A Brief Description of Pea

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

THE MOST BENEFICENT

THE MOST MERCIFUL

ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 1

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM

BY ISHTIAQ SHARIQ

ROLL # 2 SEMESTER 7th

B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

4. BREEDING OBJECTIVES

5. CROP IMPROVEMENT

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Scientific Classification

• Morphology

• Nutrition Facts

• National and International Production

• An old world cool season annual legume crop.

• A popular crop in world since a long time.

• With broad genetic base.

• Consumed in multiple forms.

• Long history of cultivation and adaptation.

• Different crop forms are present based upon the harvest time.

• Criteria for harvest is fruit or embryo and presence of particular gene combination

Consumed as:

• Immature embryo

• Fresh vegetable pea

• Dehydrated form

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Morphology

• Nutrition Facts

• Carbonized remains of pea northern Iraq, southern and south eastern Turkey and Syria

• Indicates their cultivation and use as food as early as 7000-6000 BC.

Near Middle East

• Highland of the Hindu Kusch

• Long vined ‘AFGHAN’ type belongs here

• Shorter statured Tibetan ecotype grown on agricultural terraces at high altitude.

• Central highland region of Ethopia

• Uplands of Southern Yemen

• Pisum sativum ssp. abyssinicum still available in this center

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Nutrition Facts

ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM

KINGDOM Plantae

ORDER Febales

FAMILY Febaceae

GENUS Pisum

SPECIE P. sativum

BINOMIAL NAME

Pisum sativum L.

• Belong to the tribe Vicieae (or Fabeae).

• No natural polyploid forms been discovered. (Jaranowski and Micke 1985).

• All texa with in Pisum are diploid

(2n=14) and majority are fully intercrossable with a few being difficult but possible.(NOTES)

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Morphology

• Nutrition Facts

• Annual herbaceous plant

• Small as 15 cm and as tall as 1.5 m

• Taproot is well developed

• Lateral branches

• Angular or round, glabrous

• Non-pigmented

• Branching is extremely variable

• Some varieties producing laterals freely, others only rarely.

• Pinnately compound, having one to three pinnae.

• The pinnae are oval to oblong, 25-50 mm long, and entire with mucronate tips.

• Normally green and glaucous, non-glaucous, yellow, and variegated forms are also known.

• The upper pinnae may be modified as tendrils; the terminal pinnae invariably modified into tendrils.

• Stipules (NOTES) are large and leafy with dentate margins.

• Axillary long-peduncled raceme

• Flowers are large, white in color

• Calyx five-lobed

• Corolla papilionaceous

• Standard large, orbicular (NOTES), and clawed

• Wings clawed with a prominent spur

• Keels united and broader than the wings

• Stamens 9+1, diadelphous

– 9 forming staminal column, 1 free.

• Ovary flattened with a sharply bent style and hairy on the concave face.

• The fruit is a typical legume pod

• Variable length and breadth, curved or straight

• Yellowish-green to dark green, with either acute or blunt apices.

• In most varieties, pod is lined by a thin parchment like sclerenchymatous membranethe endocarp of the wall.

• This membrane at the time of maturity drying contracts and splits the pods.

• Varieites without parchment are known as edible-podded or sugar peas.

• The seeds are 4-10 in number

• Testa is thin, either colorless (white) or green (intensity of the greenness changes with maturity).

• The hilum is quite distinct and is colorless, brown, or yellow.

• Individual seeds may up to 2-50 mg.

• Seed surface being smooth, wrinkled, indented, or dimpled

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Morphology

• Nutrition Facts

• Energy 339 KJ (81 kcal)

• Carbohydrates 14.45 g

• Sugars 5.67 g

• Dietary fiber 5.1 g

• Fat 0.4 g

• Protein 5.42 g

NUTRITION VALUE PER 100 g

• Thiamine (B1)

• Riboflavin (B2)

• Niacin (B3)

• Vitamin (B6)

• Folate (B9)

• Vitamin C

• Vitamin E

• Vitamin K

• Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, Zn

INTRODUCTION

• Origin

• Morphology

• Nutrition Facts

FAO STATISTICS 2012

RANK AREA PRODCUTION (INT $1000) PRODUCTION (MT)

1 CHINA, MAINLAND 3805982 11500000

2 INDIA 1207985 3650000

3 FRANCE 195627 591100

4 USA 118667 358560

5 KENYA 77450 234021

http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 2011-2012

YEAR PUNJAB SINDH KPK BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN

2011-12 16.2 28.8 1.2 10.0 56.2 ‘000’ hectares

2011-12 821 601 667 550 657 ‘000’ tons

www.mnfsr.gov.pk.

1. INTRODUCTION

5. CROP IMPROVEMENT

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

• Climate

• Soils

• Soil Preparation

• Seed Treatment

• Planting and Seed Rate

• Fertilization, Irrigation, and Inter-culture

• Diseases and Pests

• Harvesting ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 38

• A series of systematic

approach that starts from

seed selection, soil

preparation to a good market

appealing product

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Adapted to cool moist climate with 7-21°C

• The optimum is in the region of 18-21°C

• Cultivated throughout the temperate areas.

• Satisfactorily in tropical countries

• Excessive heat prevents blossoms from setting fruit and also retards the development of pods that have formed

• Ultimately reducing the size and weight of seed.

• Light freezes or frosts do not hurt the young seedlings only the blossoms are seriously damaged

• Crop is most productive where rainfall is abundant

• Dry atmosphere is desirable at

harvest time.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Wide range of soils but grow best on well-drained clay or sandy loams

rich in or well supplied with lime

• Heavy soils are also undesirable

• Lighter soils produce earlier crops than the heavier soils

• Sandy loams are preferred for sowing of early crops, while the silt or clay loams can be used for late crops and better yields.

• The optimum soil pH range for peas is 6.0-7.5.

• Peas do not thrive on highly acidic soils unless well limed.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Thorough preparation is necessary.

• Where to broadcast or drill seed is important.

• Plowing in fall is good when planting early crop.

• If plowed in spring planting will be delayed.

• Smooth surface free from clods is desirable, for drilling seeds to same depth

• So that the uniform maturity be achieved.

• Non uniform maturity causes harvesting difficulty; decreasing price and quality.

• Rough, uneven surface interferes with the use of the harvesting machinery.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Fix nitrogen

• Where planted first time, do inoculate

• Inoculate seed to be planted on highly acid soil

• Farmers don’t inoculate their

seed because of the labor

• Moist soil conditions, thiram- or captan-based seed dressings, an insurance against soil borne pathogens.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Seed should not be planted too deep.

• 1 inch in moist heavy soil.

• 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) on dry heavy soil.

• The seeds germinate in about a week’s time.

• Row to row 30-36 in. (75-90 cm), for short ones 24 in. (60 cm).

• Dwarf and semi dwarf varieties can be broadcasted in wide rows 18 in. (45 cm).

• Both dwarf and tall varieties can be planted in raised beds

• The taller being given wider spacing.

• Early crop is sown more thickly to allow for losses caused by rather unfavorable conditions.

• The tall-growing varieties are supported on fences of wire or heavy string.

• Peas grown for processing are planted with a grain drill, same as used for grain cereals.

• The seed rate depends on the method of sowing

• Broadcasting requires more seed (50-75 kg/ha)

• Dibbling or drill (20-25 kg/ha).

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Legume, that’s why only phoshphatic and potassic feritlizers recommended.

• Fertilizer mostly before sowing.

• A small dose of nitrogen to compliment growth is applied.

• 20-30 kg of nitrogen (per hec.)

• 70-110 kg of phosphorous (per hec.)

• 50-60 kg of potassium per hectare

at time of sowing.

• Small dose of nitrogen at the time of flowering and pod formation for higher yield.

• Water requirement of pea are low: generally without irrigation.

• In U.S, first water at time of blossoming and second on before pods form.

• Thin the seedlings to 3-4 in. (7-10 cm) apart

• Tall varieties also need support when they are 3 in. (7 cm) tall

• Fences, trellises, or any vertical surface that is at least 5 ft. (1.5 m) tall and to which the tendrils can cling should be used

• Regular hoeing and weeding are also necessary to check weed growth and to provide proper aeration to the roots.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Powdery mildew caused by Eryshiphe polygoni

• Fusarium wilt or near wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum

• Root rots caused by several organisms including Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, and other soil borne pathogens.

• Bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas pisi Packett;

• Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea.

• Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi)

• Pod borer (Heliothes spp.)

• Pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum)

• Leaf miner (Agromyza flaveola)

• Nematodes also affect pea yield in

some infected areas

CONTROL MEASURE

• For controlling the Fusarium wilt, the best method is to use resistant varieties

• Controlling powdery mildew, dusting with sulfur is very effective.

• Disease-free seed should be used for controlling bean mosaic, as it is transmitted through the seed.

• Pea aphid, pod borer, pea weevil, and leaf miner. These can be controlled with insecticides such as malathion.

• Climate

• Soils

• Seed Treatment

• Time, judged by appearance of pod.

• Well filled with tender young peas and changing in color from dark to light green.

• Delaying the harvest results in decreasing the proportion of small peas. Thus increasing crop yield.

• High quality= tenderness & high

sugar content

• When ready, the crop must be cut as soon as possible and the shelled peas rushed to the processing plant for further processing.

• Alternatively, the seeds are graded by floating on a 5% brine solution; the sinkers are taken for canning while the floaters are used for freezing.

• Peas grown for home use and for the fresh market are picked by hand.

• Green peas must be picked at just the right stage of maturity.

• Premature picking yields small-sized seeds whereas delayed pickings lower quality.

• Some growers make two or three pickings, while others make only one.

1. INTRODUCTION

5. CROP IMPROVEMENT

• Anthesis and dehiscence takes place in the morning (from 5 a.m. to 8 a.m.).

• Stigma receptivity is noticed 48 hours before and 24 hours after anthesis.

• Pollen grains are viable from the time of anther dehiscence to a few days thereafter.

• Pea is a strictly self-pollinated crop with the outcrossing generally less than 1%.

• Insect, Paratrigona lineata, which cuts the petals of unopened flowers near the stamens and pistil increase cross to 60%

• Flowers are generally emasculated a day or 16-20 hours before pollination Generally emasculation is done in the afternoon and pollination the following morning. The anthers are enclosed inside the keel of the cleistogamous flower.

• The emasculation is done with the help of forceps by exposing the keel.

• Pollination is done the next day, taking the viable pollen with the help of forceps or needle. Pollination may be performed on the same day as emasculation.

1. INTRODUCTION

5. CROP IMPROVEMENT

Basically a game plan, before starting a breeding program.

Setting priority goals that the breeder wants to achieve within the allocated budget and research

facilities.

Generally goals are set depending on the consumer preferences, whether its market

(processing) or general people need.

Main aim is feed to the ever increasing population.

FEED THE NATION.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

• Market Requirements – Fresh Market/Home Garden

– Processing Market

• Pest Resistance

• Environmental Stress Tolerance

• The parameters for fresh market/home garden cultivars are more variable than for cultivars used for processing.

• Short plant preferred by farmer, having limited space.

• Others prefer tall ones.

• Pods may be stringless or stringy

• In general, larger pod sizes (about 10 cm) are preferred compared to snap peas for processing.

• String peas can successfully be grown under less optimum conditions than string-less cultivars

• Under good conditions string-less snap peas may give a good result.

• Pod quality is often more important than productivity. Pods should have thick succulent walls and a mild, sweet flavor at maturity and pod fiber should be minimal.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

• Pest Resistance

• In U.S self propelled combin is used.

• Stripping the pods from plant.

• To accomodate mechanical harvest, short vined plants with high productivity, uniform maturity and concentrated pod set are required.

• The ideal plant habit (approximately 50 cm) with zigzag, robust stems and two or more pods per node.

• Short vines are needed because too much vegetative biomass slows the harvest process.

• Round, straight pods are necessary.

• Oval pods will not grade accurately, and straight pods will travel more cleanly through the processing equipment.

• String-less pods are essential for processing.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

• Pest Resistance

• Resistance to notorious insects such as pea aphid, pod borer, pea

weevil, leaf miner and nematodes.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

• Pest Resistance

• String-less types may respond to stress with stunting, reduced growth rates and lower yields

• Stunting is directly proportional to high temp. and/or drought stress.

• This pleiotropic effect of sin-2 has been a major impediment to the development of commercially useful string-less snap peas

• By selecting for better performance under

• Field conditions, greater stress tolerance has been achieved.

1. INTRODUCTION

5. CROP IMPROVEMENT

• Common breeding procedures applied to peas are the pedigree method, SSD, recurrent selection, and backcrossing. crosses but each cross typically yields less than six seeds

• Shoot meristem culture is an effective method for mass propagation of genetically uniform pea plants and for the production of pathogen-free materials.

• Callus and cell culture, have proven useful to induce genetic variability by soma-clonal variation, which has a great potential in plant breeding

• Meristem culture is the most highly developed in vitro technique for pea

• Closest to practical application.

• The first successful regeneration from shoot apical meristems was published by Kartha et al. (1974)

• Little attention far haploid plants by anther or pollen cultures in pea

• Gosal and Bajaj (1988) reported pollen embryos, and various levels of chromosome number ranging from haploid to highly polyploid and aneuploid.

• Diploid cells (60%), tetraploid (15 %) triploid (8%)

• The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used to insert functional foreign genes into plants

• The wrinkled-seed character of pea described by Mendel was caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme

• INTRODUCTION – Garden pea: Handbook of Plant Breeding Vol.2 - Vegetables II

• ORIGIN – Garden pea: Handbook of Plant Breeding Vol.2 - Vegetables II

• SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION – Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology : Production,

Composition, Storage, and Processing Food Science and Technology (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) Author: Salunkhe, D. K.

– Garden pea: Handbook of Plant Breeding Vol.2 - Vegetables II

• MORPHOLOGY – Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology : Production,

• NUTRITION FACTS – (USDA Nutrient Database (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list)

• NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION – International: http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx

– National: www.mnfsr.gov.pk.

• PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY – Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology : Production,

• REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY – Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops by G. Alloo And B. O. Bergh

• BREEDING OBJECTIVES – Origin, History, and Genetic Improvement of the Snap Pea (Pisum

sativum L.), PLANT BREEDING REVIEWS, Volume 21, by Jules Janick

• CROP IMROVEMENT – Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops by G. Alloo And B. O. Bergh, Page 425-420

A Brief Description of Pea

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