Post on 12-Dec-2021
A Comparison of Oil Extraction Methods
Linton Bailey1, Mary Besong2 and Alberta N.A. Aryee2
1 Hospitality and Tourism Management, College of Agricultural Science & Education, Passley Gardens, Port Antonio, Portland, W.I, Jamaica, 2The Henry P. Becton School of Nursing
& Allied Health, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ 07666, 3College of Agriculture & Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
Introduction
In recent years, there has been increased interest in plants
that produce functional (health impacts) fatty acids [1]. Njangsa
(Ricinodendron heudelotti) seed oil is unusually rich in
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which account for about 75%
of the total fatty acids [2]. Njangsa is native to Central and
West Africa. Njangsa seed with commercial levels of oil and
PUFA would have potential as a high-value oil crop. Several
conventional and emerging methods are available for oil
extraction [3, 4]. However, the choice of method is often dictated
by time, cost, and safety of the method and the yield and quality
of oil extracted. To increase the industrial application and
utilization of oil from Njangsa seed, extraction methods that
result in high yields without compromising the quality of the
extracted oil are required. The objectives of this study were to:
1) evaluate the extraction of oil from Njangsa seed using three
methods, and 2) determine the quality of the oil extracted.
Materials and Methods
Njangsa seeds were obtained from a local African store in
Smyrna, DE. All reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO).
Gravimetric Analysis
𝐎𝐢𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 (%) = wgt of oil
wgt of ground seed 𝑥 100%
Quality Parameters: Free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide
value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value of the oil were
determined according to Ca 5a-40, Cd 8-53 and Cd 19-90,
respectively of the Official Methods of the American Oil
Chemists’ Society (AOCS) [6], to asses the effect of extraction
methods on oil quality.
Acknowledgements
This study was made possible by the National Science Foundation EPSCoR Grant No. IIA-
1301765, the State of Delaware, and enzyme donation from Enzyme Development Corporation
(New York City, NY).
References [1]. Ezekwe et al. (2014). Nutritive composition of omega-3 fatty acids-rich Ricinodendron heudelotii and its potential for nutrition. Int. J. Nutr. Metab.
6(6): 56-62.
[2]. Manga et al. (2000). Chemical composition of Ricinodendron heudelotii: An indigenous fruit tree in southern Cameroon. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 8: 195-
201.
[3]. Aryee, A.N.A. and Simpson, B.K. (2009). Comparative studies on the yield and quality of solvent-extracted oil from salmon skin. J. Food Eng.
92(3): 353-358.
[4]. Gayas, B. and Gagandeep, K. (2017). Novel oil extraction methods in food industry: A review. Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 8(1): 1-11.
[5]. Folch et al. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509.
[6]. AOCS (2004). Official Methods and Recommended Practices. Method Additions and Revisions.
Abstract The time, cost, safety, and quality of oil, of an oil extraction method are important selection criteria in the oil industry. A detailed investigation of the relationship between
extraction methods and product quality is therefore necessary. In this study, the extraction of oil from Njangsa (Ricinodendron heudelotti) seed was evaluated using three
methods; the classical Folch method (FM), hexane extraction (HE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and their influence on the recovery and quality of oil was
determined by gravimetric analysis, free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value assays. There were significant (P>0.05) differences
between the extraction methods. The content of FFA and formation of peroxides were dependent on the extraction method, and the lowest TBA value was obtained by EAE.
Conclusion
Both the hexane and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) methods afforded simple extraction
processes and recovery, whilst the Folch method was laborious and time-consuming. EAE
and chloroform-methanol extraction (Folch method) recovered similar amount of oil, however
the yields of these two methods were lower than hexane extraction (HE). Nonetheless, there
was no exposure to toxic and potentially carcinogenic solvents in the EAE method. The
quality of oil produced by the EAE method was found to be comparable or even superior to
that obtained from the FM and HE methods, further demonstrating the viability of enzyme-
assisted extraction.
Determination of peroxide value by titration Determination of thiobarbituric acid value spectrophotometrically
Results & Discussions The yield of Njangsa seed oil from the FM,
HE, and EAE methods were: 19.99, 53.22
and 15.07%, respectively (Fig. 2). The result
suggest that oil yield is dependent on the
method of extraction.
Both the Folch and hexane extraction
methods produced oils with higher PV (10 -
20 mEq/kg oil)compared to the EAE method
(Fig. 2).
The TBA values of the oil extracted by the
HE and FM were both 0.13 mg of
malonaldehyde/kg oil. This is more than 4-
fold higher than the TBA value from the EAE
method (0.03 mg of malonaldehyde/kg oil)
(Fig. 2). This indicates that there was
comparably lower secondary oxidation
during EAE.
15.07
19.99
53.22
1.99
1.99
1.99
9.80
10.00
19.84
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Hemicellulase 20M - Enzyme extraction(EAE)
Chloroform-Methanol - Folch method (FM)
Hexane extraction (HE)
Values
Ex
trac
tio
n m
eth
od
s
TBA (mg of malonaldehyde/kg ofoil)
PV (5 mEq of peroxides/kg of oil)
FFA (0-3.30%)
Oil Yield
Fig. 2: Comparison of oil extraction methods and oil quality
Fig. 1: A schematic representation of the extraction methods