 33
HeBOJibBO xoaexca npoBecxa aaajioraio: aaanecx, OCBOBBOB a JIK>-
daxxfi paaxep HeKpacoBa. Ho qxo xaaoe aHanecx - HeKpacos caM
He 3Haji. "H aajtee axda B pa3xepax HHaero ae noBHMan", -npa-
aHaBajica OH' . 3TO-TO a qeaao - decco3BaTejibaoe, rjiydoaoe x y -
AOxecTBeaaoe qyTbe. TBKBX xe decco3BaT©JibHHM, HO deccnopao
TaJiaaxJiBBHH dHJi noadop cpaKTOB.
KpaCHOfi HHTbB BbeTCfl B CTHXaX OCBOBBafl TeMa aToro
nepaoaa - aexejtaaae noMeiaHKa BaaeTb B xpenocTBOM RpecTbaaaae
qeJioBexa, yxenmero qyBCTBOBaxb, axenmero codcTBeHHOe aocToaa-
CTBO. Baaxb JIB CTBxoxBopeaae "B aopore" . 3TO KpaxKafi paccxa3
axmaRa-RpenocTHOPO o sceHe epo , BOcnaxaHHofi "B dapcxoM a o x e . . .
Bxecxe c dapHnraefi", nojiyqaBmefi npeKpacHoe odpa30BaHHe a BOC-
naxaaae. HOBH2 BJiaAejieq pemaji:"3aafi-ae Mecxo CBO©, XH, xy -
xaqxa". OdpasoBaHHyn aeBymKy-Kpenocxayn CCHJIBIOT B aepeBHio a
BHaani saMyx 3a aeoTecaBaoro axapiKa. Tyx a He Hyxao ododme-
HHfl. Cxoax xojibKO npoqecxb H HeBOJibHO y qnxaiejia BHpBeTca
aecKOJibKO aepoaynmax cppa3, Koiopne H dyayx cBoeodpa3Hofi KOH-
qoBKofi. Eejiaacxafi nncaji o cxaxax noaxa:
Caxxe aaxepecHHe. . . npaaaaJiexax n e p y . . . r-Ha HeKpacoBa. OHH npoBBaayxH MHCJibn; axo - ae cxaxa K aeBe a Jiyae; B BBX xaoro yMBoro,AeJibaoro a coBpexeaHoro. Box Jiyqmee as aax - "B Aopore". Ilycib qaxaxejra caMa cyaax, enpaBea-JIBBO An aame MHeHae".3
2 HyKOBCKHfi, op. c i t . , cxp .49
3 EeJiHHCKafi, op. c i t . , c x p . 5 6 6 , T . I I I
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 34
3ST©M EejiHHCKafi npaB©Ji BC© CTHXOTBOP©HH© .
KopOTQHbKO© CTHXOTBOpQHMe "HpaBCTBeHHHfi qeJIOBeK" KOH-
CTBTHpyeT HeoKOJibKO (baKTOB n a IKH3HW - onJiaKHBaex CM©PTb a©Byui-
« H , BHmeainefi no npnxoTH OTqa saMyx sa d o r a T o r o CTapHKa H y r a c -
inefi B qaxoTK©; paccKa3HBaeT HCTOPHW KpenocTHoro n o B s p a , KOTOPHB
n3BaHbio HenpHJiHqnoe n p n c T p s c T b e HMeji"-"jnodHJi qnTaTb H p a c c y x -
a a T b " H 6NJI aoBeaeH dapnHOM a o caMoydaficTBa.
B CTHxoTBopeHHH " B H H O " HeKpacoB, H© roBOpa H a q e r o OT
c e d a , npHBoaHT onaTb-TaKH rojinfi chaKT: MOJioaofi napeHb jriodHT " c o -
ceacKyro a o q b " . H OTeq e a H OHa caMa cor j iacHH, HO "3HaTb, C T B -
pocTe BnjioTb a o 3eMJiH noKJioHHJica apy ro f i Moj ioaeq" . B pe3yj ibTaTe
- " c HeMHJiHM e e noBejia MHMO OKOH MOHX n o a B e H e q " .
C TJiydOKHM qyBCTBOM paccKa3HBaeT H « K P S C O B qHT^TeJiffM o
XHTbe-dbTTb*1 KPenOCTHBiX ( "PoaHHa" ) , HeCKOJIbKHMH MaCTepf»KHMH
mTpaxaMH pHcyeT KapTHHy odorameHHH CKymia, KOTOPBTH npnuieji B
MocKBy, He HMea " H H a e H e r , HH p o a y , HH 3BaHb«" H K O T O P H B 3a c o -
poK JieT n p e y c n e j i HacTOJibKO, qTO " B KapMaH© e r o MHJIJIHOH" CeK-
peT odoranieHHH npocT - CKyneq BMecTe c aeByinKoB, e r o jiiodHBUiefi,
odOKpaji e e OTqa, 3BT©M H e e , "decTOJiKOByio", H npHHflJicn 3a caMoe
BHroaHoe - " s a n e p c a B iwrefiHyw q a c T b " .
C dojibio HapncoBaHa KapTHHKa - KpenocTHofi Jimrt^T "BOJib-
a y » " ( "H3B03qHK") . He HMea a e H e r , qTOd BBmynHTbca n a BOJTTO,
BanbKa-H3B03qHK HaqnHaeT KonnTb KonefiKy K KoneSKe. qrodBT BBT-
KynaTbca a x e H H T b c a . KaK-TO K y n e q - c e a o K 3adBui B c a n a x W M O K
c aeHbpaMH, H O , cnoxBaTHBHiHCb, 3 a d a p a e T e r o yTPOM. BaHbKa
KPECTtflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 35
OCOSBBOT, qTO B C » Hoqb B e r o caHax npojiexajio penreHH© e r o
cyabdH, a , ae Bxaeca Toro , qxo cqacTbe dHJio TaK dJia3KO, B © -
x a e T c a .
Bee axo xojibKO KapxaaKB c aaxypx , ao oaa sacxaBJinrox
qaxaxejia npaxoaaTb K ododmeaaaM.
2 . Taxejioe aKOHOxaqecKoe a MopaJibao© nojioxeaae xpecTbaH.
npHdjiB3axejibBO B Haaajie 50-x roaoB HeKpacoB noa BJIH-
aaaex Bpexeaa a apy3efi (HepaxmeBCKoro a ocodeaHO BeJiHHCKOro)
aaqaaaex ododmaxb dpaKiH B CBOHX c x a x a x . Ocodeaao BOJiayex e r o
yxacaoe aKoaoxaqeuKoe noj ioxeaae KpenociHoro RpecxbaHHHa.
noax ae nponycxaex xaxo aa OAay aexajib a s XB3HH x y x a a a . Mao-
r a e cxaxoxBOpeaaa axoro nepaoaa aaioT BBM MacTepcicae nopxpexx
KpecTbaa. BOT "TpyxeaaK BeqaHfi-naxapb":
C TexBHK, ydaTHX JIBBOM: j lanxa, JioxxoTba, manaeHKa, PBaHafl cdpy»; eaBa TaB©T Koeyjin KJiaaeHKa, C rojioay ejie xaBa . 4
Aa. a cax naxapb "roj ioaea T O X © " . BOT apyrofi :
Tpyab BnaJiaa; KaK BaasjieaaHfi SCBBOX; y pj ia3 , y p i a H3JiyqaBH, KBK xpemBHH Ha BHcoxmefi sexj ie ; H cax a a 36MJH0 MaxymKy noxo* oa: mea dypaa, Kaa nJiacT, coxofi OTpe3aaaHB,
4 HexpacoB, op. o i t . , ffleaymKa", T . I I , c x p . 251
KPECTbHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 36
Kapnaqaoe Jiaqo, Pyxa - Ropa ApeBecaaa, A BOJIOCX - necoK. 5
HeBeceJiaa xa3Bb y xyxaqxa, ao , HecMOxpa Ha TO, qxo
ero "rope cnpedex",
OB doap, OH 3a coxofi inaraeT. Bea Bacjuaxaeaba oa XBBBT, E©3 coxajieHSil yxapaeT. 6
Koraa HeapacoB aaaaHaex poBopHTb o xyxHKe, od odHTa-
TeJie "sadHToB Eorox cTopoHH1', OH BHanx nepea codofi "xajiKOPO
xpyxeHaxa c noaypofi TOJIOBOS", BaaaT, KBK OH"padcTByeT% Ba
aax "ppynnx deaaaKOB aa BBBBX", CJIHIHHX "CXOHH dypjiaxoB HB
BOJCBCRBX depepax". Hoax cnpamaBaex: "CKaxH, yxejib Becb xpafi
XBKOB? HOBOJIbCTBa T6HB H6T?" - "TX B qapCTBO BBiaBX B padOB" -
oiBeqaex oa cede. H Bepao. Hxo xaKoe xaaab dapmaaaoro xpe-
exbaaaaa?
MH dapmHHHHe! BHPOCJIH HOA pHJiOM y noxemxRa. ,3eab - a a x o p r a . . . 7
Caxoe odBAaoe xo , axo xyxBK, caadxajomafi BC» 3exjiK> pyccRyn
xjiedox, padoxaraaafi aeab a aacTO aoqb, aaxe H© CHT. "C KOPH
ero pacnyqaJio",-roBopaT HeKpacoB B "rojioaaofi necBe" ("Koxy aa
Pyca xaxb xopomo"). Myxaa, xeqxaa noec ib BAOBOJib, yBepaex:
Kospary cbex
5 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca x a i b xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .75
6 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "TamaHa", T . I , c x p . 1 0 3
7 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy HB Pyca xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 3 3
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 37
Topa popofi, Baxpymxy c i e x Co CXOJI dojibmofi. °
Apyrofi xyxBR paccxasxBaex:
A caacTbe aame - B xjiedymae: H aoxa B EeJiopyccaa C XflRHHOD C KOCTpHKOK) HqxeHHHfi xJied xeBaji. ExBaJio, Bonnmb TOJIOCOM, Kax poxeaaqa xopqaaibca, Kaa cxBaTHT XBBOXH. *
HpoaxeBB BOT Tanas CTpoaa a cTpamao aeJiaeTca. yxacanfi napaaoxc
- POJIOABHB xyxBR.
B noaxe "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo" HeapacoB npaderaex
a npaexy poBopamax Ba3Baaafi. 3aaex aaBaxb aJiHHHxe xapaxTe-
pacxBRB, Koraa npoa3aeca BMeaa aepeBeHb, HCBO npeacxaBJiaemb
cede ax odJiaa. Box aepeBaa"noAXflByxofi rydepaaa, nycxonopox-
Hefi BOJIOCXH" . Ha3BaHaa ax caxBOJiaqaHt
3anjiaxoBO, flHpaBaao, PasyTOBO, 3HOdBmaao, TopeJioBO, HeeJiOBO. Heypoxafixa xox . *"
Tanaa aaaBaaaa aax aepeBHfl EOCOBO, HecaxoBO, rojioayxaao,
Eojibmae BaxJiaKa, EesrpaxoxHaa pydepHaa nepecHnanx BC» noaxy.
Myxaxa amyx Henopoxyn rydepaan, Henoxpomeayn BOJiocib, HsdHT-
ROBO CBJIO. Moxao JIB Jiyqme oxapaxxepasoBaxb axoHOMaqecKoe
8 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.144
9 Ibid., cxp.78
10 Ibid., cxp.59
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 38
n o j i o x e a a e x p o c T b a a ?
B CTBXOTBOp©HHH "/JyMa" BC© TO XO. EeaHPK-KPeCTbCTHHH
H© axe©T aocTBTOqHO seMJiH - "BHrnaTb H©Kyaa KOpOByiHKy" . OH
H©ao©aa©T Kaxaxfi a©Hb. H MeqTH deaHflKa - nocTynHTb B d a T p a -
KH K Rynqy CeMnnaJioBy, r a e
ECaByT JiroaH, H© roBeioqH, Jlb^T Ha Ramy MacJio n o c T H o e , CJIOBHO B o a y , H© xa j ie roqa . I I
MyxBK JindaT padOTy, OH ©JO " T e m a T c a " , HO JiiodaT H n o -
©cTb - " B n o j i - o d e a a p a c n o a m y T c a , BOH H S T©Jia ayma n p o c H T c a " .
H n o r a a HeKpacoB, x e j i a a p©3qe noaqepKHyTb TffKeJihie CTOHOHH
RpeCTbflHCKOfi XH3HH, OdpaHiaeTCH K HPOHHH ( "KaJIHCTpaT" ) .
HeT d o r a q © , KpacHB©© KaJiHCTpaTa. KynaeTca OH B KJiioMeBofi B o a e ,
n p a q e c H B a e T c a " n a T e p H e B " , x©Ha 3aHHMaeTca "Ha H a r a x aeTHmeK
CTHpKOK)" . B CTBXOTBOpeHBH "MOJIOabl©" TO X© CaMO© - HiyTJIHBO©
npoTBBonocTaBJieaae , HO B myTKe - " r o p a peaeHbKa d e s a o H H a a " .
HeKpacoB BejiHKOJienHO g q a e T , KaKoe BejiHKoe H e c q a c T b e n o c T n r a -
©T BCK) KpeCTbflHCKyK) CBMbH), K o r a a yMHpa©T MyXHK-KOPVHJieq.
ECJIH p o x a e a a e pedeHKa, ycyrydjtaiofflee H y x a y , qacTO ^acTaBJiaer
pOaHHX nOBTOpflTb:
HTOd T H jionHyjio, npoKjiHToe. TTa . aq©M T H a po,THJioca? 12
TO CMepTb KopMWJibtja - HenonpaBHMoe d e a ^ B n e . PTOM T«M© n o
i l HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "HyMa", T . I , c T p . I P T
12 I b i d . , "Ha y j i a q e " , T . I , CTp .36
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 39
CBsmeaH BecKOJibRO OTaxoTBopeaaB noaTa - "Mopoa - Kpacanfi Hoc?
"B AepeBHe", pjiaBa "IIOB" aa "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo",
"Opaaa - xaxb cojuAaxcKaa".
B "Opaae - xaxepa cojiaaxcRoft" - dearpaaaqaoe oxaaa-
BBB xaxepa, cxopoHBBmefi CHHa-cojiaaxa; B "Mopoae - KpacHOX
Hoce" - rope cexba, noxepaBmefi aopMajibqa, caepxaaaoe a noa-
xoxy dojiee raydoRoe. CaojibKO TOCRB B CJIOBBX poaaHx, odpamea-
BHX K npoRjiy. Beab yxep "coBeTaaa poAaxejiax", "padoxHHR B
nojie". OHB 3Ba»x, qxo c axoro xoxeBxa
He CBexefi BOAOB yxxBaxbca, CJieaaxH roproqaxa aaM. * 3
3Ba»T, qTo CTapyxa - xaTb "noxpex co Kpyqaax", qxo xeBe npa-
Aexca Tax xe Rpyxo, X . K . "xo3flfiRa d©3 xyxa B aoxy" BC© paBao,
qxo "depe3a B Jiecy de3 Bepmaax". B CKynHX <bpa3ax HeRpacoB
paccRaaHBaex oxaero, codexBeHHO, HacxynaJia cxepTb 3aopoBOPo
cajibHOPO IIpoKJia. Oa npocTyaajica. jleaHJiH ero aepeBeHcxax
cnocodox. (Kaaofi dapaa npacjiaa dx B CBJIO, xyaa-TO 3a TpaaeBflTb
aexejib, AORTopa). ycepaae Bopoxeea ae noxorjio. Eojibaoro
oxaTKBaJia "Boaofi c AeBarra Bepexea", "npoaeBajia xpa pa3a CKB03b
noTHxfi xoxyx", cnycaajia B npopydb, "noa aypaaafi KJiajtH aacecT" .
Ho HpoKJi yxapaeT. "HeaBaxHO-HeMoB" CTOHT Haa MoraJiofi aeaymaa,
pasaacxca B on JIH Maxepn. Cxapocxa, roBopa HaarpodHoe CJIOBO,
Haxoanx, qxo
13 HeKpacoB,op. c i t . , "Mopoa-KpacHHfi Hoc", T . I I , cTp.I6
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 40
*
. . . TJiaBBoe: B cpoaa, yx KBK Te6a Eor BHpyqaJi, nJiaxaji rocnoABBy odpoKH.. . I4
Moxao cede npeAcxaBaxb, qxo dyAex c ceMbefi xenepb. B pjiaB©
"IIOBK CBameHHHK paccRasHBaex, qTO eMy npaxoaaTca qacTO 6 3 -
ABTb "R aeayxaoxy". Ho ae cax yxapanmafi CTpameH.
Cxpamaa eexba KpecxbaacKaa B TOX a a c , KaK efi npaxoanxca KopxaJibqa noxepaxb. I 5
B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "B aepeBHe" HeKpacoB c xaxax aymeB-
Bxx aaapxBOx paccxasHBaeT o cxepTa KpecTbaaaaa, BKJiaAHBaa
nOBecxBOBBHHe B ycxa xaxepn, deceaynmefi c coceaxofi . MaTb
aJiaqex:
nponajia a, rpearaafl! flymeabKa BoeT, do j iaT . . . yxep , KacbflHOBHa, yxep , cepaemaaa, yxep a B 36MJIB 3apHTi 16
B 3TBX cjiOBax Bea xpareaaa ocapoxeBmeB cxapymKB. "Kxo nparojiy-
dax cxapyxy deapoaayn?", odaamaBmyio, "KTO 3anacex . . . ApoBeq",
KOPAB aacxynax "oceab HeHacxHaa", "KXO, KaK aoaocaxca xenjiaa
mydymKa, 3aftqaKOB BOBHX aadbex"? -3aaex cxapymaa, qTO "CKO-
po aadeaxa coBceM pacmaTaeTca", qTO wH©KOxy noji© BcnaxaTb",
a caji"no xapy xoABTb" TOX© ae ocTaJiocb.
flpyroe rope nocxaraex aaorAa KpecxbaacRyn cexb»,pope Be xeaee
14 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-Kpacaxfi Hoc", T . I I , CTp. 167
15 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .66
17 Ibid., "B aepeBHe", T . I , cxp .50
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 41
dojibmoe - noxepa Jiomaaa - OCBOBBOPO xopMajibqa qejiofi ceMbn.
yxpex xeHa y naxapa -/Ipyryn 3aBeaex, yxpex H xa - OH x e a a x c a Ha x p e i b e f i . . . He d e a a l Xxpex pedeHOK - JIHIUBAA Kpoxa XHBHM ocxaHexca; KopOBynraa naaeT -Bee He d e a a , a no j i -deax . Eeaa BenonpaBaxaa, Koraa BajiaTbca Jiomaaa y naxapefi a a q a y x . 18
B OABOM a s OXPXBKOB a s noaxn "Koxy a a Pyca xaxb xopomo" n o a -
podao paccKa3HBaexca o cxepxa CaBpacxa. Koraa KpecxbaHe
yBaaejia ©ro xpyn,
Ha Ben cexbx> BecqacxHyn HameJi CTOjidHaK; KaKoe-TO no acTaae yxacBO© MoJiaaaae; noTOx Bceodmee pxaaHBe. 19
Haaaaaa ox flcxojiexaero aeAymRa",
3£©HH, CSCXpH X03flBHa, CJienofi cxojiexHefi dadymKH £ a xaJibaaKa xpexj ie iHero , 20
Bee noHBMarox, qxo npamjio noaxa aenonpaBBMoe HecqacTbe, odpe -
Kanmee ceMbn aa erne dojibmae Jiameaaa a , MoxeT-dHTb,nojiaoe
pa3opeBae . OaeHb, oqeab ae J ie raa KpecibflHCKaa X H 3 H B . Tnxe-
Jiaa, HaAPHBHaa padOTa "OT cojiHHmKa ao cojiHHniKa", cKyaHaa n a
me, ( B "Koxy a a PyCH x n i b xopomo" XJTXHKH MeaTaioT o "xjiedymxe,
18 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca x n i b xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.156
19 Ib id . , T . I I I , CTp.157
20 HeKpacoB, l oc . c i t .
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 42
BO nojiynyay B Aeab" a npeaeji© AOCXBTRB - "orypaaKax cojieanx"
a "KBacK©") aaoxaBJuanx HeKpacoBa npaTxa K BXBoay, HTO aeT
xaROPO ypojiRa BO scefi Poccaa, "ra© ceaxejib TBOB a xpaaaxejib,
rae dx pyccKflfi xyxaa Be cxoaaji". Oa cxoaex B©3ae:
. . .no nojiax, no aopopax, Cxoaex oa no xnpbxax, no ocxpopax, B pyABBRax Ha xejieaaofi qena; Cxoaex oa noa OBHHOM, noa CXOPOK, noA xeJierofi, aoqya B cxena; Cxoaex B codcTBeaaox deAHOx aoxamxe
Cxoaex B xaxaox pjiyxox popoAanxe, y BOAbeaAOB cyaoB a naj ia i" .2I
Aaxe, xoPAa xyxax oxpHBaexca OT aexjia, yxoaax B ropoa
Ha odpoR, exy XBR xe xaxeJio, oa xax xe deacxByex.
HecKOJibKO cppaa, oxaocamaxca K dypjiaKax,BCTaBJieaaHX B
paajraaaxe cTaxoxBopeaaa, noKa3HBanx, qTo a axax xpecxbaaax,
ympamax "xaayxb jiaxRy" B Haaexae Ha 3apadoxox, XBBexcfl aaqyxb
He Jiyame.
Bxab Ha Bojiry, qefi CTOH pa3aaexca Haa B©JIHROD pyccKofi pexofi? 3xox CTOH y sac necaefi aoBexca, To dypjiaRB aayx daaeBofi. 22
OBB aayx,
noaxa nparayBmacb POJIOBOB K aopax, odBBTxx daaeBofi, Odyxxx B Jiaflxa,
H dHJi B6BHHOCHXO ABK H cxpamao acea B XHHIHH© Hx xepaxfi noxopoaHxB RPHK. 23
21 HeRpacoB, op# c i t . , "PasxHrnJieHaa y napaAaoro noafc-eaAa", T . I , cxp .108
22 Ibid., T . I , cxp.109
23 Ibid., "Ha Bojire", T . I , cxp .124
KPECTbHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 43
Box nopxpex OABOPO aa dypJiaaoB, caaamero OKOJIO Kocxpa:
JIOXXOTbfl xajiKofi HBmexx, Hasexoxeaaxe qepTx H, Bxpaxanmafi yxop, CnoKofiao-de3BaaexBHfi B3op. 24
"Kajucafi Tpyxeaax-xyxBR", OTofiaa OT 36XJIB, cTaaoBBTca "yan-
JIHX, cyxpaqHKK dypjiaxox".
Haopaa xyxax yxoaaT B ropoa, aaaeacb peMecJioM sapa-
doxaxb dojibme a Bxruiaxaxb odpox. B rJiaBe "CaacxJiaBHe" B "Ko
xy HB Pyca xaxb xopomo" Bcxpeaaexca KaMeamaK. OB roBopax o
CBoex "cqacxba":
KaK npocaycb ao cojianrnKa Aa pa30PHycb o nojiHoqa, TaK ropy cOKpymyi 25
Apypofi "xyxBR c OAXBROio, paccJiadJieaaHB, xyaofi" paccaasHBaex
xojioAoxy, qTo OB dan "ae xyxe KaxeamaK", aa xflxejiaa padoxa
npaBeJia ero R xoxy, qxo OB "ae qejiOBeR - Roxap".
B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "JKeJieaaaa Aopora" xoxe noKaaaaNxyxaKB,
ymeamae a a aepeBaa aa 3apadoxKB Ba cxpoaxejibcxBO xejiesaoB a o -
popa. 3xo
C BojixoBa, c xaxymxa Bojira, c ORB, C pasBxx aoaqoB rocyaapcTBa BBJIBROPO -3TO Bee dpaxba XBOB - MyxBKa.26
3xo , nosajiyfi, OABO H3 caxHx BHaanmaxca, nojiBHX aeroaoBaBaa Ba
yxacBHB ycJiOBBa padoxx, cxaxoxBop©Hafi HeKpacoBa.
24 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , "Ha Bojire", T . I , CTp.I25
25 Ibid., ? KoMy Ha Pyca x a i b xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.77
26 Ibid. , "^eJiesHaa aopora", T.Tj; cTp.I78
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 44
3TO CTaxoTBOpeHHe HM©©T HHT©p©CHyK) KOMno3HqHio. B H©M qeTwpe
rjiaBH. T - onwcaHw© npwponw oc©HbK>. CBexne HenaTacKaHHHe
cpaBHeHHfl ( "Jiea HeoKpemirafi HB peqK© CTyaeHofi" JIOIKHT, KaK
"Tanmafi c a x a p " , JiwcTba, He ycneBiirae TTOdjieKFVTT,, jrA-tcar "xeji-
T H " , "CB©XH, KaK KOBep"). ?Ta c s e x a a KapTHHKa npnpoan aaHa
c qejibio yrJiydHTb TaxeJioe BneqaTJieHH© OT nocJieaHeB rjiaBw.
IT aacTb - TaxejiBT© ycJiOBna padOTH Ha nocTpofiK© xejieaHoB
a o p o r a . I l l qacTb - npe3pHT©JibH0e OTHOiueHae reHepajia K " a a -
poay" , BOCXBaJieHHe HM HHOcTpaHHoro (TeHaeHqaa MHornx HHTQJI-
jinreHTOB Toro BpeMeHa). i y qacTb - HCTHHHoe 3KOHOMaqecKoe
nojioxeHHe padoanx , noKa3aHHoe no9TOM.
HeKpacoB aeJiaeT ceda aeficTBywmHM jiaqoM. PaccKa3 Be-
a©Tca OT e r o a x e a a . nosT eaeT no BHOBb BHCTPO©HHOH a o p o r e ,
CJIBUHHT pa3POBop OTqa-r©Hepajia c CBIHOM, odbflCHaromero, KTO
CTPOHJI a o p o r y . HeKpacoB H© BBiaepxHBaeT, BMemHBaeTca B p a 3 -
roBop H paccKa3HBaeT MaJibqaKy od HCTHHHHX CTpoHTejiax, o p a -
doqax-KpecTbflHax. TeHepaji HeaoBOJieH BMewaTejibCTBOM no3Ta,
cqHTaeT, qTO "aeTCKoe cepaqe rpemHO BosMymaTb" H npocFT n o -
KasaTb "cBeTJiyro cTopoHy". nBTTaacb npeacTaBHTb MaJibqnKy PTy
"cBexjiyw CTopoHy", T . e . oaccqeT no OKOHnaHww padoT a yromeHHe.
cjieaynmee OT x03fl^Ha, HeKpacoB aaeT cpivyro denpaaocTHyro Kap-
XHHy.
CodcTBeHHO roBopa, d e c e a a BaHH c nosTOM - TwnHHHBW
npHMep oTHomeHHfi Haqajia 60-x roaoB, Koraa HapoaHHKH cqnTaJiH
Handojiee BOJKHBIM nponaranawpoBaHHe CBOHX aaefi npa TTOMOIIIH decea
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 45
c xojioaexbx), Haadojiee BoenpaaxaaBofi qacxbn odmecxBa.
CHaqaJia "JKeJieaHaa a o p o r a " He dHJia paapeineHa K n e a a -
XBBBK), X . K . qeaaypHHfi KOMaxex aameji, qxo B Hefi "od iacHaexca
reHepaJibCKOxy cHay KapTaaa Myqeaafi, acnHTHBfiEMRx padoqax JIIO-
aox npa nocxpofiae xeJie3axx a o p o r ; reaepaJi-npeacxaBHxeJib a p y -
r o r o dxxa , a p y r o r o COCJIOBHA, cxeexca a a a yaacxbio padoqax is.
aaxoAax oxpaaaon Kapxaay ocMoxpa padox? 27
HeapacoB Bosxymaexca aeaxoBepao TflxeJiHxa, xaxopxHH-
XH ycJioBBflxa Tpyaa . Bcxanx Teaa xepTBeqoB a noBecTBynT o
c e d e :
Mx HaapHBaJiHCb noa 3HoeM, noa xojioaoM, C BeaHO copayTofi cnaHofi, EHJIB B seMJiflBKax, dopojiaca c pojioaox, MepsJia a MOKJIB, dojiejia qHarofi. 28
HeRpacoB 3aa©iy qxo "xpyaao CBofi xjied aodHBaJi q©JioB©K".
CxpamHH nopxpexH padoqax ! Box deJiopycc "a3MOxa©H Jiaxopaaaoro"
TydH desRpoBHHe, B©KB ynaBmae, 3aBH a a xomax pya a x , Beaao B Boae no ROJICHO cxoaBmae Hora onyxJia; KOjuya B BOJiocax; Axon r p y a b , qTO a a aacxyn cxapaxejibao H30-aHfl-B-aeHb HaJ ie raJ ia . . . 29
Hxo xe axo 3a daq , sacxaBJianmafi Jiwaefi Becxa xaxyn aenocaJibByio
padoxy? OxasHBaexcfl,
27 Tlejio no coBeTy KHHroneqaTaHHfl" 3a 1864 r o a , N? 3 2 1 , BHTapoBaao EBPeabeBHX-MaKCBMOBHX, op. c i t . , CTp. 237
28 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , "acejiesaaa a o p o r a " , T . I I , c T p . I 7 8
29 HeRpacoB, loo . c i t .
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 46
B xape ecxb qapb: axox qapb decnomaaeH, rojioa Ha3Baabe eMy. 3 0
OB BcecaJieB, OB "B apxejia croaaiei Jinaefi", "xoaax aa nJiyroM",
oa-xo a "coraaji cnaa Maccx HapoaHHe", xoxopxe nocTpoaJia HO-
p o r y . HaTepecea annrpacp CTaxoTBopeaaa. K coxsuieHaio, OH B X -
paxaJi xaeaae XBOPBX. KaK poBopaxca B aapoaaofi nocjiOBaqe -
"aa aepeBbaxa Jieca ae yBaaaJia". SCeJi©3ayK> aopory nocTpoaji
rpacp KJiefiaxaxeJib, a a© xacaqa B3xyq©HHKX padoqnx, HS Koxopxx
XHOPBB CJIOXBJIB CBOB KOCTH OKOJIO "cTOJldBKOB, p©JIbC B MOCTOB" .
HeapacoB noaaepRBBaex, qTO xyxHK, CTaBma padoqaM, nepeHec
CBOB xyxHqRyio npHBHaxy K aodpocoBecTHOxy Tpyay Ha aoBoe xec-
TO padoTx. OH odpamaexca K BaH©:
9xy npHBHaxy K Tpyay dJiaropoaayn Hax da a© xyao c Todofi nepeaflTb.
H coBSTyex:
EJiarocJioBa xe padoxy Bapoaayn H aayaacb xyxaRa yBaxaxb. 3 *
Tyx xe HexpacoB noxasHBaex npeapaxejibaoe oxHomeBae peHepaJia,
xapaRxepHoe AJia AOBOjibHO odmapaopo CJIOA Baxejuiapeaqaa XOPO
Bpexeaa K xyxaxax . neqajiax HexpacoBa H apyraa, xoxe oqeHb
xaxejiaa noBBHaocTb xyxaqxafl - cojiaaxqaaa.
H3 KpenocTBofi BOBOJIB y dapaaa, yxoaa B cojiaaiH, xyxax
nonaaaji B 25-JieiHKio, Haqyxb Be odjiepqeHHyn, H6BOJIIO.
30 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "acejieaaaa aopora", T . I I , c T p . I 7 7
31 I b i d . , T . I I , CTp.179
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 47
Hxo aa HaqajibHHK, xo asepbi Aymy BKOJiaaaBaxb B naxaa npasaJiox dxjio x o r a a . 3 2
Hyxb axo ae xaa, qyxb ae yroaaji aaqaJibcxBy, aoBoaaBmepo Mym-
xpoBKofi AO aaBexoxeaaa, xoxaac
PyraHb nojibeTCfl pexofi, 3ydH nocnnJiioxcfl rpaaoM, nopex, roaaex CKB03b cxpofi! 3 3
B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo" COJIABX paccKa3HBaex, B aex
"cqacibe cojiaaxcKoe". Oa noiSxBaji B AsaABaxa cpaxeaaax, "a H©
dxji ydax". Oa Aaxe B xapaoe Bpexa XOABJI "BB CHX, BB POJIOAQH?
"a cxepxa ae aajica", & Kpoxe XOPO, 3a npoBBHBOCTB "BeJiaxae a
xajuze" dxji oa "aemaaao daT naJixaxa", a ecjia nomynaab epo -
IKHB 1 . HeKpacoB npaxoaaT K 3aKJi»qeaBK), qxo c cojiaaTox a cno-
paTb aeaepo - "TH cqacxJiHB, CJIOBB nex?
B "CojiaaTCKoB necHe" B noaMe "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopo
mo" HeRpacoB noex o dojibaox, B3paHeHH0M cojiaaxe, Koxopoxy a a
xe B "neaqaoae" oxxasaJia, X . R . "cepaqe aacKBOsb ae npocxpejie-
BO" . flpaoe, xapaKxepaoe npoa3BeaeBBB "Opaaa - xaxb cojiaax-
CRaa" paccKa3HBaex o cxepxa CHHa OpaaymKa. yxoaa B cojiaaxx,
dxji oa
dorainpcKoro cjioxeaaa, aaopoBeaaxfi dxji AexaayniRa.34
32 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , ,: n£eay«Ra", T . I I , c x p . 252
33 HeRpacoB, loo. c i t .
34 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , ^OpHHa - MaTb cojiaaTCKaa", T . I , CTp. 160
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 48
A BepayJica qepes Bocexb Jiex - "doJibHexoaeR", c KanuieM, "deJiHfi
nJtax B KPOBH MORPBXOHQK". RoJiro H© paccRasHBaji BaHa, axo
cpydajio epo aaopoBbe, a nepea cxepxbn, dpeaa, aeBOJibHO BnaaJi
CBOB neqajibHHfi cexpeT. BoPHaJia epo B rpod xaxejiaa cjiyxda,
Bepaee ae cjiyxda, a deccxxcjieaaaa xynrrpoBxa, RoxopoB cJiaBH-
Jiacb pyccaaa apxaa xopo Bpexeaa. B decnaxaxcxBe "apTasyji
pyxbex BxxflAXBaJi, xax, qTO Becb aoMamxa B3ApapaBaJi",
Kax xypaBJib CTOAJI aa aoxeabxe Ha OAHOB - HOCOK BHTaraBaJi. Bapyr MexayJIGA . . .exoxpajr x a j i o d a o . . . noBaJiBJica - nJiaaex, Kaexca, KpaRsyJi "Bame djiapopoaael B a m e ! " . . . Baxy a a a n x a e x c a . 3 5
Ha axopo oTpxBRa ACHO Baaao, qxo xaaab Baaa a exy no -
aodHxx dHJia He cJiaaxa. "OpHHa - xaxb cojiaaTCKaa" H© nJioa no-
aTaqecRofi cbaaxaaaa Hexpacosa. CTaxoTBopeHae Banacaao co CJIOB
aeficTBBTeJibao cymecTBOBaBmefi Opaax, aoxopyro HexpacoB BCTpexHJi
BO spexa CBOBX oxoTaaqbax CRBTaaafi, a KOTOpaa paccaasaJia o
nocxarmex ee pope . Cecxpa noaxa nacajia: HexpacoB "HecKOJibKO
paa aejiaji RPBR", qxodH erne paa nopoBopaxb c Opaaofi, "a TO
dOflJICA CCpaJIbmBBBTb" , 3 ^
CXOBI xojibRO BAyxaibca, qxo xanoe dHJia cojiAaxqaHa,
qxo cpoR ee AJIHJICA 25 Jiex - yxoAHJia x-aoma, nojiaae CHJI B 3AopoBba
a BOBBpamaJiBcb cxapaxa, aaqacxyn c BxdwxHxa sydaxa, H xoraa
35 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Opaaa - Maxb cojiaaxcKaa", T . I I , cxp .161
36 EBreabBB-MaKCHMOB, op. c i t . , cxp. 300
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 49
OXB ax XB aex yxac a coxajieaae o aapydJieaanx XRSBAX.
B "Mopoae-KpacHOx aoce" paccKaaxBaexca, qxo ROJIB r o -
jiOBa B aepesae ae qecxeH, xo a eAaacxBeBaoro CHaa xoryx
"aadpaxb". fla axo a cjiyqajiocb qacxo . CKaxex "Bop-rojiOBa",
qxo "xapcRofi npapoBop" - a ae noMOxex xpecxbaaaa Baaex.
B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "Esuiex" HexpacoB pacyex xapxaay B03-
Bpamaiomerocfl xpeexbaacRoro od03a, xojibRO qxo cAaBmero penpy-
XOB. Hacxpoeaae Rpecxbaa,' paccxaBiiiaxca c AeTbxa, nepeKJiBKa-
exea c npapoaoB. "B dejiox caBaae cxepxa aeMJia, aedo xxypoe ,
nojiaoe xrJiox>". Ha cpoae axopo nefisaxa aaeT odo3, "KBK BSXHC
xojiqaT xyxBKa", CIOHSX dejioe eHexHoe xope - Taxejio TH, xpec-
TbHHCKoe pope".
3 . HeoppaflaqeBHaa BJiacxb noxemaxoB aaa RpecxbaaaxB.
HexpacoB qacTO nacaji aa Texy o TOX, qTO Kpenociaofi
KpecTbaaaa - Bemb CBoero dapaaa. HTO c HHM XOTAT, TO H a e -
JiaBT. npOaaiOT Bp03b OX 3©MJIH, MSHfllOT Ha codax, npoBrpHBaioT
B xapTH, xeHAT Ha HejiiodHMHx, dbKT ao nojiycMepTH. 3aqacTyK>
dape coBepmeHHO H© decnoKOHJiacb o CBOBX KpenocTBHX, 3arJiaaH-
sajia Kyaa-Eadyab B oxaajieBHyio aepeBeHbKy paa B KOH B6KH, a
BcecajibBHM X03ABBOM 6WJI "aeMeq-ynpaBHxeJib" .
Box B ciaxoxBopeHHH "3adHxaa aepeBHa" cxapynnca HeHHJia
xoqex noqHHaxb aadeHKy, aa dapHaa aex , a Jiecy dypMHexp
doaxcfl aa ib de3 paapemeHBfl. Kpenocxaaa aeByiima xoqex BHfixa
BPECTWfflE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 50
aaxyx,"aa nepeaax A©BK© aoxeq cepAodojibanfi"... Bee aaaexax
aa dapaaa. A d a p a a . . . npaexaji, aa xoJibKO B rpody. "Cxaporo
OTnejia, HOBHB CJI©3H Bxxep, ceji B CBOK> xapexy H yexaji B na -
xep". OABB B3 dap, npoxaBaBmafi B nexepdypre, npocjixmaB, qxo
AJia dojibaoro xyxaaa nocajiajia sa jieKapcxBOM, namex cxapocx©:
"Aeabpa c xapy Bsxcxaxb, a JiexapcTBo aJia RpecxbaaaBa jiyqmee-
njiexb". ("raaexaaa") .
CxaxoxBopeaae "7 napaaaoro noAT>e3Aa" xoxe OXHOCBXCA
R OABHX aa aaadojiee caJibaxx. Tax XOAOKH H3 aepeBHH npnmjia K
BBJibxoxe, HO nreefiqap opjiaaeB a x ,
3aropejiH© pyxa a njieaa, ApxaqamRO xyaoB aa njieaax, no KoxoMKe aa cnaHax copflyxHX, KpecT Ha mee a KpoBb na Horax. B caxoaejibBHe JianTa odyTxx", ^
Bejieji "paaxb", X . R . BeJibxoxa "ae jnodax odopBaaHofi qepaa".
5a Beab ae deaa, "qxo noxepnax xyxaa", BeAb "oa xe npaBHK"!
HaxepecHa acxopaa aanacaBaa axopo cTaxoxBopeaaa. (Oaa JIHBIHHB
paa AoaaanBaex, qxo noaodane cxaxoxBopeBaa - ae nJioa cpaHxa3aa
noaxa, a BOAJIBBHHB cpaaix B3 X B 3 B B ) . naaaeBa-roJioBaqeBa Bcno-
xxaaex, qxo RBR-XO B xxypxfi, AOBAJIHBXB Aeab HeapacoB CXOAJI y
oxaa . Exjia xojioAaafl oceab . HanpoxHB K "BJiaaejibqy pocRomHHx
najiax" npanuia Rpecxbaae. KBapxajibaafi a ABOPHBK OXPOHAJIB HX.
Cqeaa npoaasoABJia oqeab Taxejioe Bneqaxjienae. HeapacoB CMOX-
pe.a BSBOJiBOBaHao, aaxex oxomeji a COJI aa nacbxeaaxfi CXOJI. TaK
H
37 HexpacoB, Op. c i t . , "Pa3XHmjreHaa y napaAHoro noAi-e3aa", T . I , cxp.107
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 51
noaBBJacb "PaaxxmjieBBa y napaAHoro noabesna". (Bocnpoa3Beae-
BO BO naxaxfl) .
HecxoxpA aa x o , qxo dape dHBaJia B dojibmaacxB© CBoex
oaeab aJioxaxa, saxemaBmae ax ynpaBaxeJia-aexqa dHJia eme x y x e .
3TO dHJia jnoaa, coBepmeHHO qyxaxe no ayxy pyccaoxy aapoay.
HeJibB ax npedHBaaaa B POCCBB dxjio pasdopaxexb a BepayTbca c
aanaxajibqex aa poaaay. Ha xyxaxa OHH dOJibmeio qacTbio cMOTpejin
c pj^eoKax npe3peaaex a ocodeaao c HHM HB qepexoaajiacb. 3Ta
cxopOHa xpecxbAHexofi XHSBB Toxe aaauia CBO© OTpaxeBae B CTH-
xax HexpacoBa. B"Koxy aa Pyca x a i b xopomo" B rjiaBe "CaBeJiafi-
dopaxxpb CBATopyccxaB" paccKa3KBaexca o aepeBHe, cxopoBBBmeficfl B
"apexyqax Jiecax", oxpyxeaaoB "dOJioxaxH TOHKBXB". noxemax
MaJiamBBROB BBKBR ae XOP aodpaxbcs ao CBOBX Rpecxbaa a nojiyqaxb
c aax odpoa. 3axo, Koraa xyxaxa aBHJiacb K aexy aa noRJioa B
ropoA, odbacBflflb qxo"xJied ae ypoABJica", "caexoaxa ae JIOBBJIBCA",
OH BeJieJi cojiaaxax nojixa, B KOTOPOK cjiyxaji, BxnopoTb a x . Koraa
aoffijio ao TOPO, axo "KOSPB yx noxpacaJiacA", Rpecxbaa© Bxxamajia
3anpAxaaBHe "jiodaaqBRa" a noanecJia dapaHy. Ha paaocxax, no
mapoRoB pyccRofi aaxype, dapaa noaaec xyxaxaM "ropqafimyio", aa
a cax BHnaJi, qoRayBmacb, Xyxe CXBJIO, Koraa Bxecxo caxoaypa-
dapaaa, myxBoro, ao ae ajioro, AeficxBOBaBmero no npaaqany "xoqy
KasBK), xoqy xajiy»", Roxopxfi Rpaqaji a aaKBAHBajica xan, qxo Ka-
sajiocb - ydbex, BO Koxopnfi, noJiyqaB AeHbra, "oxsaJiaxca, HH
Aaxb, HB B3ATb paaayBmaficA B codaqbex yxe KJieia", npaexaji THXBB,
CBOKOBBXB a aRRypaTBHfi aexeq-ynpaBJiaiofflBfi, Koxopxfi des Kaxax-Jiado
KPECTbtfHE B TBOPHECTBE HRKPACOBA *2
yKJioaeaafi m©Ji K CBO©B q e J i a . T a x o , KaK dyaTO Mexay ae^iOM, rtHJm
OKonaHBT KaHBBaMH doJiOTa, BHpydJieHH a^peBbfl B apeMyqeM Jiecy T B K ,
qTO nOKa3BJiacb n p o c e K a . npHmeJi H6M©q neuiKOM, " o a n a , KBK n e p c T ?
c oaHofi TOjTbKO yaoqKofi , a B a p y r noaBHJiHCb H x e H a a jeTHiuKH,
"noBeji xJ ied-eo j ib c HcnpaBHHKOM", c o Bcero n3eMCKofi npoqef i BJiac-
TBID" . T y T - x o H npamJiocb xypo MyxnqKaM. Co BpeMeHeM " a o H H T -
KH pa3opHJi" HX H©Meq. "A a p a j i . . . KaK caM HTajiauiHHKOB" 1 TOJibKO
TOT dHJi n p o c T , a y S T O P O " X B S T K B MepTBaa" - " n o x a H© nycTHT n o
Mnpy - H© OTofiaeT, c o c e T " l HeKpacoBy o d p a 3 THXoro, HO x e c T O -
Roro ynpaBJifliomero yaa j rca npeKpacHO. CaMoe y x a c H o e BO B 3 8 H M O O T -
HomeHHAx dapHHa H MyxHKa dHJio T O , HTO dapHH cqaTajr BnojiHe e c -
TeCTBeHHHM H HOpMaJIbHBIM, qTOd MyXHK BCK) XH3Hb padOTaJI Ha H6P0 .
T . K . HeKpaCOB He yCTaeT BHOBb H BHOBb B03MymaTbCfl 3THM, TO OH
B r j i a s e "nocJ ieanm" ( "KoMy HB P y c a xHTb x o p o m o " ) H3odpa3HJi
HM6HHO TaKoro dapHHa, K cqacTbio , y x e "nocj ieaBima". CKOjibKO
apoHHH B 3 T H X HecKOJibKHx CTpaHHqax. BapHH qyTb He comeji c yMa,
y3HaB, qTO "BBmuia BOJibHaa". Rem e r o , qTOdH TOJibKO ycnoKOHTb,
odMaHHBajDT e r o H odbABJiABT^ qTO KpecTbAHe BHOBb saKpenomeHBT.
OT paaocTH noMenniK
3anjraKaJi! n e p e a HKOHaMH Co Bcefi ceMbeio MOJIHTCA, BSJIHT CJiyXHTb MOJiedCTBHe, 3BOHHTb B KOJIOKOJIB. 38
OnflTb "aBopoBHX ayeT najiKOK)" H , HSKOHeq, ycJinuiaB OT dypMHCTpa,
38 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn KKTb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , C T p . 1 2 1
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 53
qxo ceaoKOc dyAex oKOHqeH "KBK npaxaxexe", X.K.
y Hac no noJioxeHHio Tpa Aaa B aeAejiio dapcaae, C xapjia: padoTHHK c Jiomaabio, noApocTOR HJIH xeHmaaa, fla nojicTapyxa B A e a b . . . 3 9
H xyx-xo odxaaxBaexxfi dapaa aapeaaex cJioBa, ABJiawmaeca Roaqea-
xpaxox XHauieaBA Bcero noxemaqbepo COCJIOBHA XOPO BpeMeaa.
flypaRj AypaR.1 . rocnoACKafi cpoa - BCA XPISHD pada*. * u
Kaaab caaxaex, qTO xyxaRy y dapaaa
Ro cBeTonpecxaBJieaaa 3axaxy B ropcTB dxxb. 41
Apypofi noxemax Odojix-OdojiayeB caaxaex TOXB, qTO xpyaaxbca npa-
cxajio TOJibKO xyxBRy. A ABopaaaay - Tax OB BeAb "ae Kpecxba-
BBB-JianoxaaK". OH npoxaji B aepeBae noaxa desBxesABO 40 Jiex H
"ox pxaaopo KOJIOCB He oxjiaqy aqxeaaopo, a XHe no»x "xpyancb".
Oa coBepmeaao acxpeaae caxxaex, qTo aejio noxemBxa-ABopABBaa
flOCTOHHCXBO ABOpaBCKOe noaaepXBBaXb OXOTOK), napaxB, Bcaxofi pocxombx H XBTb qyxax xpyaox. 42
Kax axo ae ABKO a ae expaHao, ao noaxa Bee noxemaKa aa Pyca
nopdjia CBOWX Rpecxbaa. Bxpaxeaae nHa KoaiomBK)" cAeJiaJiocb
39 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 126
40 HexpacoB, l o c c i t .
41 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , T . I I I , cxp.127
42 Ibid., T . I I I , cxp .89
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 54
xpxjtaxxx. HHKTO HB ayxaJi o qyBCTBe qejiOBeqecxopo aocTOHHCXBa,
HBKXO ae ayxaji od acxaJieqeBBofi qejiOBeqecxofi ayme. B "Koxy Ha
Pyca xaxb xopomo" xyxaxa , codpaBmacb, cxajia "caasH q y a a n e "
CRaaxBaxb. r o s o p a x b dbuio He Tpyaao - "BC© nponacaao a a cod-
CTBQHHOB cnaHe", T . q . paccKa3HB«ro codcxseHHOfi xa3Ba, MOXHO
dHJio opaeaxapoBaxbCA no pydqaM. ^eaymxa CaBeJiafi a s "Koxy a a
Pyca XBTb xopomo" paccKa3HBaji, KaK dHJi npacyxaea x Ka iopre a
R BJieTax. Ho exy noxa3aJiocb, qTO e r o "ae Bxapaaa - noxa3aj ia" ;
nocjie nodepa c xaxoppa e r o nofixajia "saBoacxae Baqajibaaxa",
H3BecTBxe a a BCD Cadapb xex , qxo "codany cb©Jia a p a x b " . Ho BC©
aTB nopxa noKa3ajiHCb nycTAKaxa CaBejian, T . K . aoMa e r o noxemax
" a a p a j i . . . dojibaefi" -
TOT xacTep dHJi - yxeji nopoTbl Oa XBR xae mxypy Bxaejiaji, Hxo HOCBXCA C I O j i ex . ^ 3
Bee axo HeKpacoB aaaHBaex "oxoxofi Ha aByHorax" . Oa cnpamaBaex,
CJIHX8JI JIB KXO-JIBdO
. . .Bonjia CTapaKOB y d o r a x H xeHmaa, 3aceKaexHx KHyxoM? 4 4
H B oxBex Ha "c ieHaaaa aapoaa" "xxcjib pyccKaa cxoaajia B nojiy-
I O B " . 4r® HyxHO dHJio odJiaaaib dojibmax xyxecxBOM, qTodn n n c a i b
od axox . HeapacoB H© Moxex paBHoaymHO oiHecxacb K MH6HHIO Kpe-
nocTBHKOB CBOBPO BpeMeaa, qxo Kpecxbaae co3AaaH acKJimqaxeJibHO
AJia pado iH, a qxo odpa30BaHaa HM H© Hyxno. Aaajior Ka .Boexox-
43 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy a a Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 0 3
44 Ib id . , "MeABexba oxoxa" , T . I I , c x p . 2 2 6
45 HexpacoB, l o c c i t .
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 55
CROPO c dapoaox B "Measexbefi oxoxe" 3aM©qaxeJibHO oxpaxaex axo
XHenae. Hexeq-dapoa, nodHBaB HB oxoxe a "a3yqaB" pyccKafi Ha
poa, HaxoAHX, qxo"axoxy Hapoay nyxa K pa3BHXbio 3arpaaHJi cax
Bop". OH caaxaex, qxo"pa3BHxae" xyxHKa xojibKo "deAH yxHOxax"
a "AapoxcxpacxB pacnajiax". PyccKafi KB. BoexoxcKafi coBepmea
ao e BBX copjiacea. Oa aaxoaax, axo aapoay, xasymexy B "Beno-
deABXHX yCJIOBbflx" nOJI63HH "HeBSXeCIBO" B "decqyBCXB6HHOCTb
BOjioBba". A HpocTO "aejreno npocBemaxb BapoA". BeAb Myxaxy -
KpoBBBHfi Tpya, KpoBasafl dopbda; 3a xpofflRy xJieda xanJiA noxa -Box B AByx CJIOBBX ero cyabdaj
EPO caxa npapoaa ocyaajia Ha rpydafi x p y a . . . H ox oxqaAHba pasyxHO oppaaajia HeBexecTBa cnacaTeJibHofi dpoaefi. Ero yaeji - dearpaxoTCXBO, decnyxciBO, ydoxecxBo a qyBCTBOx, a yxoM, EPO yaAa - aajiora, xpyA, pexpyioiBO, EPO yxexa - BOAXB c AypxaHOx. 6
3axo cyAbda dapHHa acHa. BeAb "Poccaa - ae Hexexaaaa". Pyc-
CKB© oape qBaHHO xBajiaxca:
Hax BeAb qyBCTBa AejiBxaxaHe, Hax POpAocxb BBymeaal CocjiOBba djraropoaHHe y Hac xpyay, He yqaxca, y aac qaHOBHBK nJioxoHbaafi H xox noJioB ae BHMoex, He ciaaeT neqb TonaTb. ^7
npocjixmas o BOJie, dxamafi noxentHK coKpymaexca o cyabde, ero
46 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "MeaBexbA oxoxa", T . I I , cxp .225
47 Ibid., "Koxy aa Pyca xaxe xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 89
KPECTbHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 56
oxBABiomefi. OB oco3Ha©x,
KonTBJi a aedo Eoxae, HOCBJI JiHBpero qapCKyn, Copaji KaaHy aapoAayio H ayxaJi BeK sax xjTb H B a p y r . . . 4 8
noxemaK B y x a c e , oa ae npeacxaBJiaex cade , xax OB dyaex x a i b
CBOBX xpyaox, npaBXKByB K napa3BTaqecKofi xadaa . MaJio TOPO,
qTO noxemBR xoqex xaxb Tpyaox KpecTbaaaaa - OB npaBHK, oa ae
xoxex odofixacb des padoJiencxBa. ZUfl Hero xyxax, ae CHaxajo-
mafi manRH sa noji BepcTH - ae xyxax, a dyaxapb. B TOB xe rjia-
B© "nocjieaani" ("Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo") BOjibBHe KpecTbaH©
no npocbd© aeiefi dojibaoro Kaa3A yTAxaaa npoaojixaiox pa3xrpH-
Baxb aa ceda RpenocxsHx, qTodH "He oropqHTb" CTapHKa. Aoxain-
HHe KHCT3A yqax ax , qTO caeJiaTb axo qpeaBHqafiHO Jierxo.
TH cxofi npea HHM des manoaxa, noxajiqaBafi, Aa KJiaaaficA, yfiAsmb - H aeJio KOHaeHo. 49
yBaaamb dapaaa, Kaxajomeroca B KOJIACKO: "BcxaBafi, Kapxy3 aojiofi".
ymacao xo , qxo aeorpaBaqeaaaA BJiacxb oaaoro qejioBeaa Haa x a o -
PBXB, BoaxoxHoexb pacnopAxaxbCA ae xojibxo cyabdofi a x , ao aaaac-
xy» a xB3BbK>, npaBHaxa xaTb nJioaaxa TpyaoB apyrax cymecTB,
npaBejia R noaBJieaaio y xaorax noxemaROB caxoro paaay3aaaaoro
caxoaypcTBa. Bca cqeaa pa3roBopa R B , yxaxaaa c Kpecxbaaaxa
xaxexcA coBpexeaHoxy qaTBTejiio mapxex. noqaxaB xe acxopaqec-
48 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.89
49 Ibid. , T . I I I , cxp .122
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 57
RBB onacaaaa BJIB Aaxe pyccxax KJIBCCHKOB ( a a n p . jlecxoBa, TOJI-
cxopo) , yAeJiABmax Baaxaaae codxTaax a s xpenocTaofi XBSHH, MH
ydexaaeMca, qTO axo ae xojibxo He yxpapoBaao, a o , xoxex dxxb,
aeaooxaToqao p©3KO. To, qxo cqaxajiocb dx aacHJiaex, Bonaromefi
H©cnpaB©AJiHBOcxbK), cjiyqacb axo c ABOpaaaaox, aaxe xynqox,
dHJio HopxajibBKX no oxBomeaaio K KpecTbAHaay. OdmeaaBecTHH
cbaxxH, Koraa caxoayp-noxemax ocxaaaBJiaBaji CBaAbdy, Koraa "non
yxe xojibqa KBHAJI", OTaaBaJi Becqacxaoro xeaaxa B coJiaaxH, CCH-
JIBJI aeeecxy B aeBaqbio BJIB aa CROXHXS ABop.
H He nepeqaji BBKXOI Kxo xe axewmafi Aymy Mop axo BHBBCXB? Kxo? 5 0
c aaApxBox eBpaoxBaex HexpacoB.
HaoPAa, Haodopox, no npaxoxa dapaaa Beaaajia Hejuodaxxx,
aaoraa coBepmeaao aenoaxoaamax Jnoaefi. Cyabda KpecibABRa-da-
pxmBH HO BOcnHTaaBK), BHaaHHofi no npHKa3y dapaaa 3a TexHoro,
ppydopo xyxHRa ("B aopore") . "nooHJieaxni" y3HaB, qTo "y c e x a -
AeeaxBJiexBefi BAOBH" TepeHTbeBBx "H3d©BKa pa3BajiaJiacb" a qTO
oaa "nodapaeTCfl XPBCTOBHX noaaAHaeM" Myapo pacnopaaajiCA ( K
cqacTbv, TOPAB yxe Kpenocxaopo npaBa He dHJio) BHAaxb ee 3a
raspajiy EoxoBa,
Hady nonpaBBTb, 3a-HOBO, Hxod XHJIB B aefi, njioaajtaca H npasaJiB iflpjio. 5 I
Cxapax ae odpaxaji BBaxaaaA aa x o , qxo "xeHaxy - mecib j iex".
50 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "aeaymxa", T . I I , c x p . 2 5 1
51 Ibid., "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 2 3
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 58
Onaxb xaxa odmeaaBecxax cpaxTx, xax, oxoxacb, rocnoaa
xpaBBJix xpecxbABCRBB BOJtfl, aaqyxb od 3TOM ae aadoxacb. y He
KpacoBa aaajtopaaaxfi cpaxx - oxoxaaqba ncx "xaayjiacb B cxaao"
a "paexepsajta B xaayxy dapamxa" ("ncoBaa O X O T B " ) . nepenyraa-
BBM aaexyx "peBxa pesex" , a "dapaa 03JIBJICA" a asdaji ©PO apan-
BBKOX. He peaxa cayqaa oxaaqa caxHX deccMHCJieHBHX pacnopaxe-
axa, Bpoae TOPO, qxod nacxyx yaaxaji KOpoB, qxodx OHH He xxaa-
JIB, X . R . CBOBX xxqaBBex OHB paadyAHJia dapaaa. ("OocjieaHm").
Bcnoxaaaex HexpacoB a o xox, xax B flxyxcxe peaepaji "Ha ROJI XOX
xopoBysex caxaJi"; nopxa a aydoxxaaaH Aaxe He caaxajiacb caxo-
AypeTBox, oaa BOKJIB B noBceAaesaxfi odaxoa. C ynoeaaex noxe-
BBR- OdoJix-OdojiAyeB BcnoMaaaex o BpexeHB, Koraa noxemaa, qxo
xoxejc, xo a aejiajt co CBOHXB padaxa.
Axmajia ppyAb noxeataqba CBodoaao a j ierxo .
Ha B ROX npoxBBopeqaa, KOPO. xoqy - noxaJiyK), Koro xoqy - Ka3BK>. 3aROB - xoe xejiaaaei KyjiaK - xoa nojiaqaai
Taap acRpoexnaxeJibBxfi, yAap aydoApodaxeJibBHfi. yAap cxyjiOBopppox J S 2
H Apajia no nycxAKBM - "ae noRJioaacb - Aepex", paccKa3HBaji
AAAA BJiac aa "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo".
Taxae cjiyqaa, KOPAB noxesaK aaexaBJiaji nepecymaBaxb "cyxoxoab-
Roe ceaqo" dHJia CJIBHTKOM odxaeaaxxa no cpaBBeaaio c xaKaxa aa-
daBaxa dapcKBxa, KBK "Kynaaae" KpecTbaH B npopyda - "B oaHy
52 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca x a i b T . I I I , CTp.87
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 59
onycxBX B aeBoae, B apyryio XBPOX Bxxaaex".
Hapoa, no cJioBax noaxa, "appymaofi CJiyxaji noaopaxx
expacxax rocnoaaaa". Eapaa, 3aqacxynnnoxoMox xaxap? "KBK RO-
aa BXBOABJI aa pxaox pada-cjiaBAHaaa", a B©3ae, Besae "cBHpen-
cxBOBaJi daq des dOA3aa".
. HexpacoB ACHO oxaaex cede oxaex B XOX, qxo "icpenb"
nopydaJia KBOPBX Jnoaefi, ocodeaao x e x , K*O yxeji qyBcxBOBaxb a,
KXO, ae Aaa Eoxe, odjxaaaj! qyBCXBOx codcxBeaaopo aocToaacTBa.
Cxoxpamb, noBecajica noBap, xoxopxfi "aBaxbio aenpBJiBqaoe"npacTpa-
cxbe Bxeji - JOBdaji "qaxaxb a paccyxaaxb". "Oxeqecxaxa" nopxaMa
dapaa aoseji aecqacxaopo ao caxoydaficxBa; Tax noBecajica B3B03-
qax, noxepaBmafi Haaexay Baxynaxbca na BOJIKJ a xeaaTbca aa jnoda-
xotf aeBymxe ("H3B03qax"); Tax aa pjiasax dapaaa BemaeTca AKOB "xo-
Jion npaxepaxfi", ae Bxaeca dapcxopo npoadBOJia. Haopaa jnoaa H©
BKAepxaBBJiB a . . . ydaBajia c a x x . Tax B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaTb x o
pomo" xpecTbABB xBBbex aarconajia B sexjiio ynpaBtfaromero-aexqa,
ROTopxfi B xeaeana xaopax Jiex asaeBBJica aaa HHXH.
Kpenb xe cosaajia pjiydORO oxpaqaTejibaxe THHH RpecTbaa.
Oaa BCTpeqajoxca, XOTA a peaxo , B npoasBeaeaaax HeRpaeoBa. Hx
noax xapanxepaayex cjieayroamxH CJIOBBMH:
jlnaa xojionCKOPo sBaHaa -Cymae ncx anoraa: Hex xaxeJiefi Haxa3aHHA. Tex ax XHJiefi r o c n o a a . * 3
53 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.135
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 60
"Bepaxfi xojion" AROB Baaeji BCK> paaocxb XH3HH B XOM, qxod "xo-
jiaxb, depeab, ydjiaxaxb" dapaaa, aecMOTpa aa TO, qTO nocjiea-
aafi ae TOJibxo npBBBMaji STO aaa aojixaoe, HO OTHOCBJICA K flKOBy,
dyxaajibBO, KaK K codaK©, "B aydbf'Tioxoaa ayJi KadJiyxox".
ABopoBHfi qeJiOBex KH. nepexeTbeBa yBepaeT, qxo oa "cqacxjiBB,
BaaaT Eor". Beab oa dxji "jnodaMHfi pad", xena ero - "pada JIIO-
daxaa", a aoqb BKCJiyxaJiacb ao Taxofi aedHBajiofi XHJIOCXB - "ca-
aaxbca noaBOjiajiocb efi B npacyxcxBaa KBAXBH" . Hnax, "XajiyB
qyBcxBBxejibBHfi" xoxe caaxaex , qxo dapaHy "HB poay HanacaHo"
BJiaaexb RpecTbAHaxB a pacnopaxaTbCfl axa, a xyxaxaM "padoxaxb.
cjiymaxbca, xojiBTbca aa rocnoa". HecxoTpa Ha TO, axo B XOJIO-
AOCTH "RBA3K)mRa" TO aanparaji ero B Tejiexxy paan maJiocTH, TO B
npopyda KynaJi, TO B KATejib caxaji aa Jiomaab, 3acTaBJifla B TO xe
Bpexa appaTb aa cxp an KG - "ae xoxeT dapcxax MHJiocxefi 3adHTb
HnaT". Oa KaxeropaqecKa 3aaBJiflex nocjie odT>ABJi©HHA BOJIH:
"Eajiyfixecb BH] A n KHASOB yxAXBHBix xojion - a Becb xyx CKas!"
B rJiaBe "KpecibABCKafi rpex" ( "KoMy aa Pyca xnxb xopo
mo") paccKa3HBaexca o apenocxHOX TJiede, Koxopxfi, nojibcxaBmacb
aa aeabra, cxer 3aBemaaae, rae aaBajiacb Bojibaaa Q-xa XHCAqax
xpecxbAB.
Ha aecATKH JieT, ao HeaasHax aaefi Bocexb xxcaq aym 3axpenaji 3Jioaefi, C poaox, c njiexeaeM, qxo aapoay-xol Hxo aapoay-xoi C xaxHex B Boay-xo1. ^
54 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.II I , cxp.143
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 61
noax caaxaex, axo Bee npomaex Bor, ao "HyaaH rpex ae npomaexca?
Hecxoxpa aa xo, axo HeapacoB cyaax TJieda decnomaaao, X.K. ero
ppex - "cxpameaBHfi rpex", OH cqaxaex, qxo OTaacTB B ero noc-
xynRe, KaK a B noBeaeaaa apyrax "cymax HCOB" BaaoBaxo, npexae
Bcepo, xpenocxaoe npaBO.
3xea poaaT sxeeHHmefi, A xpenb - ppexa noxemaxa, rpex flROBa aecqacTBoro, Tpex rjieda poaajiai Hex apena - aex noxemaKa, Ho neuiH AOBOAamepo ycepAHOPo pad a, Hex Rpena - aex ABOPOBOPO, CaxoydaficxBOx xcxamepo 3Jtoaei) cBoexy. Hei Rpena - TJieda BOBoro He dyaex aa Pyca . 5 §
HeKpaCOB dHJi dH OAROCXOpOBHHM XyaOXHBKOX, 6CJIB dH
asodpaxaa xaxecxb xaaaa a xpyaa xpecxbAaaaa, Bosxymaacb x e -
cxoxocxbK) dapaaa K aexy , Bosxymaacb pasBHBmaMCA noa BJIBAHH-
ex xpena xojioncTBOx a KopxciojiBdaex, npomeji dH MBMO apyrax
OTpaqaxeJibBHx qepx xyxaxa .
Oaaa aa OCBOBBHX oxpaqaxeJibaxx cxopoa pyccKOro aapoAa
- nbaaexBO - odpacoBaao BO BC©M epo oxxajiKBBaioiuex deaodpasaa
c noxpacawaefi peaJibHoexbB B rjiaBe "nbAHaa Hoqb" ("KoMy aa Pyca
xaxb xopomo"). Ho, asodpaxaa c o^oxorpadpaqecKofi acaocxbio "nba-
ayio Boab", HeRpacoB Aejiaex axo Bce-xaKa c dJiapoAyiuaex. Oa
JIKKSBJI nbABHx "HCXHHBO-aapoaaofi JirodoBbro, atfKoraa ae odaxaji ax
55 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.146
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 62
B cxHxax, jnodoBBJica axa, dpaxcaa coqyBCTBOBaJi ax". 5 6
B B30dpaX6BHB nbAHOfi BOaB nOCJIO ApxapRB CTOJIbRO npOKa3*BBOfi
BeoeJiocxa:
He Bexpx B©»T dyfiaHe, He MBTb-3eMJIA KOJIHfflBXCA, IHyxBi, noex , pyraexca , Kaaaexca, BaJiaexcfl, flepexefl a qejiyexca y npaaaaaaa aapoa. Kpecxbaaax nOKaaajioca, KaK BHUIJIB Ha npHPopoqex, Hxo Bee ceJio maxaexca, H¥o aaxe qepKOBb cxapyM C BHCOKOfi KOJIOKOJIbBeK) IHaxayJio pas-apyrofi ! Tyx xp©3B0xy, axo rojioxy
HeJiOBKol 57
Koaeqao, odaaao 3a pyccKOro xpecxbABaaa, qxo npa3AHHK a oxaxx
AJia aero - axo nbAHcxBO, qxo "nbwx AO oAypeaaa, BO PBH, B Ka-
aaBx BajiHTca - odaABO nopjiaAexb".
Ho noaexy nbeT xyxax? Tope 3acxaBJiaex ero 3adHXbca.
Aa. a xo "aa cexbjo nb»myK) aenbjomaA cexba" npaxoaaxca, xoxopaa
"HB nbex , a xaK xe xaexcA". "yx Jiyqme d HBJIH, pjiynxe" -
diBJiocodpcKa saxeqaex oaaa B3 MyxHKOB ( "Koxy Ha Pyca xnxb x o
pomo"). ECJIB "aex xepn xxejiio pyccaoxy", xo Hex xepH H ropro.
A "padoxe xepa ec ib"? - cnpamHBa»x apecxbAH©. ECJIH nocjie
xaxejiofi padoxx "noBHxaxaJia xocxoaKa", ©CJIH xaroxn noaaeBOJib-
Bofi XBSBB "noBKXOxajia Aymeabxy", TO, BHnaB qapoqxy, "pa3cxe-
ajiacb RpecTbABCRaa Ayma". PyccKafi xyxaa noTOxy a nbeT "AO
56 HyxOBCRafi, op. cit., CTp.60
57 HexpacoB, op. cit., "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.III, cxp.71
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 63
nojiycxepTa", qxo"ao cxepxa padoxaex" nepea SXBM.
He npoxoaax HeapacoB a XBMO qacxo Bcxpeqajomefica y
KpecTbAH paBBoaymaofi X6CTOKOCTB. 3na3oa c KJiaqefi, oqeab
pefluaea a ocxaBJiaex Taxejioe BneqaTJieHB©. MyxaK dyKBajibao a c -
Tfl3a©T Jiomaab, KOTOpaa a© B COCTOABHB TamHTb aenocajibHyK) HO-
a y . B CTHxoTBopeaaa "Tax, CJiyxda" roBopaTca o X©CTOKOCTB
x a c c x , ydaBmefi qejryx> cppaaqyoBKyB cexbio BO Bpexa oxcxynJie-
BBB 1812 POAB, ydaBmefi cnoRofiao a aaxe xajieBmefi njiaqymax
"meHKOBn-aeTefi.
4 . OTJiaaaxejibBHe qepxn xapaaxepa pyccRoro xpecxbAHKHa.
H Bce-xaRH, aecxoxpa Ha Bee BxmenepeqacjieaHH© ymex-
JI©HHA, yHaxeHBA, H3aeBaxejibCTBa, aecxoxpa Ba nojiaefimee d e c -
npaBae, dapcKafi npoaaBOji, pyccKafi KpecTbABaa nopaxaexcBoefi
(pB3Bq©CKOfi B BpaBCTB©HHOfi xombB. MyxaK, B30dpaxeHHHfi BC6-
CTopoHae HexpacoBHX, STO HacToamafi pyccxafi doraTHpb, BHTep-
neBmafi Bee BHnaBmae aa ero aojiro xyqeaaa . ycTaMa CaBejiaa -
Boraixpa CBATopyccxoro CKasaao STO:
A noTOxy xepneJia XH, Hxo Kx - doraxxpa.
MyxaK - He doraxHpb? H xa3Bb «txy ae paxaaa, H cxepxb exy ae nacaaa B doio - a doraTHpb! 58
58 HexpacoB, op. cit., "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.III, CTp. 102
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 64
P B S B B a© nopasaxdJibBa x p y a o c n o c o d a o c x b KpecxbflHHHa B p a d o x e ,
roaHofi aJia doraxxpcKax nJieaefi?
. . . n o r j i a a a n o a a , KaK a a dojioxa BOJIOKOX Kpecxbaae c e a o xoicpoe CROCBBma BOJioKyx: Tae ae n p o d p a i b c a Jiomaaa, Tae a d e 3 aoma nemexy Onacao nepe f ixa , Tax p a T b - o p a a RpecTbaacKafl no KOaax, no 3axopHHBM nOJI3KOX nOJI36T C nJieTBXBMH,-Tpemax RpecxbaacKafi n y n i noa cojiBHmKOM d e s manoqeR, B n o x y , B rpa3H no MaxymRy, OCOKOB B3pe3aBH, EOJIOXBHX raaox-MomKOB H3"b©aeaBM© B KpOBb,-Hedocb , XH xyx RpacaBee? Kajiexb - xaJiefi yMewq^, Ha wepoqay rocnoacKyio Kpecxbaaaaa a© x e p b i He deJiopyqKB BexHHe, A jnoan XH BeJiHxae B p a d o x e a r y j i b d e . 5 ^
Padoxaex Kpecxbaaaa "ox cojiBHmKa ao cojiHHmKa", a c i e c x "c
ropomaay". He y c n e e x o r j i a a y x b c a , a o r a a p a d o x a Koaqeaa -
y x e "cxoax xpa aojibmaxa - E o r , qapb a r o c n o a a H " .
nopa3axeJibaa BHaocjiaBOcib xyxaqxaA B Henpaxoxj iHBocib .
EXJIO dH xojibKO BBOJiB "xjiedymKa", a x a x
noBBJiH x x B Jiexo x a p x o e Mae naxaxb necRa o x n y q a e , noBejia XH B 3HXy JIBXyB Bxpydaxb j i eca a p e x y a a e -TojibRo xpecK CXOAJI dH ao Heda"60
59 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy na Pyca x n x b xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 7 4
60 I b i d . , "flyxa", T . I , CTp.I32
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 65
xeaxaex POJIOABXH RpecxbflHHH, y Roxoporo aaaacxyB
C Jianxfl ao Bopoxa mxypa BCfl acnopoxa, nyxaex c MHKHHH XBBOX. Bepqeaxfi, xpyqeaafi, Ceqeaxft, xyqeHxfi, Ejie cepaeqHHfi dpeaeT. °*
CTpaaafl cax , pyccxafi xyxax ox3HBqaB x cxpaaaaaax
Apypax. Ero ayme AocxynaH dJiaropoABHe nopHBH. KorAa EpMBJia
rapaa ("Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo") nonaji B deay, OB odpaxaji-
ca R "xapy" 3a noxombB a "meApoxa aapoAaaa" xapox BxpyaaJia
e r o , codpaB "mjiany nojiHyB qejiROBBROB, JiodaaqaKOB.. .RpecibAH-
CRofi accHraaqaa" a "rpaBBH Meaaofi". HJIB B rjiaBe "Kpecxbaa-
cxafi rpex" aapoa, pacxporaBaxfi neaaJibHofi cyabdofi ccaaaiBKa-
"cJiyxBBOPo" oodpaji eMy "no Koneeqxe, no ppomy" aeabra, 3apa-
doxaaaHe B HOJIHOX CMHCJie cJioBa "noxoM H KpoBbio". Kaaraafl
Tpydeqaaa ("PyccKae xeamaax") pacxporaaHO BcnoMaaaex o JIB-
aax a s Hapoaa, xoxopHe "CBOB Tpya HH BO qTO He caHTajia", KO-
Topxe BBKoraa ae noaJiaJia "ropean B qamy" ee CTpaaaHafi:
. . .Xoqy a CKa3aTb Cnacado BBX, pyccxae Jnoaa! B aopore , B H3rHaabe, rae a HH dHJia, Bcexpyaaoe xaxoppB Bpexa, Hapoa, a doapee c TOdo» HecJia Moe HenocaJibHoe dpexa. nycTb MHoro CKOpdefi Tede najio Ha qacTb, Tx aeJiamb qyxae neqaJia, H, rae Moa CJie3H TOTOBH ynacTb, TBOB yx aaBBO TaM ynaJiai TH JiBdamb aecqacTHoro, pyccKxfi Hapoa! ^
61 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca x a i b xopomo". T . I I I , CTp. 133
62 HeRpacoB, op. o i t . , "PyccKae xeHiaHHH", T . I I , CTp. 310
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 66
Haopaa ayme rpydoro Heodpa30BaaHoro Myxana CBOBCXB©H-
BX ceaxaxeaxaJibBHe nopHBH. AKHX Harofi ( "KoMy Ha Pyca xaxb x o
pomo") cnacaex a3 ropamefi aadH ae "sa qejinfi B©K aaKonJieHHH©
qeJiKOBHX TpaaqaTb-naTb", a pa3BemaaaHe no CTeaaM "KapTHHoqKH?
KOTopae OH RynaJi aJia CHHHIHKH. Ero ayma yxe ae cnaT decnpo-
dyaanx CHOX, efi nocTeneaHO CTaHOBHTca aocTynHHM noHflTa© npe-
RpacHoro H HeKpacoB HaaeeTca, qTo HacTaH©T TaKoe speMA, Koraa
MyxaK "EeJiaacKoro a ToroJia c da3apa noHec©Tn.
Haoraa Myxaa dHsaeT ceaxaMeHxaJieH - xo OH cnacaex ox
HaBoaaeaafl safiqeB ("Aeaymaa Ma3afi a 3afiqa"), xo , Baaa raday-
max npa pa3JiaBe pena naeji, H« Mopymax nepejiexexb peny, cxasHX
ax 3adoxJiaBO seJieaxe sexBH-Bexa.
noxajiyfi, xojibxo pyccRafi xyxaK cnocoden KaxopxHO pado-
xaTb, ae xepaa doapocxa, "de3 aacjiaxaeHba" x a i b a "d©3 coxa-
Ji©HbAn yxapaxb. Oa aaxe yxaxpaexca aaoraa noBecoJinxbca.
Xoxfl HexpacoB cnpamaBaex "ao cxexy JIB" exy - B©ab "a© cxojibKO B
EeJiORaxeaaofi no xocxoBofi npoexaHO, KBK no ayme KpecTbflHHHa
npoajio odaa". B nepBxx cipaaaqax "KopodefiaaKOB", B "CejibCKoB
apxoBRe" paaoeTb a BeceJibe dpxaxyx KJiBqoM. B pjiaBe "nbaaaa
aoab" aeodHXHOBeaBO peaJibao onacaa eaaacxBeBBHfi acxoqaaK 3a-
dBeaaa - BBHO B nbaaaa. Ho Rpecxbaae npocaT ae pasaocaTb
"majibaxx Becxefi, d©scoB©cTBHx" npo nbaacTBO (aoraa "BecejiHTca
deaaaa xpecTbAacRaa ayma"). BeAb nb©T xyxax dojibmeB qacTbB c
ropa, qTodx 3adHTbCA. Ayma ero
HTO xyqa qepHaa -
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 67
raoBaa, pposHa - a aaAO da Tpoxax rpeMexb oxxyaoBa, A BCB BHBOX Koaaaexca. npoimia no XWJIBM qapoqKa H paocxeajiacb Aodpag KpecTbABCKaa ayma. 6 3
Beab"pyccRafi aapoa nJiaxaxb ne JiBdHTn( nB3ayxaji dH nJiaaaxb -
aanJiaKaji dH xope", - roBopaT noaT), oa "dojibme noex". Ho
necaa peaRO 3ByqaT paaocTbB, RBK B "KopodefiHHKax" HJIB B "Cejib-
CROB apxoBRe" . ECJIB "neceaaa rae-To noeTca" - TO B H©B rpycTb,
TocRa, Taxecxb nepexaxoro, d©3Haa©xHocTb dyaymero.
. . .mHpoKaa CTopoHxa Pycb xpemeBaa, Hapoay B aefi xbxa TOM, a aa B oaaofi-TO aymenbK© C noKOH B9KOB ao Hamepo He saropejiacb neceaxa BeceJiaa a acaaa , KaR BBApeaxfi Aeaea. 64
Eojibme© qacxbB 3TO xo necaa "xojioaofi", ra© onJiaRBBaexca cyab-
da aeBymRB B qyxofi cexbe; TO "Becejiaa", rae paccKa3HBaexcA o
popbRofi aojie xpenocTaxx; TO "rojioaBaa" o xyxaxe , Bcnyxmex c
rojioaa; TO "CojiaaTCxaa", rae r os opa ic a o d©3paaocxaofi aojie
cojiaaxa; xo "Cojieaaa", rae paccxasHBaexca, KaK 3a aeaxeaaeM
co JIB, xaxb cxaaaBaeT cjiea&MB xycox XJieda pojioaanx pedATHmxax.
Aa 3TO, codcTBeaao, a ae nocHB. TojibKO B Poccaa "necaefi 30-
BeTca" CTOB ayma qejioBeqecxofi. TojibKO necqacTHxfi pycCRafi x y
xax xor cosaaTb necaB,"noaodayB cxoay!! H sce-xaRH, HeRpacoB
63 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "5oxy Ha Pyca xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .74
64 Ibid., T . I I I , c x p . 1 3 3
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 68
s a a e x , axo He ydaxo "cepAqe CBOdoAaoe" a xyxaa "Bnaecei Bee".
A xex dojiee, pa3 exy aaaa cBodoay, xo oa Bepax, "qxo dyaex a
B necae oxpaaa BXBCXO yaxaba a xya"'.
Koaeqao, ecjia cyanib xojibRO no npoB3BeaeaaAM HeKpa
coBa, TO C03ABCTCA JioxBoe BneaaTJieaae, qTo aeficTBHTejibHO y
pyccRoro xyxaaa ae dHJio apyrofi necHB, xpoxe CToaa. 3TO B©B©P-
a o . Bo-nepBHx, cpeaa noMemaKOB dHJio oaeab Maoro xopomax a ao -
dpHX, npexpacaoe OTaomeaae ROTOPHX K RpecTbaaax 3acjioHflJio c o -
dOB noBeaeaae nJioxax a X©CTOKBX. KBK roBopaTca "oaaa nJioxaa
OBBB nopTBT cxaao". Toaao XBK X© B aeRpacoBCROM B30dpaxeHHH
pocyaapciB©HHOPO ycxpoficxBa qyBcxByexca xeaaeaqaosBoexb B
noaqepRBBBHHB TojibKO OTpaqaTejibBHx cxopoH. y HeKpacoBa, 3a
RCRjnoqeaaex "KopodeaaaKOB" coBepmeHHO ne ynoxaaaexca o B©ce-
JIHX, 3aaopHHX "pa3yxadacxHx" KpecTbAHCKax necaax . OqeBb x o
xex dinb, qxo xaxoe oaaocTopoHH©© ocBemeaay dbaKTOB ayxao npa-
nacaTb yrpnxoxy a xeJiaaoxy xapaxTepy HeKpacoBa. HBKTO, Roseq-
BO, ae cxe©T OTpaqaTb yxacos RpenocTBOPO Bpexeaa a caxopo
BoaxyTHTejibaoro cpaaxa cymecTBOBaaafl padcTBa. Ho noai Baaeji
a ocBemaji TOJibKO njioxae CTopoax, npoxoaa xaxo xopomax. Hy-
KOBCKBB, aanpaxep, cqaxaex, axo xsopqecTBO HeapacoBa - aTO
nepeaaRBoe ax JIBAHX codcTBeaaoe yHxaae, "aaynoRofiaaa xy3HRa"
BByqamaa B epo Ayme. Oa BBXOABT, qTo HeRpacoBy "B MaayTH
xaBApH aeodxoaaMO dHJio paccTasjiflxb CBOB dojib BHaeaaaxa BCA-
qecRax HCiaaaHafi a xyx". 65
65 lyxpmcxBfi, op. c i t . , CTp. 26
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 69
5 . nojioxeaae KpecTbflBCTBa ao a nocjie MaHacpecxa.
B npeapediopMeHHHe TOAH (1858 - 60) MexAy CTopoHHBKaMa
a npoTBBBBKaxB pedbopxx BeJiacb oxecxoaeHHaa noJiexaKa a dopbda.
HeRpacoB aa CTpaaaqax "CoBp©M©BHHKa" BHCKa3HBaji CBOB MHQHHA
no apecTbAHCROxy Bonpocy a B TO xe Bpexa xaaao npacJiymaBajica
a npacxaTpBBajicfl K xoay codHTafi.
EcTecxBeHHO, qxo acxoaa cnopaoro Bonpoca npeayraaaxb
dHJio H6Jib3a. Aaxe, ©CJIH aejio nosepHyJiocb dH B cxopoay Rpecxb
aa , aeasBBCxao, e RBRHKB npaBaxa a c KBKBX axymecTBOx oaa BH-
mJiB dH aa BOJIB. B CTaxoTBopeaaa "SaaxapKa" 3aTpoHyTO aadojieB-
mee - CTapHR-RpecTbflBBB npocaT raaaJiay npeacKaaaxb "noraa ox
pocnoa OTofiaex XH aa BOJIB" .
yxacao dxjio xo , qxo noaa B cxojiaqe poBopaJia, aaceaajia,
odcyxABJiB Ha BCBBOSXOXHHX KOKaTeTax, daaKexax, codpaHHAX, no-
Ka HeROTopxe 3JiodcTBOBaJia, a Apyrae caxoyaaqaxaJiacb - "aapoa
BepasBBTxfi ©JI xopy a xojiqaji, KBK ydaxafi". npaBaa, B nocjieaaae
roaH nepea ped>opxofi xaaab aJia Rpenociaxx caejiajiacb j ierae , T . K .
CTBX, npaxaajica B xeaa EapHH, npocjinmaB CBOdoay...66
HeROXopne B pacxepaHHOcxn CXBJIB 3aacKHBaTb nepea codcTBeHHBTMH
RpecTbAHaxa, apyrae CTajia odpamaTbca Jiyqme, doACb MmeHHA co
CTOPOHX Hapoaa B cjiyqae ocBodoxaeHaa.
66 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "AeaymKa", T.IT, CTp. 251
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 70
HexpacoB B axo Bpexa c aexepneHaeM oxHaaJi pemeHHfl xpecxbAHCKO-
PO Bonpoca. HecMoxpa Ha Bee, xyqaBniae e r o H a p y r a x , coxHexaa,
OH He nepecxaBaji HaaeaibCA, qxo pedbopxa CBepmaxca a qxo npaBa
Rpecxbaa ymexjieax ae d y a y x . Koraa BHmeJi B cBex aojiroxaaHBHfi
xaaacbecx, HeKpacoB dHJi oqeHb B3BOJIHOBBH. OH naca j i :
fl Baaeji RpacHHfi a©Hb: B Poccaa B©T pad a.' H CJIQSH cjiaaaa© a npojiaji B yMHJieaba. 67
Ho My sa noaTa xojiqeuia. noxajiyfi, KpoM© o a a o r o cTaxoTBopeHHfl
"CBodoaa" a aecKOJibKax CTpoq©K, BKpanJieHHEDc B apyra© npoa3B©-
aeaafl , MH H© aafiaeM a a q e r o doj iee . 3 T O , xa3aJiocb dH, CTpaHHoe
MOJiqaHHe MOXHO odbflCBBTb npocTo - HexpacoB ae 3B£ui, MTO n p a -
Fecex aojiroxaaHBaa CBodoaa Hapoay? Bo HTO OEB BHJT*©TCA?
OH doflJicfl, qTo xoTb H "nopBaJiacb qenb B©JiHKaA", xoTb OHB a
"paccKoqHJiaca", yaapaB oaaaM KOHqoM no dapaHy, "apyrHM no My-
xHKy". B "CBOdoae" HeKpacoB roBopnT o CBoeB 3aBeTHofi "jiMdaMofi
a y x e " . Oa c paaoc ibB CMOxpax B dyaymee, npopoaecTByeT KpecTb-
aacxoxy xjiaaeaqy CBodoaaoe aeTCTBO, csodoay xejiaHHfi - "xoqenib-
OCTaHSmbCA B©K XyXHKOX, CMOxemb - noa H©dO B30Bb©mbCA OpJIOM" .
Ho B KOHq© KOHqoB HeKpacoB HaqaHaeT coMHeBaTbca, BeaoBepqaBocTb
a aeyBepeaaocTb CHOBa OBJiaaesaBT HM. OH yBepeH, qxo
Ha MecTO ceTefi KpenocTHHx jlBaa npnayxajia MHoro BHHX<68
67 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , " 3 j i e r a a " , T . I I I , cTp. IO
68 Ibid . , "CBodoaa", T .T , c i p . 1 4 9
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 71
H Bce-Taxa , aecMOTpa aa a a qTo, "pacnyTaTb HX Jierq© Hapoay" .
Odpamaacb K CBOQB My3©, nosT npocaT e© "c HaaexaoB"
npaB©TCTBOBaTb cBOdoay, HO Bce-TaKw, dyayqa HeyBepeHHHM B aojie
RpecTbAHHHa, npoaojixaeT ocTaBaTbca "neqeuibHHKOM ropfl H a p o i a o -
P O " . Bonpoc o cyabd© KpecTbflHHHa H© nepecTaeT BOJiHOBaTb HeKpa
coBa B T©q©HHH dJiaxafimHx J I©T. BO MHornx cTHxoTBopeHHflx OH n p o -
aojixaeT acKBTb OTB©Ta "na TafiHHe Bonpocn" - BnaHT JIH OH nrpaio-
max a©T©B, padOTaromafi B rrojie Hapoa, OH cnpamHBaeT caM c e d a :
CHOCHefi JIB CTaJia TH, KpecTbaHCKaa cTpaaa? H padcTBy aojiroMy npHmeamaa Ha cxeHy CBodoaa, HaKOHeq, BHecJia JIH nepeMeHy B HapoaHHe cyabdH? 69
HeoTBASHafl MHCJib MyqHT HeKpacoBa:
Hapoa ocBOdoxaeH, HO cqacxjiHB JIB Hapoa? 70
H noax , ocMaxpHBaa KpaxaqecKHM OKOM CBOO JirodHMO© KpecTbHHCXBO,
saMeqaex npexHroro deaHOcxb, HHmexy, yHHJiHe Jinqa - p©3yjibxax
oxcyxcxBHA aocxaxoqnoro KOJiHqecTBa naxoTHofi 3eMJiH, T . e . n o c -
jieacTBHfl ocHOBHoro cnopHoro nyHKTa B aKT© I 9 - r o dbeBpaJia.
XoTb MyxBK, padOTaa HB codcTBeHHOM KycoqK©, ycepaHO, "KaK HH-
Koraa Ha dapHHa H© padOTaJi", "paHbm© j iBaef i . . . noaHHMaeTCfl" H
"no3xe JiBaefi c nojiocx BOSBpamaeTca", a Bce-xaKH "3©MJIHITH ©My
Heaoexaxoqao" ( "npaTqa o EpMOjiae xpyaaiqeMCfl").
KpyroM no cejiaM CJIHUIBBT Te see necHH "Tocay HaBoaamH©",
69 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Sjierafl", T . I I T , CTp.IO
70 HeKpacoB, l oc . c i t .
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 72
B XB3BB xpecxbABaaa x© x© " d e a a o c x b , B©B©X©CXBO, M P B K " .
Ha noMemaKOB HeKpacoB Boodme cxoxpax KaK a a KJiacc ox-
xBBmafi, nepecxaBmafi a rpaxb pojib B noJiaxaqecKofi a aKOHOMaqec-
KOM XB3BB c x p a a x . Hejiafl raJiJiepea nopxpexoB - K H . y x a x a n ,
Odojix-OdojiayeB, ffiaJiamBHKOB, K B . HBBB a paA Apyrax - ydexAaax
B aenpBA3BB noaxa K BBM. nopxpeiH B3odpaxeHH B yxpapoBaHao-
xappaKaxypaHx xoHax. KaA3b HBaH -
...KOJioce no dpBxy, PyRB - poa nyxoBHKa, nbeaecTajiOM cJiyxaT yxy OxapeBmaa mexa. 71
OdojiT-OdojcayeB - "yeaTeabKafi, nyaaxeabKafi", KBflsb yxaxHB-"xy-
aofi, KBK safiqa 3BMaae", "HOC KJIBBOM, KBK y acTpeda" a "pasBxe
p j ia3a" . CBxnaTaa XBJIO 1 HexoTopxe npeACTaBBTejia STOPO oxxBBme-
po , no XHeHHB HeRpaeoBa, COCJIOBHA aaxe nocjie Maaadbecxa Haxax
He XOTAX noBepaTb B cjiyqHBmeeca. npaqex H© B3-3a KopHCia, a
aa " c n e c a " . Tax, KBfl3b yxAxaa ? cqaxaex , qxo npaaaaxb "BOJIB" -
s aaaax "npaBa CBOB aBopaacKae, B©KaMH ocBameHHH©" n p o a a x b .
HeaoxopHe, ycxynaa HensdexHocxa, npasaaBX BOJIB, BO Ae-
Aaiox axo c ropeqbB a nJioxo CRPHIOB 3Jiodofi H npeapeHHeM R n a p o a y .
Odojix-OdojiayeB, roBopa c xyxHKaMH, xBacxaexca CBOHM apeBHHM
npoHcxoxaeHHeM. Ero n p a - n p a a e a "xjemHJi rocyaapHHB". BBXBO, qxo
o aex ynoxaaaexca B "cxapaHHHx pyccKHx rpaMOxax". To , qxo OH
dHJi myxoM, noxoxaa ae decnoKoax. C xaxepHHCKofi exopoan e r o
71 HexpacoB, op. cit.,"CoBpexeHHHKH", T . I I I , c x p . 1 4
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 73
poA ae xeaee apeB©H:"npanpaa©A xofi no x a x e p a . . . nxxaji noAxeab
MoexBy, KB3ay norpadHTb" . . . Baxao, no MBSBBB OdojiAy©Ba, x c s b -
RO apoBaocTb BX©BB, T.R. "qex AepeBO aBopAHCKoe apeBHefi, xex
Hxeaaxee, noq©TH©fi asopaBaa". C BacJiaxaeaaeM BcnoMBHaeT no-
xemax Bpexeaa, Koraa epo xanpas dHJi SBKOBOM, a Kyjiax - cyab©B.
MBOPB© HOM©mHKH HHKaK H© MOryT npHMBpHTbCA C djaRTOX,
qTO nocjie pecbopxa, CTBJB Bojibaxxa jnoabxa, RpecxbAHe nepecxajia
yBBxaxbca. "flepeBaefi ©xaTb coBecTHo" -xajiyexca oaHH HS no-
KOIKBBKOB -
MyxaK caaax - ae aBBHeTca, He ropaocTb djiaropoaayB -JKeJiab qyBCTByemb B rpyaa . ^^
HeKOTopxe, BBAA» axo xyxBKax xenepb CTajio aocTynao odpasoBa-
aae , B03xymaBTCA - Beab ppaxoTa ae ayxaa Myxaxy, "aejieno npo-
CBomaTb Hapoa". £pyrae nonpexnexy Be odpamaBT BBaxaHaa aa
Hapoa, He xejiaa aaxe paapoBapHBaxb c "odopBaHHOfi qepHbB".
HexoxopHe cxajia 3aarpHBaib c aapoaox, KBK, aanpaMep, dapaa,
HaHHMaroumfi cjiypoB BOjibHoro KpecxbABnaa ("Hoqjiera"), 3adHBmacb,
yaapaJi ero no Jiaqy - "3asaajica, xaxoB cxa" . OcRopdJiBBBHfi B
Jiyqmax qyBcxBax cjiyra, aoxopopo peqa dapaBa sacxaBHJia noBepaxb,
qxo axo"ae dapaa, a dpax", cxpaAaex. OnoxaHBmacb, dapaa xoqex
paaopaaxb HenpBAxaoe BneqaTJieHH© a npaxasHBaeT cjiyre:
yaapb Meaa cxopee.' Mae Jierqe dyaeT J
yAapb, fl n03BOJIflBi "J'3
72 HeKpaeos, op. c i t . , "KoMy na Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp. 88
73 ib id . , "Hoqjiera", T . I I , cxp.329
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 74
H xopoxox, JiBKOHHaeB oiBex Myxaxa, HO MHoro B Hex nepexHxoro
H do JIH:
fl cjiyxaxb TOXOB . . . a daxb He dyay . . . c no3BOjieaba. 74
6 . Oxaomeaae HeKpacoBa K ped)opxe a Bepa B dyaymaocxb Hapoaa .
Bce-xaKH, "osapaa npofiaeasHfi n y x b " , HexpacoB Baaax ,
qxo BOJIB - deaycJiOBHO mar Bnepea . ECJIH nojioxeaae Kpecxbaaa-
aa a© yjiyqmaexca cpa3y, T O , no Kpafiaefi x e p e , yxe caMa no c e
d e , BOJM - cTBMyJi Jiyqmero dyaymero . Kpec ibaaaay erne d e 3 y c -
JIOBBO xaxeJio cxoAXb Ha codcxBeHHHX Horax B HeoapenmeM xo3Afi-
cxBe. Ho s a x o , ecjia a ae coBceM CHXHO, xo noRofiHO - ycnejia
"3axBBaxb noflCHaqn" a TOJibxo no-BpeMBHax Myqa»T Komxapx -
xapTBBH HeaaBHero npomJiopo, BcnoxaBaeTca " q e r o dx a a Hoqb
BcnoMHHBTb coBceM He cJiea", T . e . dapHH, nodoH, HeaoHMKH ("Ho
qj ie ra" ) . Ho nocjie BOJIB TOJibKO aeTefi a Hanyraemb dapaHOM a a
paccKa3axa "KBK TOMHJIH, KaK nopoj ia" . Ho xoTb noaT B noaMe
"Koxy a a Pyca xaTb xopomo" a npameji K BHBoay, aTO HOT cpeaa
RD«cTbfla cqacTJiaBHx JiBaefi, xoTb e r o repoB-xyxaKH H ydeaaJiHCb
qTO " c q a c i b e xyxnqKoe" - "aHpaBoe, c 3anji8TaMa, ropdaToe , c
XO30JIAXH", a Bee-Tana oa CXOTPHT B dyaymee, nojioH paayxHxx
a a a e x a . Exy BaaHTca JiBdHMaA Bojira c "ocBOdoxaeHHHM OT OKOB"
HeyTOMBMHM aapoaox , dJiapocociOAHHe, "doapxfi Tpya" . OH "Bepy-
e i B Hapoa" a e r o dyaymee.
74 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "HoqjierH", T . I I , CTp.329
KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 75
KBK npaMep, HexpacoB paccRa3HBaeT o cocJiaHHHx B Cadapb Myww-
Kax ( "ZleAymKa"), KOTopne CBepmBJia " q y a o " , KBK TOJibKO HM aajia
"BOJIB aa 3eMJno". Oaa CTBJIB "xJied codapaTb c npexae decnJioa-
aofi 3 6 X J U I " , cTaJiH "doapx B c e r a a " , 3aBeJiaBb KoneBaa B HX X O -
saficTBax, CTBJIH xaTb nTpe3BO a qecTao" a Bee noToxy, qTO
BOJIA a Tpya qeJioBeKa ^BBBXe ABBK TBOpAT. 7 5
ZUa HexpacoBa xyxaK-ojiaqeTBopeaae "H ydorofi , a odaJibHOfi, a
xoryqef i , a deccaJtbaofi" - MaTymKB-Pycn. CaMoe rJiaBHOe, axo
y Hero ocxaJiocb " B padcxBe cnaceHHoe" "3OJIOXO HapoaHoe" -
CBodoABoe cepaqe a cnoKofiaaa coBecxb. HexpacoB npeaayBCXBy-
eT, qxo ocBOdoxaeHHxfi Hapoa - "paxb HeacqacJiaxaa" c "HecoKpy-
maxofi CBJIOB" . OB Bepax, qxo MHorae eme nofiayT no CTonax a a p -
xaHreJU>CKoro xyxaKa" . nosx q a c i o npeacKa3HBaeT Hapoay n p e -
xpacBoe dyaymee, decnoKoaTca o HeM a Bcaqec^a c r ^ q e T c s od-
paTHTb Ha Hero BHHMaHHe CHJIbHHX MHpa C6PO. B 3TB MOM6HTH H6
cjixmao yHHHafl B CJIOBBX noaTa, OH Becb - 3HTysHa3M, nopxB,
Bepa . HacTO, q a c i o HeKpacoB noBTOpaei saBeTHoe, CTaBmee e r o
aeBH30M: "fl BepyB B H a p o a " . 7 6
"Jlnmb da Eor noMor", a Pycb aoaaxeT, HTO "ecTb B Hefi
JIBAH, qTO ecTb rpflAymee y aef i " . JKaJib TOJibKO, qTO HOT em©
"ceaTeJia" , KOToporo oxaaaeT "noqBa aodpaa - ayma Bapoaa p y c -
75 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , "fleayuiKa", T . I I , c i p . 2 5 0
76 ib id . , " rope c i a p o r o Hayxa", T . I I I , CTp.5
KPECTbflHE B TBOP^ECTBE HEKPACOBA 76
C K o r o " . H, o d p a m a a c b R "c©flT©JiflM" d y a y m e r o , n o a T B3HBaeT:
CefiTe pa3yMBoe, a o d p o e , BeqHoe , CefiTeJ Cnacndo BaM c a a x e T c e p a e q H o e PyccKHfi H a p o a . • ' f
n . q . , xoTb Hapoa eme 3adaT H TeMeH, HO y x e B e r o " r p y a a
EexHT noTOK X H B O B H qncTHfi Eme HeMHX HapoaHHX CHJI : TaK n o a Kopofi CHdapa J ibaacToB 30JIOTOHOCBHX MHOrO XHJI. " ^
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dojibBHfi". npomJio BpeMA, napeab "yroaaji B cojiaaxx", aa H a e -
BymRa "cBaabdofi yx H© dpeaax". B CXBXOXBOP©HBH BBBHO" H a e -
Byraxa a oxeq ee oaeab djiarocKJiOHHO cxoxpax aa yxaxHBaHb© ape-
nocxHoro napHA, H O . . . BcecHJibHOMy cxapocx©, oaeBaaHO, "BHJioxb
ao 3©MJIH noKJioaajiCA apyrofi MOJioaeq" H aeBymny BeHqaBX "c He-
MHJIHM" .
B ROpoxKOM cxHXOXBopeHHH "BqepamHHfi a©Hb" HeKpacoB
paccxa3HBa©x, qxo OH yBaaeJi, safiaa aa CeHHyB -
TaM BHJIB XBHmaHy KayxoM, KpecxbAHKy MOJioayB. 6
H 3xo npHXoaaJiocb xepnexb xeamaH©. MaxpeHa TaMOtpeeBHa xosce
BcnoMHHaex, KaK no Hefi "odnaH CMepxHHe npomjin, aeoxnJiaq©HH©,
H njieib no Mae npouuia!" H paayexca OHa, qxo "xoJibKO He OXB©-
aajia - cnacado. yMep CBXBHKOB - cxnaa HeacKynaMoro, nocJieaHe-
ro cxnaa".
5 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy HB Pycn xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.94
6 Ibid., "BqepamHHfi aeHb", T . I , cxp.32
flETH H tfCEHIUHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 87
Cpeaa KpecibflHOK, onacaHHHX HeKpacoBHM, BCTpeqaroxca
aBa Tana xeHmnH. nepBH©, MOXST dHTb, dojiee peajibHHe, 3any-
raBBHe KpecTbaHCKae xeHmaHH, "cJiyqafiHH© xepTBH cyabdn" , CTpa-
Aajomae "r j iyxo, Hespnxo" .
TH Bca - BonJiom©HHHfi n c n y r , TH BCA - BOKOBafl HCTOMa. ^
EHTb MOXQT, HX cyabda BaBofiHe TflxeJia OTTOrO, qTO OHH nepeHocHT
e© THXO H noKopHO, "H© BBepflfl xajiod" BHKOMy, njiaqa BTHXOMOJiKy.
Koraa TaKaa aesymKa BHfiaeT 3aMyx 3a "Hepflxy-MyxHKa? »H3Hb ©e
dya©x H© cjiaaKa:
Eyaex daxb xeda Myx-npaBepeaHHK H CBeKpOBb B TpH nOPHd©JIH THyTb . OT padoTH a qepHofi H Tpyaaofi OiUBeTemb, He ycneBma pacqBecTb. norpy3HmbCfl TH B COB HenpodyaHHfi, Byaemb HAHaaTb, padoTaTb H ©CTb. 8
nocTeneHHO Ha Jinqe, r a e "cKB03b pyMAHeq m e K a . . . npmdHBaeTca
jierKHfi nymoK", r a e nH3-noa dpoBH nojiyKpyrjiofi CMOTPHT dofiKO
JiyKaBHfi rjia30Kw, noaBHTCfl "BHpaxeHbe Tynoro TepneHba H d e c -
CMHCJI6HHHB, BeqHHfi n c n y r " .
KaK-TO HeKpacoB 3ameji B qepKOBb H yBaaeji B©HqaBiuyBca
n a p y . SCeHax, rjiAaflmafi "CD©PTOM" H H©BecTa - "TaKaa KpyqHHa B
djieaHOM Jiaqe, qTO rjiaaeTb Tf lxe j io" . . . HeKpacoB npeacKa3HBaeT
ceMefiayB xa3Hb xeHHJHHH:
3Ka©T Teda MHOPO nonpeKOB XSCTOKHX, ZtHefi TpyaoBHx, BeqepoB oaaHOKax:
7 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHHfi Hoc" , T . I I , CTp . I63
8 Ib id . , "Tpofixa", T . I , CTp.I4
flETH H KEHmHHH B n093HH HEKPACOBA 88
Eyaemb pedeHKa doJibHoro K a a a T b , E y B a o r o x y x a aoMoft n o a x n a a T b , ITJiaKaTb, p a d O T B T b . . . ®
HacTO 3aMyxH©fi x©HmaH© aocTa®Tca OT Myxa. HHoraa BHHOBeH B
STOM KpyToB HoaB, HHOPaa TflxeJiaa XH3Hb, 03JiodJiaromaH nfvx.e x o
pomax a aodpHX. KaTepHHa B n e c H a x x a j i y e T c a , qTO nocTeneHHO
n p o n a a a e T Bca ©e KpacoTa , " O T J inxoro Myxa B aoM© H©T -KWTbff".
Aaxe MaTpeHa THMOd)eeBHa, KOTopyB HQXHO JiBdHT Myx. BcnoMHHaeT,
KaK BHBeaeHHNfi H3 c e d a npnaapKaMH aoMamHHx, OH yaapHJi e e .
Hyxaa ceMba qacTO aeJiaJia xH3Hb MOJIOAOB XOHBT H © C H O C H O B . HacTO
BMecTO iKejiaHHoro cHa, aymaJia oaHHOKyB xeHiujiHy CJI©3BI H HecJincb
THxne npHqHTaHHa:
Hoqb - cJiesaMH odJiHBaioca, Aenb - KaK TpaBKa npHCTHJiaroca. . . H noTynJieHHyro rojiOBy, Cepaqe pneBHoe Homy. ^ °
Ho ocodeHHO npHBJieKaeT H e x p a c o B a aoyro f i Tan KoecTbHH-
CKOfi xeHUtHHH, THn "KpSCHBOfi H MOTOHOfi CJiaBflHKw", TBKOtf. KBK Ma-
TDeHa TaMO+eeBHa ("KoMy HB P y c a xaTb x o p o m o " ) , KaK # a p b a ( "Mo-
po3-KpacHHfi H o c " ) . 3 T O HaeaJT * © H C K O B K P B C O T H AJIA H e K p a c o B a .
ToBopa o H H X , OH BDoaym©BJia©TCfl H CTHXH e r o JibWTCfl caofioaHO,
TOpjceCTB©HHO, MOUTHO. "MopOS-KpaCHBrfi H o c " nOCBWIUBH TBKOfi Ht©H-
maH© a ABJifleTca odr>a3qoM BeJiHKojienH^fiuiero HapoaHoro ^ n o ^ a .
EcTb xearaaHH B p y c c x a x CeJieHbflX C CnOKOfiHOB BBWHOOTblO JIHTT,
9 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , " C B a a b d a " , T . I , C T P . 7 8
10 I b i d . , "KoMy Ha P y c a xnTb xot jomo", T . T T T , C T p . T I 0
flETH H EEHlimHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 89
C RpacaBOB cajiofi B aeaxeBbax, C noxoaxofi, co B3rJiflaoM qapnq, -Hx paaBe cjienofi H© 3BM©THT, A 3paqHfi o HBX T O B O P B T : "npofiaeT, CJIOBBO cojiHqe O C B B T H T . nocxoipHT - pydJiex noaapHT. '
. . . . . . . . . . . qBOTOT KpacaBHqa MHpy Ha aaBO PyxAHa, CTpottHa, BHCOKB, Bo BCAKOB o a e x a e xpacnBa, Ko scAxofi padOTe JIOBKB.
KpacHBHe pOBBH© 3ydn , HTO KpynHH© nepjiH y aef i , Ho c x p o r o pyxaaHe rydH Xpaaax ax a p a c y ox JiBaefi -Oaa yjiHdaexca p e a a o . . . I I
B apeJiox B03pacT© TaKae xeHmaHH npaBJiexaBT HOJIHOB aocTOHHCTBa
H c T p o r o c x a Rpacoxofi . Box MaxpeHa TaMotpeeBHa:
OcaaacxaA xeHmaaa, lapoKaa a nJioTHaa, JIei Tpaaqa ia ocbMH. KpacHBa, BOJIOC c n p o c e a b B , r j i a s a dojibinH^, c i p o r H e , PecHaqH doraTefimHe, CypoBa H c x y r j i a . 12
OCHOBHOB TAxecxbB, naBmefi Ha njiean KpecTbAHCKax x e a
maa, dbuia THxejiafl, B3BypaTejibBafl p a d o i a . Xojioa JIB, 3aofi JIB -
xeHiaaHa padoTaeT HapaBHe c xyxaaaof i a a a x e dojibme - a o x a e e
oxaaaBT aeTB a X O 3 A B C T B O . 3aqacTyB H aeTB poxaaBTca B no j i e -
aeRoraa xo3flfiKe B CTpaaByB nopy ocTaBaTbca B a s d © . TaK n o a -
BHJiacb HB CBOT "AeBoqKa c JiyRomKOM" ("KpecxbflHCKH© a e x a " ) ,
11 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopos-KpacHxfi Hoc", T . I I , c x p . 163
12 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn xHTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.92
AETH H )KEHmHHH B nD0BBH HEKPACOBA 9 0
poxaeaaaa "noa cojineqaxx saoex" H " B JiyxomKe aoxofi npHHeceH-
H B A " . HexpacoB cqaTaex , qxo aex Haaero xaxeji©© xeHcxofi cyabdH:
.ZIOJIA XH.' pyccRaA aojiBmna x©HCKafli Bpaa JIH xpyaHee CHCKaxb. I 3
Pa3B© axo H© KaxopxHHfi xpya?
B nojiHOM pa3rap© cTpaaa aepeBeHCKaa
3HOB aecxepnaMHfi: paBHHHa de3JiecHafl, HBBH, noKocH a a mapb noaaedecHaa -CojiHqe Hemaaao naJiBT. ^4
H, "BHdaBaacb B3 CBJI" padoxaex xBBqa. "CTOJid HaceKOMHx Haa
Hefi KOjiHxaeTCfl, xaj iax, menoqex, x y x x a i ! " Opyaya CJIBHIKOM I A -
xejiofi KOcofi,*"dada nop©3ajia BOxeabRy Pojiya", ao* " a e a o r a a
KpoBb yaaMaxb". K xoxy xe rpyaaofi pedeHOK, Koxoporo H© c K©X
ocxaBBXb aoxa , njiaaex'V coceaaefi noJiocHHbKH". TepnejiBBaa Maxb
Meaexca xexay nJiaqymaM pedeaxox a padoxofi . nox Ha ee Jinqe CM©-
majicA c cojieHHMH cji©3aMH oxaaAHHA H Kanaox B xdaB c KBBCOM^
KOTOPHB oaa xaaHO noaHOCHT K "onaJieHHHM rydaM".
aCB3Bb apy rax KpecTbaaoK Toqao TaK xe Taxejia. Oaaa
"a30 scefi-To CBJiH-MoqeabKa" MOJIOTBT no yTpaM, a saT©M cxejiax
Jiea "ao nosaHefi BoqeabKH no POCHCXHM no JiyraM" ("KopodefiHHKH").
MaxpeHa TaMOdbeeBaa JiaKoaaqao xapaKX©pa3yex xeBCKyB cyabdy :
noxypa Jiomaaaaxe HSCJIH XH; noryjiajifl A Kaa xepan B dopoBe! "
13 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "B nojiHOM pa3rap© cxpaaa a e p e BeHCKaa", T . I , c x p . 157
14 HeKpacoB, loc . c i t .
15 Ibid., "KoMy Ha Pycn xnxb xopomo". T.III, cxp.116
5HETH H ACEH1HHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 91
H a i o , Koraa KpecTbAHKa p a d o i a e T B noji© BMQCT© C Myx©M. Tpya-
BO BOOdpaSHTb aO q©TO TflXKO npBXOaHTCfl "BaOBHU© H MBTepH Ma-
JIHX CHpOT" BJIB COJiaaTKO, nOJIOXQBH© KOTOpofi npH 85-JI6TH6X OT-
cyxcxBBB Myxa dxjio cpaKxaqecKH paBHOCHJibHHM BaoBcxBy. Aaxe
x y x e - BaoBa XOPJIB BXHXH BTopoB pa3 3aMyx, qxodn He HaapHBaTb-
cfl oaHofi B padoxe B B aexamea , a cojiaaxKa ocxaBajiacb "Myxaero
xeaof i" , dyayqa B p a s j i y x s c MyxaM aojiryB qexBepxb BeKa. T o r a a
yx© y x a x e p a aJia aexameK"Bp©MeHH Hexy Ha JIBCKH" - Hyxao p a d o -
x a x b . JJapba xa j iyexca a a CBOB cyabdy nocjie CMepxa Myxa:
Paao a , p o p b x a a , BcxaJia, Aoua ae e j ia , c codofi ae dpaJia, Ao aoqa namaB naxaj ia , HoabB a Kocy KJienajia, yipoM KOCHTb A nomjia... 16
yx Hexoraa BHTb ycraJiHM pyxaM, HeKoraa noaxaniHBaTbCfl ycTsuiHX
HoraM - "aaao oaaofi nocneBaib" 3a asoax. B CTpaaHy» nopy oan-
HOKaa dada padOTaeT, KBK KaTOpxHaa:
OBoa xyxxHT a x y c a e T , CxepTBaa x a x a a TOXHT, COJIHHUIKO cepn Harp©Ba©T, CojiHHfflKO oqa CJienHT. HxeT OBO roJiOBy, nJiean, HoxeHbKH, pyqeabKa X X © T , H30-pxH, CJIOBBO a s n e i n , Toxe TenJioM o d a a e T . CnaaymKa BO©T c HaTyra, Pyaa a a o r a dojiAT, KpacHHe, xejiTHe xpyrn n e p e a oqaMH CTOAT . . . ^
16 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHBTH Hoc", T . I I , c T p . I 6 9
17 HeKpacoB, l o c . c i t .
£ETH H JKEHIUHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 92
OcTaHOBBTbca a nepeaoxByTb Hejibsa - "BHaanib - 3epHO n o i e q e T " .
OaHHOKHM CTapHM XeHmHHBM C0BC6M CKBepHO . H6T CHJI H6 TOJibKO
aJia padoTH, HO aax© "no MHpy CHJI H©T xoaHTb". Tan H aoxHBaioT B©K
cTapymaa MBJIOCTAMH coceaoK, B pa3pymeHHHx HeTonJieHHBix Hsdax,
odHBrnaBiuae a aecqacTHHe.
A Bce-TaKH pyccKaa xeHiioiHa BKJiaaHBaeT B padoxy aymy.
Eojibmero xpyaojiBdaa H© CBTCKaxb. noaT BnaHBaJi, "KBK OHB KOCHT
- qTO B3Max, TO roTOBa KonHa". OHa H© JiBdHT "no dyaHAM de3aejibfl",
oHa "KO BCflKofi padOTe JioBKa",co3HaBaA, qxo Bee "cnaceHbe B
Tpyae" , H qTo Tpya BosHarpaaHT 3a BC© npeTepnJieHHHe MyqeHHA -
ceMeficTBo H© dyaeT HyxaaTbca. nosxoMy OHa He JiBdHT oaaJDKHBaib
sema BOB B3 H3dH, aamafi He npodyaaT B Hefi qyBCTBa xaJiocTH-nBojib-
HO x de3 padOTH ryJiflTb". yx c TaKofi XO3ABKOB c©Mb« He npona -
aeT, y TBKHX "ceMeficTBo H© db©TCA B Hyxae":
B c e r a a y HHX TenJiaa xaTa , XJied BBmeqeH, BKyceH KBacoK, 3aOpOBH H CHTBT pedflTa,
Ha npa3aHHK ecTb jrHmHHfi KycoK. 18
H qTO 3a qyao STH xeHmaHBi! HH "rpfl3b odcTaHOBKH ydorofi" K HHM
He JinnaeT, aecMoxpa Ha xo , qxo nayx OHH XOB see aoporof i , " a a -
ROB Becb Hapoa Ham Haex",*Bo BCAKOB oaexae OHH KpacnBH, "KO
BCAKOB padoxe JIOBKH"; TepnejiHBO BHHOCAT "H pojioa, H xoj ioa" ,
noadaapHBaa CBOBB "aejibHOCTbB CTporofi" H npHMepoM OKpyxaBiuajo;
HB Bcex odJiHKe STHX xemaHH JiexHT "BHyxpeHHefi CHJIH n e q a x b " .
18 HexpacoB, ope c i t . , T . I I , cxp .164
AETH H XEHUQfHH B n033HM HEKPACOBA 9 3
P y c c K a a xeHiuaHB OTJinqaeTCA de3rpaHHqHbix TepneHHeM H
xepTBeaHOCTbB. P a a n jnodaMoro qejiOBexa o a a c o r j i a c H a Ha jnodyB
padOTy, HB JiBdofi n o a B n r ("KopodefiHHKH"). OHB n o e c T " K o r a a
ocTaHeTca OT cTapmHX a a OT a e T o q e K " , y c H e T , " K o r a a doJiBHa".
B JiBdoB d e a e o a a "He c p o d e e T - c n a c e T " . ECJIH noHaaodHTCfl -
"KOHH a a caaicy O C T B H O B H T , B ropamyB H3dy BofiaeT1.'
A KaK pyccKBA xeHmaHa yMeeT Bece j iHTbca :
. . . B B M e e He y3HaTb , KaK croHHT yjiHdKa Becej iba C J iaqa TpyaoByB n e q a T b . T a a o r o c e p a e q H o r o CMexa H necHH, H nJiacKB Tanofi 3 a a e H b r n He Kynninb. 19
HapadoTaBTca xeHmaHH H a©BymKH B n o j i e , B O P O T A T C A , y c T a j m e H
ppA3HHe, aoMofi, a a " c n a c n d o xapKoB daeHKe, dep©30BOMy BSHHqKy,
CTyaeHOxy KJiBqy" - onATb "cBexexoHbKH", "deJiBi" n 3 B npHJinqeB c
noapyxxaMH" a o nojiHoqH n o B T .
HO a a x e TaKHX CHJIbHHX, KpaCHBBIX H BHHOCJIHBHX KpeCTbAHOK
HccymaeT r o p e . OcodeHHO MHoro c j i e s BBmaaaeT xeHiujiHaM-MaTepflM.
PBeTCfl MaTepHHCKoe c e p a q e Ha qacTH, K o r a a B H3de xoJioaHO H r o -
Jioaao H aeTHmaa nJiaqyT H npocflT x j i eda HJIH n p o c a T " n o c n n a T b
cojibqofi" e r o . Cojib, oanH H3 HeMHorax npoayKTOB, a e npoH3BO-
aHBrnnxcA B a e p e B H e , a e e ayxHO dHJio n o a y n a T b 3a a e H b r a . OTKy-
a a MOrJIB dHTb aeHbPH y flOMHH, " d a i p a q K H de30TB6THOfi"? B C B
xHSBb "o COJIB a y x a j i a , o COJIB neJia ZlOMHyuiKa". TJiflaa Ha dojibHO-
19 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t , T . I I , C T p . I 6 3
AETH H aCEHUlHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 94
po CHBRa, ROTOPHB ae xoqex ecTb aenocojieHHHfi XJied, 3anJiaKaJia
deaaaa RpecTbAERB a npacoJiHJia npecaafi Rycox cJiesaMH -
XBBJIBJiaCb xaTb -CHHKa c n a c J i a . . . 3Haib , coJioaa
CJi©3a dHJia. 20
Koraa Maxepn oxnpaBJiHBx CHHOBQB B coJiaaxaaHy, pa3B©
MaTepHHCKoe cepaqe He CTpaaaeT, 3Haa,KaKafl XH3Hb oacnaaex CBraa
Tax? A B cjiyqae BOBHH? yaeji MaTepefi:
CBATHe, HCKpeHHBe CJI6 3H -To cJiesH deaHxx MaTepefi/ HM ae 3adnxb CBOBX aeTefi, noradmax aa KpoBaBofi BHB© . 2 1
nJiaqyT xeamaaH no peKpyTax (MyxaaBBM Jierq© - oaa "RpyqaHymxy
mTOdbox 3anbBT n ) . CecTpeHKB BHJibBT "no BeaepoqKy C J I © 3 " , " C noji-
Beapa MOJioayxe aocTaaeTca" , a Ha aojiB MaTepa - Ta "a de3 MepH
B03bMeT - B d©3 X©PH B03bM©T, qTO OCTBHeTCA."
E©s3amaTByB xeay-eojiaaTKy KaxaHfi HOPOBHT odHaeTb, a
a©TAM, KOTOpne B oicyTCTBHH o i q a cpa3y OKasHBaBTCA "B aoMy
myMJiHBHMH", "Ha yjinqe apaqjiHBHMn", "odxopaMH sa CTOJIOM" aocTa-
BTCA. nHBKH H KOJioxymKH. Maxepa-coJiaaxK© npaxoaaxca MOJiqaxb.
y aefi c yxoaoM Myxa ocxaexca "oaao do raqecxBo: xpn 03©pa Hanjia-
Kaao ropBaax CJI©3, 3BC©AHO xpa nojiocH deaofi" . ( "KoMy HB Pycn
xHXb xopomo") .
20 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 5 3
21 Ib id . , "BHHMaa yxacaM B O B B H " , T . I , c x p . 5 8
ilETH H JKEHmHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 95
HeRpacoB dHJi npaB, r o B o p a , qTO BTopaa TAXKaa aoj ia ,
aocTaBmaflCA xeHiaaBe - STO "dHTb MBTepbB CHHa-pada". CKOJibKO
pa3 npaxoaaj iocb MBTepaacKOxy c e p a u y odJiBBBTbca KpoBbB, Bnaa
B3aeBaTejibCTBO a a a ped©HKox,( "Koxy Ha Pycn XHTb xopomo", TJI .
"Boj ianqa") , CKOJibKO p a 3 apoxajio oao 3a aeTefi , d o a c b , qTO d a
paa ax
KaK qanjiAT a s - n o a Haceaxa BHPBOT - naKHyTb He nocMefi. 22
H CKOJibRHx BHpBaJiH, npoaajiH, yBesJiH aajieKO OT ceMbH. HeaapOM
CJIOBBMH RpeCTbAHKH B "COJIOBbAx" BHpaxeHBI qaAHHA BCeX MaT©p©fi-
RpenOCTHHX. MaTb paCCKa3HBa©T CHHy O pome, B KOTOpofi BOaHJIHCb
coJiOBba, T . K . TBM 3anpem©HO dHJio CTaBHTb ceTH-HBeab Haao X©
deaHHM COJIOBbAM aaTb PaB-HHdyab H OTaHx" . . . MaJieHbKHfi CHHHUI-
xa cnpamaBaeT:
A ©CTb JIH, MBMa, aJIA JiBaefi TaKae pomaqn aa CBeTe?
TopbKO xaTb OTBeaaeT:
HeT, MecT T a K H x . . . d e 3 noaaTefi H de3 peKpyTqaHH HeT, aeTH. A ecjia d dHJia aJia JiroaeK TaKae poma a HOJIAHKH, Bee Ha pyaax CBOBX aeTefi Tyaa da OTHQCJIH KpecTbAHKH. 2 3
HeKpacoB onATb npHxoaaT K BHBoay, qTO ocHOBHaa npnqHHa BC©X
CTpaaaHafi - aajiaqa© KpenocTHoro npaBa . CaBejiafi-doraTHpb C B A -
22 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Hoqjiern", T . I I , CTp.332
2 3 I b i d . , "CojiOBbH", T . I I , CTp.259
AETH H SCEHmHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 96
TOpyOCKHB COB©Ty©T BayqR© "MHorocTpaaajibHofi" H "MHOrOKpyqHHHOB"
Tepnexb, X . R . Bce-paBHO "npaBan ne B B B T B " .
'Aa noqeMy x e , aeaymna? - T H - KpenocxHaa xeHwaHaJ
CaBejibBmKa cKasaji . 24
Koraa Hapoay odbABHJiH BOJIB, cyabda xeHianHH He Morjia
nepexeHBXbCA K Jiyqmexy c p a 3 y . Ho, rJiaBHoe, xoxb OHB ocxaBa-
Jiacb B "ceMeficxBe noKyaa p a d a " , OHa caejiajiacb "Maxb BOjibHoro
C X H B " .
OpjiaaHBaA cyabdy xeHmaHH, HexpacoB cnpaBeaJiaBO npaxoaax
R saKJnoqeBBB, qxo
KjiBqn ox cqacxba xeacKoro
3adpomeaH, noxepaHH y Bora caMoroJ 25
H x o i b MHoro Hapoay ameT ax "no cefi aeHb", " aa Bpaa JIH OHH H
CHmyTCfl"...
KBKOB pHdofi crJiOHyTH Kjnoqn TO sanoBeaave , B KaKHx Mopax Ta pHdnqa TyJiaeT - Eor 3adHJif 26
5 . PyccKHe xeHiimHH - XOHH aexadpHCTOB a HX OTpax©HHB B noa3HB HeKpacoBa.
nosMH HeRpaeoBa "PyccKae xeaiiaiHH" CTOAT T O P O , qTOdH Ha
HHX OCTBHOBHTbCA OTaeJIbHO . BO-nepBHX, 3TO ©aHHCTB©HHOe dOJIbmO©
24 HexpacoB,op. cit., "KoMy Ha Pycn XHTb xopomo", T.III, CTp.107
25 Ibid., T.III, CTp.117
26 HeKpacoB, loc. cit.
AETH H aCEHIDHHH B n033HM HEKPACOBA 97
npoB3BeaeHae, nocBHiaeHHOe despasaeJibHO xemaHHe; BO-BTOPHX,
rjiaBHHe repoaBB e r o ae TOJibKO He KpecTbAHKH H He xeHiUHHH r o p o a a ,
a np©acTaBBT©JibHHqH BHcmero CJIOA odmecTBa - pyccKofi apHCTO-
RpaTHn; B-TpeTbax, 3TO nepBoe H nocJieaHee HCTopnqecKoe npoH3-
BeaeHHe HeKpacoBa. HeBOJibHO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc - noqeMy HeKpacoB
BSAJICA s a Tanya padOTy, KOTOpaa, KasaJiocb dH, H© aoJixHa dHJia
e r o npBBJieKaTb, T . K . ocodofi CHMnaTHH K CBeTCKOMy odmecTBy OH
HHKoraa He qyBCTBOBaJi, a a H He dbuio 3aMeiHO THPH K HCTopaqec-
KBX CBxeTax. HaodopoT, aaxe npoa3BeaeaaA daorpadpaqecKoro x a -
paxxepa HOCBJIB a a cede cjiean noaxaqecKoro BHMHCJia xaM, r a e yx ,
Ka3ajiocb dH, naicaxb noaxa ae aoJixHa dBma eMy BSMeaaxb (noaMa
"MaTb"). npaqaaofi HanacaHaa "Pyccaax xeHmHH" nocjiyxnjio T O ,
qTO HexpacoB, BO-nepBHx, oqeHb coqyBCTBOBaJi H CHMnaxa3HpoBaJi
aexadpncTax; BO-BTOPHX,no3T dHJi BaoxHOBJieH KpacoTofi coBepmeHHO-
r o xeHmHHaMH noaBHra. Ero noaMa - aaHb yBaxeHHA H BOCXHWBHHA
repOHHAM-xeHiuHHaM; B-xpeTbax, no.3THqecKoe BoodpaxeHHe HeKpaco
Ba dHJio 3aTpoaxTO odpasoM R H . BOJIKOHCKOB, MOJioaofi, oqeHb Kpa-
CBBOB; npocTofi a BeceJiofi c 3aKJiioqeHHBiMH, ropaofi H B3HCKaT6Jib-
Hofi c HaqajibCTBOM. Odpas MOJioaofi xenmaHH "c ropaiujiMH rjia3aMH",
"ropaof i" , "H©npBMHpHMofi" yBJieK n o a T a , 2 7 a B-q©TBepTHx, MHoro
noBJiaajio Jiaqao© SBBKOMCTBO noaTa c CHHOM "pyccKofi X6HIUHHH",
KH. BOJIKOBCKHM H C dapOHOM P036HOM.
27 B . E . EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, HeKpacoB KaK qeJiOBeK^ xyj3-HaJiHCT H noaT. MocKBa-jleHHHrpaa, r o c . H 3 a . , 1928 , c i p . 3 2 3
AETH H SCEHIUHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 98
UBHHH "PyccKHe xeHiUHHH" H TOM, qTO ao CHX nop nosTH,
BOcneBaBmae aeKadpacTOB, orpaHnqaBajiHCb Jinuib MajieHbKHMH, dojib-
meB qacTbB JinpaqecKaMH CTaxoTBopeaaAMH (nymKHH, TBTqeB, Ora-
p e B ) . HeKpacoB HanncaJi noaxy , doJibmyB Bemb, rAe codHTHA H30-
dpaxeaH B nojiHox o d b e x e . OcodeHHO UOHHO T O , qTo npoH3BeaeHHe
odocHOBaHO He TOJibKO acTopaaecKa, ao H aoxyMeHTaJibHO. OaaH
H3 accJieaoBaTeJiefi HeapacoBa, UJerojieB, HaxoaHT, qTO " S T O x y -
aOX©CTB©HHO© npOH3B©a©HH6, BOnpeKH BCABHM TOJIKaM O npeyBBJIH-
qeHaax, oqeab ToqHO H npaBaHBO B CBOHX onacaHHAx a... ao H©-
PR KOTOpofi CTenena MOxeT saMeHHTb odxpaqaaJibHHe aoayMeHTH .
leroj ioB HaxoaHT, q io B ocHOBy nosMH JierJio npeanacaHa©
HHKOJiaa I , nocJiaHHO© HpKyTCROMy rydepHaTopy, r a e HaxoaaxcA
yRaaaHHA, aaa cTaBHTb nperpaaH xeHaM aeaadpacTOB, npodaparo-
maMCA K xyxbAX. Kpoxe TOPO, KaK HaxoaHT EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,
HexpacoB desycjioBHO nojibsoBajica "3anH0.KaMH dapoHa Po36Ha",
HsaaHHHMB B 1870 r . B jlefinqHre. EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB j ierxo a o x a -
3HBaex CBoe npeanojioxeHHe, conocxeBJiAA TeKCT "3anHCOK" H noaM.
npa cpaBaeana ACHO BnaHO, qxo noax B CBoefi nepeaaqe He xojibKO
COXpaHHJI CMHCJI, HO dyKBSJIbHO HOBXOpHJI H6KOIOpHe BHpaxeHHA PO-
3eHa. KoHeqHO, HeKpacoB aodaBHJi oqeHb MHOro CBoero. TaK,
BanpHMep, oqeab BepoaxHO, qxo onncaHHa HxajiHH - codcxBeHHHe
28 iJiEfi 'ilepojiesvacfragba o "PyccKHx xeHmaHax",qnxap. EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBHM, op. c i t . , CTp. 313
29 EBreHbeB-MaKctrMOB, op. c i t . , c T p . 3 I 5
3ETH H aERUHfflH B I1033HH HEKPACOBA 99
Bn©qaTJi©HHA no©3aKH n o s T a B HTajinw B 1 8 5 6 H 1869 r o a y . 9THX
KycKOB B nepBOHaqajibHofi peaaKqwa no^vBT He dBiJio, OHH dBvra n a -
nacaHH H onydJiHKOBaHBT OTaeJIbHO, a 3aTeM BCTaBJiewBT.
3aTeM o d p a 3 K H . TpydeqKofi HapncoBaH acTopHqecKH He-
B e p a o . Oaa B asodpaxeHHH HeKpacoBa doj iee noxoaHT Ha K H . B O J I -
KOFCKyB, q©M a a ncTHHHyw K H . TpydeqKyB, THxyM H KpoTKyB xeHWHHy.
K H . M.C. BOJIKOHCKHB, KOTopoMy HeKpacoB aaBaJi qaTaTb qepHOBHK
noaMH, BcnoMHHaeT:
B HSKOTOpHX MSCTaX, aJIfl KpaCOTH MBICJIH H CTHXB, OH H3Me-HHJI xapaKTep * T O B BHCOKoaodpoa©TejibHoB H KpOTKoB cepaqeM xeHmHHH, a a qTO A odpaTHJi e r o BHHMBHae. MHorae 3aMeqaHHfl OH npHHAJI, HO OT HeKOTOpHX OTKflaflJICA H. Mexay-npOqWM, OTKa3ajT-CA BHnycTHTb qeTHpexcTHniHe, B KOTOPOM KFflraHfl d p o c a e T K y c -KOM rpA3H B TOJibKO-qi-o nOKHHyTO© ero BBTcmee n e i e p d y p r c K o e o d -mecTBO, K KOTopovy npHHaaJiexajra e e poaHHe H dJiHSKHe a p y 3 b a , H K KOTOpOMy OHa, B aefiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CTP©MHJiaCb aymOB H3
aajieKofi CCHJIKH a o KOHqa CBOHX aHefi.' 31
HoaMa BBT3Bajia MHoro TOJIKOB H pacxoxaeHHfi BO M H 6 H H A X . Oa-
HH dHJia B BOCTopre , a p y r a e HaxoanjiH e e "cKyqaefimefi MexaHHqecKoB
dojiTOBHefi" . 3 2 H 3 B © C T H H B HccJi©aoB8Tejib HeKpacoBa HyKOBCKHfi y a a B -
jifl©TCfl, KaK Morjm noawH noHpaBHTbca nydjiaK©, K o r a a OHH - " c j i a -
defimee npoH3BeaeHa© HeKpacoBa, CBHaeTejibCTByBmee od ynaaK© ©ro
aapoBaHHfl". OH HaxoaHT, qTO noaMa "BojiKOHCKaa" - " r o j i a a , d e c n p o -
CBeTBaa n p o s a . . . noaJiaHHaa n p 0 3 a MeMyapoe OKasajiacb n o s T H a H e e " . .
30 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,op. c i t . , c T p . 3 I 9
31 M.C. BOJIKOHCKHB, IIpeaHCJioBHe K "3anHCKaM K H . BQJIKOH-£Kofi", H s a . 1 9 0 4 , qprTapoB. EBreHbeBBTM-MaKCHMOBHM, o p r " c i t . , C T p . 3 ' 2 2
32 K H . CBATonojiK-MapcKHfi, P y c c K a a j i a p a K a . A H T O J I O P H A , H3a."«l>paHKO-PyccKaA TTeqaTb", ITaPHx, 1 9 2 4 , CTp. 1 8 8
3 3 K . H . qyKOBCKHfi,HeKpacoB KaK xyaontH^f. CHF. H3/w " P n o -x a " , 1922, CTp.57-58 J
AETH H SGEHlHHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 100
HyKOBCRafi B noaTBepxaeHHe CBOBX CJIOB npHBoaHT, KBK Heocnopn-
MOB aoKa3aTeJibcTBo, onHT C.A. AHapeeBCKoro, nepenncaBiuero CTH
XH B Baa© npo3H, npaq©M, no e r o MHSBHB, OHH OT 3Toro TojibKO
BxarpaJiH " B ACHOCTH a noJiaOT©". H HyKOBCKHfi H AHapeeBCKHfi,
de3ycJioBHO, BenpaBH. nos san BJiaaeT BB SMOUHH qHTaTSJia. KaxaHfi,
qaTBBmaB "Pyccaax x©HmaH" noMHHX BneqauieHHe, ocxaBJieHHO© SXHM
qyaecHHM npoa3Bea©HH©M. ToqHO xaK x e , KBK B XHBonncH cymecT-
Byex MHOxecxBO mKOJi H x©q©HHfi, x KOXOPHM, cyaa no BKycaM, n p a -
XHKaex nydJiHKa, xoqao xaa xe B noa3an oaHBM BDaBHXCA "napeHbe
B odJiaKax" H "BHCOKBfi mxHJib", a apypax TporaroT ao cjie3 dbaKTH,
peaJibHOCTb, nepeaaHHaa B CTHXOTBOPBOB cbopMe, npocTHM noBecT-
B0BaT6JIbaHM A3HKOM, qTO HSOdXOaHMO aJIH npOH3B©aeHHfi HCTOpHqeC-
KOPO nopaaxa a HeodA3aT©jibHO aJia j i apaqecxax .
"PyccKHe x©HmHHHn npoH3Boaax rjiydOKoe, He3adHBaeMoe
BueqaxJieHHe, qexy oqeHb noMor BHema© cnoKofiHHfi XOH noaMH, a a -
CHmeHRHfi, oaHaxo, xpaPB3MOM H BOSMymeHHeM.
OcHOBHoe coaepxaHHe nosM oqeHb npocTo - HCTOPHA n o a -
Bara a CTpaaaaafi aByx xeamaH-xeH cocJiaHHBtx aexadpncTOB, aByx
irpeacTaBHTejibHHq BBrcmero CBeia, TBK HeJiBdHMoro HeKpacoBBTM.
Hyxao o iaaTb cnpaBeaJiBBocTb nosTy - dyayqa BOCXBIUBH aeficTBa-
T©Jibao decnpaMepBHX repoficTBOx cjiadnx X©HIIIBH, OH He noxajieji
RpacoK, qTOdn aocTofiHO Bocneib Hx.npeKpacHHfi nocTynoK.
Od© repoHHH-apHCTOKpaTKH no CBOHM aymeBHBiM H BOjieBBiM
KaqecTBaM HaqyTb ae ycTynaBT H3JiBdJieHHOMy HeKpacoBHM Tany B © -
JiaqaBofi a OTBBXBOB xpecTbAHKH, onoaTH3HpoBaHHoB HM.
flETH H aCEHmHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA IOI
noaxa dojiee Beero nopaxaex dJiaropoacxBO HX aymn H x a -
paRxepa, Bocxamaex cajia ayxa , coeaaHeHHaa c xepxBeHHoexbB.
Ode XQHH a©RadpacxoB aodpoBOJibao nomjiH aa noaBHr, HecMoxpa HB
BC© npenAxcxBBfl, qaaaxHe a x ; OBH aaBce raa 0XKa3aJiHCb ox CBexa,
ox odcxaHOBKH, npHBHaBofi HM c aexcxBa, ox noqecxefi , ox cocxo -
JJBBA a r o p a o ymjia Ba xpyaHoexn, Ha JiameHHA, Ha ocKopdJioHHfl.
yxemafl a p y r - a p y r a , OHH roBopax:
Hxo MH noxepflJiH? noayxafi, c e c x p a l HrpyniKB xmecJiaBba. . . HexHOPo; Tenepb nepea HBMH a o p o r a aodpa , flopora aadpaaaaKOB B o r a . 3 4
Kaaraaa Tpydeqaaa cMeHHJia "doraTCTBO, dj iecx", "daj ix", "Becb
xoaaxfi CBeT", " aaaexax a rpe3Hn a a yxacHHfi "xBpexHHfi aoM", BB
"odmyB Ka3apxy", Ha "xJied a a KBac", HB cxpaHy, r a e B03ayx "H©
napoM - nHJibB JieaAHofi BHxoaax H3 H03apefi!"
HyBcxBO aoJira no oxaomeHBB K xyxy CHJibaee B c e r o . n o a -
nacaxb oxpeqeHae ox npaB aBopaacKHx, ox HacjieacxBa, "Hnmefi
cxaxb H xeamaaofi npocxofi" - a© n y r a e x TpydeqxyB.
Hex, a a© xajiKaa p a d a , H xeamaaa , X©HBJ
nycxafi ropbKa MOB cyabda -fl dyay efi B e p a a . ^ 5
TO, qXO XQHmBBH HOfflJIB BB BpyaBOCXH H JIHm©HHfl COB©pmeHHO C03-
aaxej ibao, aejiaex coBepmeaaxfi nocxynoK pepoficRHM noaBaroM, qeM
oa a dHJi Ba CBMOK a e j i e . (HpayxcRHfi rydepBaxop B xeqeaan aecKOJib-
34 HeRpacoB, op. ci t . ,"PyccKHe xeHiUHHH", T . I I , cxp .308
35 Ib id . , c x p . 28 3
2IETH H aCEHIHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 102
KBX aaefi "xyqaji" K B . TpydeqKyB:
OCXpOXHHM XCCXKHM CyXBpSM H XB3BbB B3anepxa
no3opoM, yxacoM, xpyaoM SxanHoro nyxa
H Bac cxapajica a c n y r a x b .
H© acnyra j iacb B H ! 36
Tepoficxafi mar BH B ROOM cjiyqae H© aocxajica xeHuoiHaM
JiePKO. npomaacb c ceMbefi, K H . TpydeqKaa qyBCXBOBajia, qxo
"PBOX xx cepaq© nonojiaM", "Eor Becxb, yBHaaMca JIH BBOBb. yBH.
Haaexax a e x " . "He j i e r R O . . . p a c c x a x b c a " c cexbefi, HO "aojir
apyrofi , a BHme a CBaxefi" BJiacxao npa3HBaex K c e d e .
B Koane-RoaqoB, xejiaa odoapaxb ocxaBmaxca, MOJioaaa
RHAraaa SBABJIABX:
Cadapb XBK yxacHa, Cndapb aajisKa, Ho JiBaa XBByx a B CadapH. 37
HeRpacoB Bocxamaexca xeJie3Hofi pemaxocxbB, xoxopyB Bpaa-Jia
MOXBO dHJio oxaaaxb ox aadaJioBaHHHX xeHmHH CBexa. Ode, H Tpy-
deqKaA a BOJIKOBCKBA, qyBCXByBi, qxo ax xecxo noaJie Myxefi:
"H aojixaa djia3 xyxa yMepexb",-xBepao pemaex K H . TpydeqKaA.
Ee noaaepxHBaex KH. BojiKOHCKaa:
MBCTO MOO H© aa nnmaoM dajiy, A B aajibnefi nycTHHe yrpBMofi, Tae y3HHK ycTajiafi B TMP©MHOM yrjiy TepsaeTca JIBTOB a y x o f i . . . Oaaa... de3 onopH... CKopee K a©My! TaM TOJibKO Bsaoxay a CBOdoaso. flejiBJia c BHM paaocTb , aejiaTb a TBpbMy ^ojixaa at 38
36 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , T . I I , CTp.284
37 Ib id . , CTp.290
38 Ib id . , CTp.294
AETH H HCEHJflHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 103
Ode xeaiuHBH Baaax n e p e a codofi BeJiaxyB, cBaxyB qej ib:
Hafiaex MH yHBXSHHHX, CKopdHHX Myxefi, Ho d y a e x MH HM yxem©Hb©M, MH KpoxocxbB Hamefi cxairqaM najiaaefi , Cxpaaaabe OCHJIHM xepn©Hb©M, OnopoB padaymax, cJiadnx, dojibHHX MH dyaeM B XBpbMe HeHaBHCXHofi, H pya He nojioxHM, n o a a a© CBepmaM 0d©Xa JIBdBH d©3KOpHCIHOfif 39
BBJOTKO© aejio caeJiajiH TpydeqKafl H BojiKOHCKafl - OHH C B O
HX npnxepox odoapaJia apypax a a© MSJIO x e a oxnpaBHJiocb no n p o -
xonxaHHofi HMH a o p o x x e B ccHJixy, K MyxbAM.
,flaxe yrojiOBHw© npecxynHHKH Ha3HBaJia o d e a x xeauwra
"aarejiaMB", BHpaxaa BM STBM CBO© yBaxeHHe. MHoro CHJI <* d o a -
OOCTH npadaBBJia OHH He TOJibKO CBOBM MyxbAM, BO a Been o x p y x a -
BmaM. HeaapoM napoa B CCHJIK© CJIOXHJI a neji n e c n a
. . . o KpacaBaqax qyaHHX, C aHPejibCxofi JiacKofi B o q a x . ITeji OB od ax yBAaaaba B aaKofi, aajieKofi rjiymn, H O qyaeCHOM BJIHflHbH jlBdflmefi xeacxof i ayma. - 0 TpydeqaoB H BojiKoacKofi. . . 4 0
39 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "PyccKHe X©HIUHHH", T . I I , C T O . 3 0 8
4 0 I b i d . , CTp.252
TJIABA iy
HEKPACOB - nEBEH rOPOM
HexoacoB MHOPO nwcaji H O popoa©. OT KOHUB 40 -x ao
nojioBBHH 50-x roaoB TeMaTHKa e r o CTHXOTBOP©HHB dHJia nocBame-
HB r o p o a y . H, qTO Taxxe Hyxno OTM©THTb, HeKpacoB dHJi dhaKTwqec-
KB oaHBM F3 nepBHx noaTOB, BOcneBaBmnx ropoa c ©ro deaHAKa-
MB, HBHieTofi a dojiesHAMH, My3a KOTOporo, ae KOJiedJiAOb, comjia
c aoooPH scT6TH3Ma, HTOdH CTaTb "neqajibHofi cnyTHHqefi neqaj ib-
HHX deanAKOB". npaB BpBcoB, roBopA o HeKpacoBe. KaK o "xyaox-
HBKe-ropojKSHFHe", "xHBymHM oaHofi xa3HbB c coBpeMeHKBTf ropoaoM*.'
HexpacoB, nonaB BHOmeB B CTOjiaqy, ocTaJica d e s KaKoB-Jiado wa-
T©paaJibHofi noaaepxKB. JKHJiocb ©My oq©Hb nJioxo. OH B©JI odpa3
XB3HB HacTOAiuero neTepdyprcKoro deaHAKa. OH Baaeji TeHeByro H
HenpHBJieKaTejibFyB CTopoay CTOJiaqHoB X H 3 H F , prwea BOPMOIKHOCTB
HadjiwaaTb sa F © » B "ypjiax", r a e OH qacTO HoqesaJi, B aemeBeHb-
KBX xpaxxapax , r a e OH 3a HecKOJibKO KoneeK yTOjiAJi ro j ioa ; p a 3 -
roBapHBafl c xHjrbqaMH deaanx "MedjinpameK", c coxpyaHHKaMK M©JT-
KBX xypHaJTbaifKOB, ra© ©My caMOMy yaaBajiocb HHoraa noapadaxBi-
BaTb. HexpacoB BnaeJi xH3Hb, d e r a a no rpoinoBHM yponaM, ncnpaB-
JIAA KoppeKTypH B peaaKqHAX, coqaHAA npora©HH« despadoTHBw npvr-
cjrypaM. EMV aax© npHiirJiocb KaK-TO HoqeBBTb " H 3 MHJIOCTH" y HHHJWV .
EcTecTBeHHO, qTo nocjie onnra TSKOPO p o a a , e r o Myna C T O -
HOT, nJiaqeT, ropBeT H efi coBepmeHHO H©CBoficTB©HFeH yTOHqeHHHfi
3CT6TH3M nacBTeJieB 40-x roaoB, XHBHIFX w aocTaTK© H djiaronojivqHH.
HEKPACOB - nEBEU TOPOflA 105
CJioBa AHapeeBaaa o BBJIHHCKOM KBK Hejib3A Jiyqme noaxo -
aAT K HeKpacoBy: "CaM HecqacTHHfi, HacTpaaaBmaficfl, OH dHJi apy -
TOM H dpaTOM Bcero HecqaoTHoro, Bamero, HCCTpaaaBmerocA qejio-
BeqecTBa".4I BojibmHHCTBO TOM ropoacKHX cTaxoTBopeanfi He BH-
ayxaHH HeKpacoBHM, a ABJIABTCA p©3yjibTaTaMH BHaeHHOPO a CJIH-
maHHoro. To xe caMoe noaTBepxaaeT H EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB.42
CTaxoTBopeHB© "Ha yjiaqe" - HeKpacoB dHJi CBnaeTejieM noHMKH
Bopa B p o p o a e ; "CBaabda" - HeKpacoB, 3afiaa B qepKOBb, dHJi
CJiyqafiHHM CBaaeTejiex BeaqaHaa; "B dojibnaqe" - HeKpacoB 3ameJi
aasecTHTb dojibaoro apypa-coqaHHTejia H CTHXOTBOpeHHe OTpaxaeT
BHaeHHoe B dojibHHqe; "Pa3MHmJieHBfl y n a p a a a o r o n o a i e s a a " - od
3TOM yxe ynoMHHaJiocb BBnne - Tawse pesyjibTax JiaqHHX HadJiroa©-
BBB aBTOpa; "0 n o r o a e " - cepaa "yjiHqHHX BneqaTJieHHfi"; "Zleiue-
Bafl noRynxa" HanncaHa nocjie Toro , KaK HeKpacoB nortwBaJi Ha
pacnpoaaxe qbero-TO HMym©CTBa;"H©aaBHe© BpeMa" - onncaHHe
AHrjiaBcKoro KJiyda, e r o 3aBceraaTa©B H dHTa, onflTb-TaKH p e -
3yjibTaT HenocpeacTBeHHHx HadJiBa©Hafi HeapacoBa, dBremero e r o
qj ieHOM.
HMOHHO C 3Toro BpeMQHH, c " ropoacKoro" nepnoaa T B O P -
qecTBa HeKpacoBa, TpemaHa M©xay HHM H nncaTeJiflMH "ycaaedHofi
JiHTepaTypn" HaqaJia yBeJinqaBaTbca a nocTeneaHO npeBpaxHJiacb
B nponacxb , OTaejiABmyB HeKpacoBa OT nymKaaa, JlepMOHTOBa, Typ-
41 AHapeeBaq, UHTHPOBBHO EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBHM, CTp52
42 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, op. cit., CTp.300
HEKPACOB - nEBEU TOPOflA 106
reaeBa, ToJicToro, OT "noa3HH BHcmero aaopaHCKoro COCJIOBHA" H
OT n033HH yTOHq©HHOrO 3CTSTH3MB.
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HEKPACOB - nEBEII rOPO£A 107
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HEKPACOB - nEBEU TOPOflA 108
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HEKPACOB - nEBEU. TOPOiU I IO
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HEKPACOB - nEBEH TOPO/IA T i l
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HEKPACOB - nEBEII TOPOM 112
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HEKPACOB - HEBEH TOPOM 113
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HEKPACOB - nEBEII TOPOflA 114
n p a a a a o e xoaoaof i xeHiiiBHH, Kynjieaoe n e p e a CBaabdofi , BecHofi .
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HEKPACOB - nEBEH TOPO/IA 115
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y HeapacoBa "xaaeH, CKyn", neTepdypwcKaa nydJiHKa H© BMeeT HHqero
xpoMe "xoaHHx, HO nycTOBaTHX TOJIOB" H "HeonjiaTHBix aoJirOB".
Be©, xpoxe "CBSTCKOB cyeTH" cqnTaeTca eB "rJiynocTbro H Jioxbro".
3TO "nojiyMepTBeqH, pa3BpaTOM BHOCTH pcJiadJieHHHe aymn, HeBex-
a n " , 3TO paa Jinq, 3aHHMaromax BnaHHe Mecia, KOTopne ncnoaJiH-
qajiaob, depyT B3ATKH, 3aHHMaroTCA PPA3HHMH cneKyjiaqHAMH.
Caaa B o n e p e , HeKpacoB BadJiBaaeT 3a "de3JinqHofi cBOJioqhro c a -
JIOHOB" :
HaKpaxMaJieHHHfi aeHan a werojib ( T o - e c T b : KynqnK-KyxHJia H MOX) V MHmHHHfi xepedqHK (xaK Torojib MojioaAiuaxcfl r».T«pqeB 30Bex) 56
Bcex HX, no MHeHHB noaxa , HHxepecyex Jiamb oaHa Beuib B wvrpe -
aeHbrn. TaK-KaK
Pa30PHJIO qHHOBHHKOB qBaHCIBO, npoxHJiacb 3a rpaHHqeio 3Haxb, Oxqero orojiejio aBopAF^TRo, Henpi'jiHVHo vf peqb 3axeBaxb 1 57
noaxoMy "TiaexHO BHomH pHiayx no dajiaM, xmexHO dapHunw paaaxcA
B nyx" - HecMOxpA Ha BC© yxHiupeHHA - "BOBce HOT ^TapuKOB c
KanHxaJiOM, BOBce Hex c KannxajiOM cxapyx" ("Baj ieT") .
BOT "cBexafi" BHoma ("HeaaBHee BpeMfl") 3aopoBHfi, CHJib-
HHfi, HepjiynHfi. Ho BCA e r o aHeprna yxoaaT Ha KyTesra, Ha y x a p -
CKae npoaejiKB, Ha X©HUIBB. HexpacoB cqHTa©T, qTO "T© xe aeHb-
56 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "BajieT", T . I I , CTp.202
57 Ib id . , CTp. 204
HEKPACOB - HEBEU TOPOiM 116
r a a TO x e 3 a o p o B b e " BHoma "Mor dH noyMHee y d H T b " . / laxa x e ,
qTO odJiaaaBT "aapoBaHbeM, yqeHOCTbB a yMOM" q a c T o p a 3 a p o d J i a -
BTCfl " H S THCflqy a e j i " H , B p e s y j i b T a T e , yMHparoT " n o a HPOM n y c -
Toro T p y a a " . HeKpacoB y d e x a e H , qTO B p o p o a e
ToJinH nycTHx, HaaMeHHHx, npasaHBix, nOJIHH nOpOKOB de30dpa3HBrx, B Tede KnmaT. 58
Bo3xyma©TCH HexpacoB 3acHJib©M HHOcTpaHHoro, H©KOTOPHMH CJIBBA-
BOdaiJiaMH, roBopaniBMH r o p a q o H a o j i r o o "MaTymKe-PoccHH". B O T
HX CBexcKprfi Twn, HapHCOBaHHKfi noaTOM c HenepeaaBaeMofi npoHHefi:
B n e T e p d y p r e maMnaHCKoe c KBacoM nonnBaJiH A3 ap©BHHX KOBmefi, A B MOCKB© BOCXBaJIflJIB C 3KCTBSOX ZIo-n©TpoBCKaB n o p a a o K Bemefi, Ho , XBBfl 3 a r p a H a q e f i , BJiaaejia OqeHb HJIOXO poaHHM fl3HKOM H nOHATbA OHH H6 HMSJIH 0 CJiaBAHCKOM npH3BaHbH CBO©M. ^
HeRpacoB n p a B , odJinqaa 3acHJibe HHOcTpaHHoro. B e r o BpeMfl B
xypHaJiax n p e o d j i a a a j i a n e p e B o a n a a J iHTepaTypa, nydj inxa noqTH He
HBTepecoBajiacb oTeq©CTB©HHofi KHHrofi.
C pyCCKOB KHHrofi MH BeqHO yCH6M. MH H© JIBdHM CJIOB9CHOCTH pyCCKOfi H a o HHH©, n p e a B a a a a o c y r , 3anaca©MCA KHarofi cppaHqy3CKofi. 6 0
n o a e x y ? T4TO BjieqeT K $paBBy3CKHX poMaHax?
58 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "HecqacTHBie", T . I , CTp .92
59 I b i d . , "HeaaBHee BpeMfl", T . I I , c T p . 2 5 9
60 I b i d . , " ra3©THaA", T . I I , C T p . I 8 9
HEKPACOB - nEBEU. TOPOM 117
H© H3dHTOR XOpOmOPO TOBB, H© KBpTHH COdJIB3HHT©JIbHHX p f l a , Hac OTcyTCTBH© "Mpana H C T O H B "
K HBM BJieqeT. 61
T.K. ©CJIB "H9JHH H©MOUlH 3Ha©M MBl", TO O HHX COBC6X H©npHflTHO
dHTb nOCTOAHHO HanOMHHa©MHMH,
HecMOTpfl Ha T O , qTO HanaaKH HeKpacoBa Ha odmecTBO
oqeHb qacTO cnpaBeaJiaBH, Bce-TaKH e r o OTHomeHH© TeHa©HqH03BO,
T . K . oa ae xoqeT OTaaTb aojixHoe nojioxHTejibHBiM xanaM a o r p a -
BaqaBaeTca Jiamb aopoTKofi 3aMeTKofi:
Zfeyx-xpex nopflaoqHHX Jiroaefi
Ha COTHB (bpaHTOB MH aaxoaBM. 6 2
Ho caTapx HeapacoBa, KaK xyaoxecTBeaaH© HpoH3Bea©BBfl, oqeab
p e s x a a caJibax H HexpacoB BHCTynaeT B HHX, KBK aesaypaaaHfi
noax-nopxpexacx.
61 HeRpacoB, op. cit., "ra3eiHafl", T.II, cxp.190
62 Ibid., "Measexbfl oxoxa", T.II, cxp.218
rJiABA y
HEKPACOB KAK XYAOKKHK CJIOBA
HeKpacoB desycJiOBao dojibmofi x y a o x a n a cJiOBa, BQJIHKHB
Macxep n e p a . Ho ©ro XBopqecxBO BH3BBJIO caMBi© npoxaBopeqaBH©
OXRJIBKB. Oaaa qeHHJiH ©ro BHCOKO, cqHTaa HOBaTopoM B j w x e p a -
x y p e , apypae BOsxymaJiacb, qyxb JIH H© oxpaqaa HaJinqne no33HH
B cxHxax HeKpacoBa Boodme. Be3ycjioBHO e r o XBopqecxBO Hejib3a
qejiBROM BBecxa B PBMRB cymecxBOBaBniax x o r a a JiaxepaxypHHX x p a -
aaBafi . HeRpacoB a a x e cRopee He n o a x , a n e B e q . - O x c a a a o x c y x -
cxBae JiaxepaxypBHx djopM, KOXOPHMH nojib30Bajiacb a Koxopne dHJia
odfl3axeJibax aJia noaxoB, nacaBiiiHx ao H e r o . "Ero XBopqecxBO dbuio
Boaaj ibHo",-Haxoaax HyKOBCRafi.
TpyaHO aaxb noapodHHfi aHaJiB3 noa3HH HenpaeoBa c a c x e -
xaaecKofi TOIKH 3peKaa, oppaaaaHBaflCb HecKOJibKBMa cxpaanqaMH.
3xa xexa HacxojibKO HHxepecaa H TJiydOKa, qxo ©fi MorJia dH dBixb
nocBflm©Ha cneqaaJibaaa p a d o x a . Xoqexca CKa3axb KOPOXKO o x y -
aoxecxBeHHHx aocxoHHCXBax H ocodeHHoexflx xBopqecxBa HeKpacoBa.
I . CXHJIb, MSJIOaHKa H pBXMHKa c x a x a HeKpacoBa.
H©RpacoB a© npaHaaJiexax K n o a x a x , namymaM no BC©M n p a -
BBJiax c x a x o e JI ox© Haa, e x y qyxaa aaompeHHaa cJiOBQCHaa Kyjibxypa
n o a x o B , npeamecxBOBBBmax e x y . OH He ocodeHHO cj ieaax 3a BC6MB
noaxaqecKHMH XOHKOCXAMB, BaoxBOBHBmacb qeM-Jiado, OH d x c x p o
HEKPACOB KAK XyilOMCHHK CJIOBA 1 1 9
aadpaoHBaex c x a x a , a e saayMHBaacb B axox MOMQHX o npaBHJiax
CXHXOCJIOac©HBfl . CaMO© TJiaBHO© nO ©TO MH6HHB, "qXOd CJIOBaM
dHJio xecHO, MHCJiflM - n p o c x o p H o " , "name aeJio a c q e p n a x b r J i y d o -
KO BocneBaeMHfi HBMH n p e a M e x " .
Ho e r o "HCKJiBqnxeJibHoe a c x e x a q e c K o e q y x b e " , KaK roBopHJi
O H6M 3fixeHdayM, 3aM6HflJIO COdofi BeaOCXaBIHB© 3HaHHS B xeopHH
noa3HH. ^yKOBCKHfi * npHBoaax 4)&KX: HeKpacoB B C B XH3Hb nacaJ i
a a a n e c x o M , a a x o x a a o e a a a n e c x - H© 3 a a j i . KaR-xo OH 3axoxeJi
y 3 a a x b , KaKHM pa3MepoM nacaJ i P o d e p x E e p a c H , HanacaB TypreH©-
By, nonpocHJi npacJ i axb eMy o d p a s a a K c x a x a , de3pa3JiHqHo K a K o r o .
XapaKxepHO, qxo HM6HHO odpa3qnK, a He cxeMy. T y p r e n e B n p n c -
Jiaji cJ ieayBmee:
H H© Mory xed© CKa3axb, Koro XBI aojrxeB B o c n e B a x b , Ho H© Mory x e n e p b CKpHBaxb
n e p e a xodof i . Hxo HaqaJi CHJibHo MH© MBinaxb
EeCXOKHfi 3HOfi. 2
B KOHU© nacbMa T y p r e a e B cnpamHBaji: "noHHMaeaib"?
MacxepcxBO H e x p a c o B a BaBofia© 3aM©qaxejibao, X . R . OHO
d©ccosHax©JibHO. HHiynxaBHO OH qyBCXBOBaJi, r a e Haao coapaTHTb
C T H X , r a e nepeMeHHTb a n a x e x , r a e d e c n o m a a n o BHKHayxb qejrafi
x y c o K . B OXBQX Ha nyiHKBBCKO©:
1 ^yKOBCKHfi, op . c i t . , c x p . 4 9
2 " ro J ioc MBHyBuiero", 1 9 1 6 , MaB-HBHb, c x p . 3 3 , q n i n p o -Baao HyROBCKHM, o p . c i t . , c x p . 5 0
HEKPACOB KAK Xy/IOJKHHK CJIOBA 120
T H , a e x c a y B Kaqaa KOJiHdejib, MoB B B H B c.Jiyx HaneBSMH nJieHHJia, H Mex neJieH ocxaBHJia CBHpeJib, KOXOpyB C9MS 3 a B o p o x H J i a . - 3
HeKpacoB dJiecxame xapaKTepH3yex codcxBeHHOe XBopqecxBO:
H e x , My3H JiacKOBO noBiuefi H npeKpacHofi He noMHB Haa codofi a necHH cjiaaKorjiacHofij B HedecHofi K p a c o x e , H©CJIHUIHMO, KBK a y x , Cjiexaa c B H C O X H , MJiaa©Hq©CKHfi MOB cjiyx OHa rapMOHHa BOJimedHofi H© yqHJia, B n©Ji©HKax y M©HA cBapeJiH He a a d H J i a . . .
Ho paHO Haao MBofi oxaroxe j iH y3H ZJpyrofi, HejiacKOBoB H HeJiBdHMoB My3H, neqaJibHofi cnyxHHUH HeqajibHBix deaHAKOB, PoxaeHHHX aJia x p y a a , cxpaaaHbA H O K O B . *
HexpacoB n p a s , y B e p a a , qxo He noMHHX "cjiaaworJiacHofi My3H".
E r o cxHJib coBepmeHHO o c o d n f i . Ao HeKpacoBa rocnoacTBOBaJio n e -
nyjiApHOP "i^cKyccxBO s,jia HCKyccxBa", T . e . ono3TH3HpoBaHne p e -
q a , n o a d o p "H3AmHBtx" CWTATOB, 3CTeTHKa."MH poxa©HH aJifl B a o x -
HOB©HbA, aJifl 3ByKOB CJiaaKHX",- nHC8JI TlytttKHH .
nyfflKHH nOpa3HJI H B03MyTHJI MHOrHX, OCMeJIHBmHCb BB6CTH
B noasHB odHqHHfi pasroBopHHfi A3HK BM©CTO cymecTBOBaBmero a o
He ro BHqypHoro "BBTCOKOPO mTHJia" KapaM3HHa H / [epxaBHHa. HeK
pacoB nomeJi eme a a j i e e , BBeaa H© TOJibKO "cHaxeHHHfi CTHJib", T . e .
np03BB3MH, CJTOBa-TepMHHBI, ynOTpedJIABmHeCA TOPOaCKHMH WHTeJIAMH,
rpydo-HapoaHH© CJIOBB a e p e a e H C K o r o o d n x o a a , HO HanacaB qejiHfi
p a a n a p o a a f i Ha npoH3BeaeHHA "BBTcoworo" CTHJTA. ooarHHajibHO c o -
3 A.C nymKHH, CoqHHeHHfl, p e a . UABJIOBCKOFO H n e T p o B a , 0 r H 3 , 1 9 4 9 . CTp .99
4 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "Myan" , T . I , CTp .38
HEKPACOB KAK XytfOJKHHK CJIOBA 121
nOCTaBJIAA BHCOKOnapHH© CJIOBB C np03aH3MaMH. Majio T o r o , H©
yaOBJISTBOpAACb HOBaTOpCTBOM B OdHOBJIQHHH CTBPHX dpOpM, HeKpa-
COB nonpodOBBJi c o s a a T b coBepmeHHO HOBBT© . EBreHbeB-HTaKCHMOB 5
ynoMHBB©T od onHTax c "coBp©MeHHofi daj i j iaaofi" , KOTOpaa a© HMeeT
H a a e r o o d m e r o c dajuiaaaMH, K KOTOPHM npnBHK qHTaTejib. 3 a e c b
He TOJibKO CHHX6HH© CTHJIA.B CJIOBBX H BHpBX©HHflX, HO H B TQMa-
TBK© . Odmee Mexay odHqHHMH dajuiaaaMH H H©RpacoBCKHMH - BejiH-
qHHa a x B ROMno3aqaA.
3aTeM HeKtiacoB BnepBwe BBSJI B JiBTepaTypy C T H X O X B O P -
HHfi dbejibeToa. B MOJioawe r o a H a y x a a sacxaBHJia e r o noaBHsaTbca
B MeJiKHx x y p a a J i a x , r a e oa n a c a J i , H© s a d o x a c b o CBATOM BCRyccT-
s e , a a y x a a Jininb o 3 a p a d o T R e . C Tex BpeMea y H e r o coxpaHBJiacb
jiBdOBb R cbejibeTOHy. HeodxoaBMO npH3HaTb, qTO HexpacoBy axox
x a a p y a a e T C A . E r o "BaJ ieT" , " r a a e T H a a " , "KoMy xoJioaHO - KOMy
x a p K o " npeKpacHH. T a x "opHrHHajibHafl M03aHKa", a o x o p a a
coaepxHT npeBoexoaHH© axBaH n e x e p d y p r a x o r o BpeMeHH. 3 a e c b nocTOflHHO cMeHflexcfl KPHKJiHBaa KappnKaxypa - BepHHM H XBBHM odpasoM, wejiqHBA npoHHA - 3aaym©BHEiM CJIOBOM, x y p -HaJibHaa n p o 3 a - HeoxnaaHHofi n o a x n q e c K o B cxpodpofi, 6
KpoMe x o r o , HeKpacoB BB©JI coBepmeHHO HOBH© CBXQXH, n o -
qepnHyxBie H3 XHSHH deaHefimax cJioeB HacejieHHfl. B SXOM - R O J I O C -
cajibHBfl pa3HHqa Mexay HHM H rwcaxejiflMH-acxexaMH, nncaxejiHMH
"ycaaedHof i j i n x e p a x y p H " .
5 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, op . c i t . , c x p . 2 9 0
6 AHapeeBCKHfi, UHXHpOBaHO EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBBm, op . c i t . , c x p . 2 9 0
HEKPACOB KAK XyflQHCHHK CJIOBA 122
ECJIH xoro x© Typr©H©Ba H HeapacoBa nonpocaJia dH Hanacaxb BB
oaay a xy x© xexy , HanpaMep, aepeBHA H aepeB©HCKaa xa3Bb, xo
TypreaeB B3AJICA dH 3a nepo , H3Jiaraa B3rjiAaH dapHHa, ae nJioxo-
P O , xoxex-dHXb, HO dapHHa. HeKpacoB CMOipeji dH rJiasaMB My-
x a x a .
Ao xex nop noKa HeKpacoB noapaxaex KOMy-Jiado, cxaxa
e r o nocpeacxBeHHH, KaK xojibKO oa depexca 3a codcxB©HayB, ©My
oaaoxy npacymyB xsMaxany cxaxa , CXHX aaqaHaex SByqaxb, B H©M
qyBcxByexca caJia a oparaBBJibHOcxb.
HeRpacoB aaqaji CBofi Jiaxepaxypanfi nyxb c de3JiaqHoro
noapaxaRBA JKyKOBCROMy B nymxaHy. OH ynoxpedJiAJi cxaBinae mxaM-
nox JiaxepaxypBHe npaeMH, nHcaJi KjiaccnqecKHMH dbopMBMH - dajuie-
aoM, coHexox, cJieaoBBJi xpaaaqnaM B JI6KCHK©, B cxHJie H B KOM-
n o a a n a F . B AMd© Heapacos HBKoraa H© nomeji aajiee cJiadoro n o a -
paxaaaA nymKBay. HeyanBaxeJibHO, qxo cdopHHK "MeaxH H 3ByKHM
dHJi p©3KO paCRpHXHROBBH.
CaMoe opHrBBBJibHoe B XBOpqecxBe HeapacoBa - axo e r o
npoH3B©aeBBA (fcojibKJiopaoro CXBJIA. B HBX e r o noaxHqecKHfi aap
aocxap CBoero oacqBexa . Kaxao© H3 axnx npoHSBeaaafi - meaeBp.
("Koxy s a Pyca xaxb xopomo", "Mopo3-KpacBBifi Hoc" , "Kopodefiaa-
R B " ) .
0 Bapoae nHcajiocb H ao H nocjie HeRpaeoBa. Ho noax
noaomeji R CBOHM dpOJibRJiopaHM npoH3BeaeHHAM no-HOBOMy, rjiaafl Ha
Hapoa a codHXHA c HeodHqHOfi XOqKH 3peFHA.
HEKPACOB KAK Xy OSCHHK CJIOBA 123
XapaKTepHO, qTo HMBHHO cpojibKJiopBaa no33aa HeRBCOBB a a -
noxaaaex codofi cosaaHHA HapoaHoro anoca - B HBX noqxa nojiHoe
oxcyxcxBae JiBdOBHofi BHXPHTH, aeficTByBmae Jinna He HPPBBT rjiaB-
Hofi pojia, a ABJIABTCA jinmb BTopocTeneHHHMB nepcoBaxaMH B p a 3 -
BepTHBaBmeMCfl noBecTBOBBHHH. HacTO B dboJibKJiopHHe npoB3Beae-
HHA HexpacoB BBoaaT necHH, anaj iora , CKBSKH, CBH. HO Bce-Taaa
(bojibRJiopBH© onacaaaA H noBecTBOBaHB© npeodjiaaaBT. Haoraa
HSRpaCOB npAMO 3aHMCTBy©T npHQMH H3 HapOaHHX CK830K - CKa-
TepTb-caMOdpaHKa, roBopAiuaA " n n q y r a " , "njiaqn" xeHmaH.
CTBXOTBOp©BB© "Mop03-KpBCBHfi Hoc" - OaBO H3 JiyqiUHX . flefiCXBH6
pasBHBaexca a a (bone 3HMB©fi npapoan . Kax a BO Maorax Hapoaanx
CKBSRax,K Aapbe, padoxaBmefi B Jiecy, flBJiflexc^r ^©a-Mopo3. Bee
cxaxoxBopeHHe nepecnnaHO 3araaaaMH, cpaBHeHHAMH, nocJiOBHqaMH
- Bee B HapoaBOM cxBJie. £eay-Mopo3y npaaaBBi q©JiOB©qecKHe
qepxH. OH "ao3opoM odxoanx BJiaaeHbfl CBOB", aadJiBaaex 3a p a d o
xofi noaBJiacxBHX ©My CBJI npapoax , cMOxpax, "xopomo JIH Mflxejia
JiecHH© xponH 3aHecJiHn, He ocxajiocb JTH r a e "rojiofi 3eMJiB", "ny-
macxH JIB cocea B©PIHHHH", npoBepaex "apenRO JIH CKOBBBH jibaaaH
B B6JIBKBX B MaJIHX BOaax"?
HeapacoB a« xojibRO BBoaax necaa B X©KCX dojibmoro n p o -
H3Beaeaafl, HO namox HecKOJibKO npoH3B©aeHHfi B dbopMe necen
( " n e c a a EpexymRe", "necHH o cBOdoaBOM CJIOB©", "KojiKdejibaaa
necHa" , "necHfl npecxynHHKOB", "necHA ydcsme cxpaHHHKa", npocxo
"necHA" H x . a . )
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJIOBA 124
.flax© JiapHKa e r o , xoxe HaneBHaa, HOCHI cbopxy poMaacoB.
MyKOBCKafi a axoanx , qxo KBK xojibKO B ayme HeRpaeoBa "npeKpama-
Jiacb xa necHfl", Koxopaa
dHJia ©aHBCXB©HHHM HCXOqHHKOM ©TO CXHXOXBOpCXBa, . . . e r o CXHXH cxaHOBHJiHCb JIOMKH, mepmaBH, 3BH03HCXH, n p e B p a -majiacb B aepeBAHHyB n p o 3 y . *Iyxb eMy nsxeHAjia necHfl, ©xy H3M©BflJIO BC©: B BKyC, H Odpa3H, H MHCJIH, H pB$MH, OB CXa-HOBHJICA HeysHaBaeMo r p y d H (fcaJibmaB, - coBepmeHHO a p y r o f i q e j i o B e a . ^
HHxepecHO, qxo Jiyqinae npoH3BeaeHHfl HeKpacoBa, Hann-
CBHHH© HM B n e p n o a p a c q B s x a e r o XBopqecxBa ( I 8 6 0 - 1 8 6 5 ) -
"KpecxbflHCKH© a e x n " , "OpHaa-Maxb c o j i a a x c K a a " , "SCeJiesHaA a o p o
r a " , "KopodefiHHKH", "Mopo3-KpacHHfi HocS - npoH3Bea*HHfl n e c e H -
a o r o CKJiaaa c xapaKxepHHMi TTJIA HeKpacoBa aaKXHJiaqecKHMH O K O H -
qaHHAMB. 3xo dHJi xox n e p H o a , K o r a a OH BceqeJio orfpaTHJicfl K
HapoaHofi n e c H e .
no*aj iyf i , caMoe o u i n q a x e j i b H o e B HexpacoBCKOM XBOpqecx-
B e , cxaBAnree e r o odocodJieHHO ox Bcex ocxajibHBix HOSXOB - s x o
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BO dyKBaJibBo B nepBHx CXHXOXBOP©HHAX n o a x a . T845 r o a . HeKpa-
coBy 2 3 r o a a :
CKyqHo! CKyvHoi HMTUHK yaaJiofi , Pa3roHH qeM-HHdyab MOB CKyny. 8
BcnoMHHaa o BHomecKHx r o a a x , n o a x n a m e x :
7 HyKOBCKHfi, o p . c i t . , c x p . 55
8 HeKpacoB, op . c i t . , "B a o p o r e " , T . I , c x p . 5
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOKHHK CJIOBA 125
H B BOBHfi n y T b , C XBHapofi, dOJI©3H©HHO pa3BHT0fi,
nomeji d©3 qejiH A T o r a a . °
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HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK: CJIOBA 127
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14 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Bajiex", T . I I , cxp .202
15 Ib id . , cxp .210
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK CJIOBA 128
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16 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "B aepeBHe", T . I , c x p . 50
17 I b i d . , "Hecxaxaa noJioca", T . I , c x p . 5 5
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJRHHK CJIOBA *29
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18 HeKpacoB, op . c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycw XHTb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , C T p . 1 4 9
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20 HeKpacoB, l o c c i t .
HEKPACOB KAK XytfOKHHK CJIOBA 130
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HEKPACOB KAK XyflOOKHHK CJIOBA T32
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26 HexDacoB-. op. c i t . , "MoTyo -KDflriHMfiL Hoc", T . I I , cxp .165
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n p a KaxaoM yaodBOM CJiyqae - neceaHHfi npneM. HeKpacoB Jirodnx
aHadx>pH:
ycHyji , noxpyaaBiuHficfl B n o x e , ycHyji , n o p a d o x a B ^ <" seMJie. 29
COH MOfi dBTJI B pyKy, pOaHBfl.
COH n e p e a CnacoBHM aH6M. 30
JlBdnx noBXOpflXb aBBxaBi cJiOBa (HeKpacoBCKHe "KopodefiHHKH" c a e -
j i a j i a c b , Mexay-npoqnM, HapoaHoB n e c H e f t ) .
27 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t , "Koxy Ha Pycn scaxb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , c x p .7
28 I b i d . , "Mop03-KpacHBtfi H o c " , T . I I , c x p . 1 6 9
29 I b i d . , c- rp . 165
30 I b i d . , CTp .170
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJIOBA 135
"Ofi, noJiHa, noJiaa aopodymKa" , "nefi OT cTapocTH, nefi c r o J i o a y " ,
"yx OB dHJi a e , daji e e , da J i " , "MH B © P T H M , B©PTHM, B © P T H M " ,
" 4 a a nomeji , H nouieji, H nomej i " .
K o r a a HeKpacoB nojib3y©TCA cpaBHeH^AMH, annT©TaMH,
M©Ta*opaMH, n o p a x a e T HX CBexecTb, HesaTacKaHHOCTb, nojiHoe O T -
cyTCTBne mTaMna.(B n e p n o a noapaxaHHA HymKHHy a JKyKOBCKOMy
snaTeTH HeKpacoBa He BHXoaHJiH H3 paMOK nymKHHCKoro JieKCHKOHa
H H© dHJia nponnTaHH "HexpacoBCKHM" a y x o M ) .
H 3 H K HeKpacoBa CTBHOBHTCA ocodeHHO CBex, K o r a a OH n n -
m©T n a aapoaHHe T © M H . Jfoodoe cpaBH©HH© opHraHajibHo H H e 3 a T a c -
KaHBO. HapbA njiaqeT no Myxe:
KaK a o x a b , 3apflaHBumfi Haao j r ro , HerpOMKO pxaa©T OHa. 31
Cjie3B 39 CJI©3OB y n a a a e T Ha dHCTOBTe T>yKH TBOH, TaK KOJIOC d©33ByqHO pOHfl©T Co3peBmHe 3epHa CBOH. 32
A coj iHqe, KpyrJio H d©3gymHO, KaK x©JiToe OKO C O B H . 3 3
CMeeTCA COJIHU© KpacHoe. KaK aeBKa H3 CHonoB. 34
OdJiaKa aoxa^BBBie, KBK aofiHBte KopoByniKn, Hayx no HedecaM. 35
MyxHK x B a x a e x d a d y 3a BOJIOCH, "qTO peabKy 3a K o c y " .
31 HeKpa^OB,op . c i t . , "Mop03-KpacFMf i H o c " . T . T T , c x p . 1 6 2
32 i b i d . , c r p . 1 6 4
3 3 I b i d . , c x p . 1 6 8
34 I b i d . , "KoMy Ha Pvrw wwTb xooomo" , T . T T T . CTp .64
35 I b i d . , c x p . 67
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK CJIOBA 136
SnaxexH a© ycxynajox cpaBH©HHAM: poxb-MaxymKa, nymacxH© COC©H
BspmaBH, xpynKHfi cH©r, 3afiqamKO-rop©MHKa, KOCMBXH© d©pe3H,
HaxMypeHHaa ©Jib, ynopaxfi a y d a a a , cnoKofiBO-d©3Haa©xHHfi B3op,
coBa-3aMOCKBOp©qKaa KBflraaa.
npocxo odpa3BH© BHpaxeHHfl: "©Jib HaaJioMJieHHafl cxoHex?
"jiec 3a3BeH©Ji, sacxoHaji, saxpemaji", "KaxaHfi aox 30JioxyxoB
c x p a a a e x " , cjie3a
C p e c a a q n copBexcw, H Ha CH©T c rcanvaxy n a a e x -Ho caMofi 3©MJiH aodepexcfl . TJiydoKyB AMKy npoxxex . 36
HexpacoB JiBdax conocxaBJieHHA H npoxHBOnocxaBJieHHfl.
PvdKa J ieca . Cpydwjiw (*.rar>yio cocHy
H, noBaJiBBma, njiflcaJiH Ha H©B, ^Ixodx K 3©MJI© npnjierjia nonJioxHefi, TBK, nodeaaB nocjie aoj i roro doa , Bpar vxe MepxBoro xonq«x repoA. 37
B03JODdJI9HHaA CpaBHHBaeXCA C JISXHHM H OC9HHHM COJIHq©M.
JlHCXbA scaJiodao "myxejia xpy rox" ,
TBK nocjie daxBH, BO MPBK© BoqHOM, PBHQBHB CXOH©X, 30B©X, npoKJiHHaex. 38
yRpameHH tpojibXJiopHH© npoH3B©aeHHA npacyxcxBaeM a a -
poaaHx 3araaoK, noroBopoK ("Koxy aa Pyca xnxb xopomo") .
36 HeKpacoB,op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHHfi Hoc", T . I I , c x p . 168
37 Ib id . , "Cama", T . I , cxp .66
38 Ib id . , cxp .67
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJlOBA 137
C a e r -
3xo -
3BJCOK -
J iexax MOJiqnx, j i exax MOJiqnx, K o r a a y n p e x , x o r a a p e B e x . 39
HBKXO e r o a e BaaHBaJi, A cjiHmaxb - Bcaaaf i CJIHXHBBJI . Be3 xej ia - a XBB©X o a o , B©3 A3HKa - K p a q a x . 4 0
3BMOK - c o d a q x a B © P H B A : He J i a e x , H© KycaexcA, H H© nycKaex B aoM. 4 1
T a n a a a o KpecxbaacKHe n o r o B o p K a :
CneJiOMy KOJiocy - c e p n yaajiofi l £©Baqe B3pocJiofi - XQBHX MOJioaofil42
HexpacoBCKH© onwcaHHA n p a p o a n q y a e c H H . B yrpBMOM JIH
OH pacnojioxeHHH a y x a , B B©C©JIOM JIH - BC© paBHO OHH n p e K p a c -
HH. OC©HHAA XOCKJIHBBA K a p x a a a :
3ayBHBBHfi BQXep TOBBX CXBJO xyq HB Kpafi Hedec, Ejib BaaJtoMJieaaaA cxoHex, TJiyxo menaex XQMHHS J iec . 4 3
A BOX y HeKpacoBa xopome© HacxpoeHae. Toxe oceHHafi nefisax:
39 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 6 2
40 I b i d . , c x p . 6 0
4 1 I b i d . , c x p . 67
42 I b i d . , "Cama" , CTp .65
4 3 I b i d . , " n e p e a a o x a e M " , T . I , c x p . 1 8
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA 138
B axy XHxyB jiyHayB aoqb CoaepqaaBB aoj ixao n p e a a x b c a . Aemb rjiydOKO n p o a p a q n a , q a c x a , Mocaq nojiHHfi njiHBex Haa aydpoBofi , H POcnoacxsyBX B H©d© qBexa Tojiydofi, d©JIOBaXHfi, JIHJIOBHfi. B o a n a p a o dJiecxAx c p e a b nojiefi , A 3©MJIA npaxoxjiBBO o a e x a B BOJIBH d e j i o r o jiyHHoro cB©Ta H yaopqaTHX CTpaHHHX T©H©fi.
npoTAHyjiHCA nojiocH r p e q n , Kpacaofi J IOHTOB no caaTy npomJin; 3aMHKaBmafi COHHN© H H B H , JI©C CKB03HT, B©Cb yCBHiaB JIHCTBOfi. 44
Bee paayeT noaTa:
3©Ji©H©romefi OSBMB p j i a a b , n o a o JibBOM - BOJioTaa a o j i a a a , n o c p e a a ocBemeHHBix j iyroB B©JiHqaBO© BOBCKO CToroB. 45
KapTHBB aepeBeHCKoro o3©pa n e p e a a H a , KaK Ha flBy:
npoiiuiH ceJ to , yBHaeJia B 3eJieHofi paMe 3epKaJio: C KpaflMH nojiHHfi n p y a . Haa npyaoM peBT JiacToqKH; KaKHe-TO KOMapHKB, npoBopHHe H Tomae B npanpHxay, CJIOBHO no cyxy, TyJiflBT no Boae . 46
BoJira, jiBdHMafl peKa HeKpacoBa, qacTO BCTpeqaeTca B epo CTHXO-
TBOp©HHflX:
H p o c , KaK MHOrne, B rjiyma, y deperoB dojibmofi P©KH, Tae Jinmb Kpnqajia KyjiaKH, IllyM©JIH rjiyxo KaMHura,
44 HexpacoB.op. c i t . , "Pxnapb H« q a c " , T . I , CTp.I26
45 HeRpacoB,loc. c i t .
46 ib id . , "KoMy ae Pvca xaTb xooomo", T . I I I , CTp.57
HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA 139
PaaaMH CTBH dejiHX n T a q , KBK HSBBAHHA rpodHHq, Cna©JiH BawHO Ha necK©; BaaHejiHCb r o p n Baaj iexe H CHHBB decKOHeqHxB Jiec CKpBreaJi Ty CTopoay H e d e c , K y a a , aHSBaofi oKOHqaB n y T b , yxoaHT cojiHqe OTaoxHyTb. 47
HacTO onacaHHA npnpoaH CJiyxaT dx>HOM HacTpo©HHB He
K p a c o B a . TaK POpOaCKHe CBX©TH OTTSH9HH H©npHB©TJIHBHM nef i -
3BX©M, aojKaJiHBofi n o r o a o f i , a B npOH3B©a©HBflx, HanacaaHHx B
doapoM TOHe, n p n p o a a jiacKOBaa a H P H A T H B A , n o r o a a q y a e c H a a .
nOHCTBBe MOKHO CqHTaTb H©KpBCOBa B6JIHKHM 3HaTOKOM npnpoaH H
peaKHM xynoxHHKOM pyccKOro nefisaxa.
47 HexpacoB, op. cit., "Ha BOJIPQ", T.I, CTp.I23
3AKJIKHEHHE
DejibB npeamecTByBmax rjiaB dHJio aoKasaTb, qTO HeKpa-
COB - "neBeq r o p a HapoaHoro". 3TO aoKa3HBaeT e r o n o a a a a , n o -
CBAmeBBaa, npexa© B c e r o , aapoay - KpecTbaacTBy, BCRpHBaBmaa
A3BH RpecTbABCKofi XB3HH - CKBepHoe aKOHOMHqecKoe nojioxeBHe,
nocTOAHByB HameTy, yBB3BTeJibaoe a decnpaBHoe cymecTBOBBHHe
B ycJiOBHAx KpenocTHoro npaBa.
OTpaxeHa Bepa HexpacoBa B JiBdHMHfi HM Hapoa, BOCXB-
meaae BayTpeBHefi CHJIOS a aymeBHofi doapocTbB pyccKoro Myxaaa,
Bepa B e r o jiyqmee dyaymee.
To, qTo noaT aeficTBHTejibHO "neBeq cTpaaaHHfi" aona3H-
BaeT e r o XBooaecxBO, nocBAmeHHoe "MHorocTpaaajibHHM" pyccRHM
xeHHiBBaM BO BC©X CJIOAX pyccKoro od^ecTBa, n03B0jiArome© qBXa-
TeJIB 03BaK0MHTbCa C OqeHb TAXeJIOfi XH3HbB KpeCTbAHKH-xeHH,
MaTepn a ppdoxHHUH, B OCHOBHOM, KpenocTHofi, a noaTOMy Toxe
CTpaaaBmefi OT npoH3BOjia dapHHa.
To, qTO HeKDacoB "neqaJibHHK ropa HapoaHoro", BCKPH-
aaBX ©ro qya©CHxe CXHXOXBOP^HHA nocBAmeHHHe aexAM - r o p o a -
CKHM H KpecXbAHCKHM. O de3paaOCXHOfi Cyabde KOXOpHX CKOpdHX
n o a x .
To. qxo HeKpscoB - no^T, BOcneBaroiuafi HMeHHO c x p a a a -
HHA pvccKoro Hapoaa, aoKanBiBaeT e r o xsopqecTBO, oxHocameecA
K WHXeJIAM r o p o a a - deaHHM, rOJIOaHHM. dOJIbHWM H yoxajiHM.
3AKJDDHEHHE 141
npaMHpaxecb x© c My3ofi Moefi ,-
B3HBaji n o a x :
H B© 3 H B B a p y r o r o H a n e B a . Kxo xHBex d e s neqaJ in H THeBa, TOX H6 JIBdHX OXqH3HH CBoefi! 48
Ho 3HaqeHHe HeKpacoBa aajieKO He H c q e p n H B a e i c a I © M ,
qxo OH dHJi "neqajibHHKOM r o p a HapoaHoro" B C BQJIHKOB cnjiofi
Bocneji HapoaHHe cxpaaaHHA.
3BaqeHHe HeKpacoBa oq©Hb BeJiHKo xeM, qTO O B , r o B o p a
nocxoAHHO o XAroxax XH3HH npocxHx JiBaefi, 3acxaBJiAJi CBOIO My3y
SByqaxb decnpepxBHO, odpamaa H©BojibHO BHHMaHae MHornx, a o c o
deHHO CHJibHHX Mapa c e r o Ha x p a r n q e c K o e nojioxeHHe Kpenoc iHHx.
Kxm 3Ha©x, dHTb Moxex B ocBodoxaeHHH KpecibflH CBjrpajia CBOB
MaJieabKyB, HO BaxHyw pojib My3a "c neqajibHHM JIHKOM" . Bbixb
Moxex cxHxoxBopeHHA HexpacoBa dBiJia oanofi H3 Kanejib, aojidHB-
max KaxeHb KpenocxHHqecTBa.
HeMaJiaA 3 a c J i y r a HeKpacoBa B TOM, qTO OH BB©JI B p y c -
CKyB j iHTepaTypy HOBBie *OPMBT vi FOBwe TeMH, odoraTHJi n o s T a q e c -
KHH cjiOBaob HapoaHoB p e q b B , He aonycKfiBuiefica p a F e e B JiHTepa
Typy HenacaHHHMH aaKOHHMH n o s a w .
BSJIHK HeKpacoB T S M , qxo saneqaTJieB c HeodHKHOBQHHHM
MBCTenCTBOM KIDecTbAHCKyB XH3Hb BO BCex 66 HpOABJieHHAX, OdO-
raTHJi DvccKyB JiHTepaTypy MFOPMVH H63adHBaeMHMH odpa3awa H ,
OTqacTH, HapHCOBBJi aJia Hsmero noKOJiPFaa roqHyB KapxHHy o a a o r o
48 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t . , " r a s e T w n f l " . T . I I , C T p . I 9 I
3AKJIKWEHHE 142
HS Kopnefi P©BOJIBBHH - KpecxbAHCKoro B o n p o c a .
HeMajiw s a c j i y r a H e x p a r o B a - H3aaxejiA H p e a a K T o p a . Ho
axox Bonpoc HacxojibKO HHxepeceH H odmnpea , VTO wor d n n o c j i y -
nrwTb TeMoB aJia MHorax cneqwaJibHHx p a d o T . ynoMAHVB o Hex K O -
P O T K O , HyxHO CKasaTb, qTO HeKpacoB C03aaji a e a nepeaoBBix x y p -
aa j ia CBoefi anoxvr H H3aaBaJi HX B TeqeHHH noqTH 3 0 - T B J ieT .
( "CoBpexeHHHK" c I8<*7 no 1866 H "OTeqecTBeHHHe 3anHCKHn c
1868 n o 1877 r o a ) . Ha HT cxpaHnqax OH npona raHappoBa j i n e p e -
aoBHe n a e n CBoero BpeMewH, Ha HX cxpaHanax OH aaji M©CTO a e -
H3BecTHHM HaqBH8BmHM nHcaTejiAM ZlocToeBCKOMy, ToHqapoBy, T O J I -
CTOMy a OcTpoBCKOMy, CTaBiimM noTOM CTOJinaMH pyccKofi JiHTepsTy-
pH. HeKpacoB-Hx "KoecTHBiB OT©IT" - HHTywxHBHO y r a a a j i B HHX
BeJiHKaB xaJiaHT.
CoBepmeHHO oqeBHaHO, qTo B Jiaqe HeKpacoBa p y c c K a a J I H -
x ^ p a x y p a HMeeT HaqnoHaJibHoro n o a x a , rjrydOKoro naTpHOTa, He-
s a y p A a F o r o , opHraHaj ibHoro , H B^JtHKoro "neqaJibHHKa r o p a HaDoaHoro"
BHBJIHOrPA*HH
,.~ ~ AHH©HKOB, n . B . . JlaxepaxypHHe BocnoMHHaHHH,jr©HHHPpaa, 1928, CTp. 6 6 1 . t _ t r : . v ,
BocnOMBHaHHA, COCTOAIHH© H3 Tp©X OBdOT . HHT©p©CHa BTooaA padOTa- "3aMeqaTejibHoe aecATBJi©TH©", nocBAmeHHaa Be-JiaacxoMy, a p y r y a yqwTSJiB HaKt>acoBa, "OT©q©cTB©HHHM 3annc-KBM H COBp©M©HHFK8M n03T8. KHHra U9HHa KaK HCTOHHHK 03HB-KOMJieHHA co cpeaofi, ra© Haxoaajica noaT.
EeJiBHCKHfi, B . T . , nojiHoe codpaHHe coqHHeHafi.noa p e a . HBaHOBa-PaayMHBKa, CnB, 1913 , 3 T . , C T P . I I 0 0 7 l T 3 9 , 1 0 1 7 .
CdopHHK KPHTHqeCKHX CXBXefi, B TOM qncJie o HeKpacoBe H ©ro COBp6M©HHHKBX.
EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, B . E . , HeKpacoB KaK q©JiOB©K. x y p -BBJIBCX a n o a x . MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaa, r o c . H 3 a . , 1 9 2 8 , c x p . 3 4 1 .
rJiBBHHfi HcxoqHHK Hamero HccJieaoBaHHA cexef iHO-poao-BHX BJIHABBfi BB XBOpq©CXBO H©KpacOBa.
3©HbKOBCKHfi, npOX. B .B . , HCXOpBA pyCCKOfi (bBJIOCOdbHH. yMCA-Press, P a r i s , 1 9 4 8 , T . I , c x p . 4 6 9
ZTexaJibHHfi p a 3 d o p pa3BHXHfl d)HJiocod)HH B POCCHH ox a n o -XB n e x p a I a o XX B e a a . 3aMexKH o n e p a o a e "cJiaBAHOipHJibcxBa" H O BeJIBHCKOV.
KapBrnaa, B . T , , PyccKaa H C X O P H A , H s a . noc©B, TepMaHBA, 1946. c x p . 2 6 3 .
Hame ocHOBHoe nocoda© npn HccjieaoBaBBH KpecxbflHCKoro Bonpoca.
KopHBJiOB, A . , Modern Russian History, New York, published by A. Knopf, 1916, p . 310.
HccJieaoBaHae ncxopaa POCCHH.
Masaryk,T.G., The s p i r i t of Russia, London, England, G. A. Un-win, Ltd. , 1919, p . ^480.
noapodHHfi od3op pyccKofi JiHxer>axypH B CBASH C ncxopa-qeCKHMB COdHXHAMH.
HeH3aaHHHe nacbMa JI.H. Tojicxoro, H.A. PoHqa-poBB, H.A. HeKpacoBa, 5>.M. /tocxoeBCKoro, A,<t>A_nacej«tcj!^.ro__g_,Jai)_., noa . p e a . npBiryHOBa, Moo.KBa-JIeHHHrpaa, H3a. "Aoademia" 1932, cxp . 7 4 1 .
nepenncKa HeKpacoBa c OCXPOBCKHM, HHxepecHaa aJia p a s -padoxKH X©MH "HeKpacoB KaK peaaKXop H xypHajincx".
HeKpacoB, H .A . , noJiHQ© codpaHne coqHHeHHfi. npajiox©HHe K "HJUiBcxpHpoBaHHOfi POCCHH" "Sa 1933, HapHsc, 3 xoMa, c x p . 5 1 2 .
EHEJIHOrPA<f>HH 144
nymRBB, A . C . , nojiaoe codpaHae cogBaeHajfj. n o a . p e a . UflBJiOBCKoro a nexpoBa, MOCKBB, 0 rH3, 1949," cxp . 9 5 2 .
PyccKaa JIBPHKB. MaJieHbKaa aHXOJiorHA ox JIOMO-BOCOBB ao nacxepHaaa , cocxaBHJi KH. CBcrTonojiK-MnpcKafi, Hsa . "*paHKo-PyccKaa n e a a x b " , napax , 1924, c x p . 9 5 .
HHiepecHH MHCJIH KH.CBAxonojiK-MHpcKoro o HeKpacoB©, noMem©BHH© B npHMeqaHHAx K "AHTOJiorna".
n«_ n HyROBCKBfi, K .H. , HeKpacoB KaK xyaoxHHK. CnB,Hsa. "3noxa" , 1922 , c x p . 7 7 .
£exajtbHHfi paadop cxHxooftoxeHBA HeKpacoBa.
AfixeHBaJiba, K)., Cajiyaxn pyccKHx nacaxeJiefi, KaaroH3a. "CJIOBO". BenJiHH, I 9 ° 3 , T . T I , c x p . ° 7 8
KpaxKH© oaeoKH o XBopqecxBe nncaxejiefi KOHqa XIX a Ha qajia XX cxojiexHA, B XOM qncJie H HeKpacoBa.
APPENDIX 1
AN ABSTRACT OF
H_.^.__He Kt> a COB - " ne B© U_Jf£pa_H ago a H o r o " T-
The i n s p i r a t i o n for Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power, peasan t s , women,
c h i l d r e n , and urban dwe l l e r s , sung by him in h i s poe t i c works, and h i s
a r t i s t i c i n t u i t i o n and p o e t i c t a l e n t - t hese a re t h e main t op i c s of
t h i s t h e s i s .
Chapter I dea ls wi th the causes which influenced and formed
Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power as a poe t : the inf luence of h i s a n c e s t o r s ,
d i s s o l u t e f e u d a l i s t s , i n h e r i t e d by him from h i s f a t h e r , t h e e f f ec t of
which was nega t ive and demoral izing to Nekrasov - t he chi ld j t he bene
f i c i a l in f luence of h i s mother, who induced her son to become i n t e r e s
ted i n r ead ing , l e a r n i n g , and everything good; t h e e f fec t on him of t h e
Northern Russian landscape and t h e "g rea t waterway" - the Volga, and
f i n a l l y , the in f luence of t h e epoch r i c h i n eventff such as the l i b e r a
t i o n of t h e peasan t ry from s l ave ry , and the appearance of a new c l a s s ,
t h e s o - c a l l e d "unpr iv i leged" c l a s s ( i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , i n t h e 6 0 ' s ) .
Chapter I I d i s cus se s the main body of Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e works -
h i s poems on t h e peasan t ry and on the grave economic and moral s i t u a t i o n
during t h e epoch of feudal i sm. This chapter gives a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s
T H . EayMni, H^A_. .HeKpacoB - "TTeBen, ^pV^nj!von^nvo,\ OxxaBa, 1 9 5 0 , c x t ) . v i " H - I " - « .
AN ABSTRACT OF N. BAUMS' N.A. NEKRASOV - lk6 "MINSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORROW"
of Nekrasov's poe t ry , which dep io t s t h e mode of l i v i n g of the peasan t s ,
the main t r a i t s of t h e i r c h a r a c t e r , t h e i r a t t i t u d e towards reform, which
l i b e r a t e d the peasan t ry from f e u d a l i s t i c dependency, and t h e p o e t ' s
views on t h e fu tu r e of t h e peop le .
Chapter I I I i s devoted to ch i ld ren and women; Nekrasov's r e a c t i o n
to t h e manner of l i f e of c i t y oh i ld ren-paupers , and to t h e i r more f o r t u
na te "cous ins" - peasan t c h i l d r e n . Deta i led ana lys i s i s made of Nekra
s o v ' s works dedica ted to h i s h i g h l y i dea l i z ed type of peasant •woman - h e r
i n d u s t r y , t h r i f t , admirable c h a r a c t e r , w i l l i ngnes s to s a o r i f i c e , and her
love of c h i l d r e n - t h e type of "handsome and s t rong S lav ic woman" c rea ted
by Nekrasov. This chapter dea^ls as wel l wi th the ind iv idua l poems of
Nekrasov on "Russian Women", and with the type of women - wif es of deoem-
b r i s t s who s a c r i f i c e d everything for t h e sake of t h e i r husbands .
Chapter IV po r t r ays t h e "big c i t y " wi th i t s s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t s -
the misery of t h e poor and t h e luxur ious bu t of ten immoral l i f e of t h e r i c h .
Chapter V i s dedica ted to t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e a r t i s t i c mer i t s and
q u a l i t i e s of t h e poe t ; to t h e melodies and rhythmics of h i s v e r s e ; t o t h e
ind iv idua l s t y l e of Nekrasov, who was the f i r s t t o in t roduce in to l i t e r a
t u r e "popular s t y l e " and popular language.
The b a s i s of t h i s r e sea r ch i s t he a n a l y s i s of Nekrasov's works,
the w r i t e r be ing of t h e opinion t h a t the heroes i n h i s works, where t h e
poet i s n o t h imsel f a c h a r a c t e r , neve r the l e s s express Nekrasov's pe rsona l
v iews .
F I N I S