Post on 30-Dec-2015
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8th Grade Grammar
Vocabulary and Notes
Grammar Lesson 4
• Vocabulary
• Bicameral: a government term meaning “having two branches, chambers, or houses.”
• Impeachment: the process of bringing formal charges against a public official.
Proper Nouns
• A common noun doesn’t name a specific person, place, or thing.
• Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing.
• Proper nouns need to be capitalized.
• Common nouns are capitalized when they are part of a proper noun.
• Small words in proper nouns are not capitalized unless they are the first or last word.
Concrete, Abstract, and Collective Nouns
• A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing.
• Concrete nouns may be common or proper.
• An abstract noun names something that cannot be seen or touched. Abstract nouns name something you can think about.
• A collective noun names a collection of persons, places, or things.
Grammar Lesson 5
• Vocabulary
• Affection: fondness or devotion
• Affectation: phoniness, pretension, and artificiality
Verb Tense
• Tense means time.
• Verbs tell us what action is occurring and when it is happening.
• Verb form, or tense, changes to show when the action takes place.
• Three simple verb tenses:• Present
• Past
• Future
Present Tense
• Present tense – shows that action is happening now.
• Add an s when the subject is singular.
• Don’t add an s when the pronoun is I or you.
• Add an es when the verb ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, and the subject is singular.
• When a verb ends in a consonant and a y, change the y to i and add es for the singular form.
Past Tense
• Past tense shows action that has already occurred.
• Add an ed to form the past tense of regular verbs.
• When one-syllable verbs end in a consonant, double the consonant and add ed.
• When a verb ends in e, drop the e and add ed.
• When a verb ends in y, change the y to i and add ed.
Errors to Avoid
• Do not use present tense form to express past tense.
• Do not shift from past to present in the same phrase.
Grammar Lesson 6
• Vocabulary
• Placate: to calm or to satisfy
• Pacifist: a person who opposes war or violence
Helping Verbs
• A main verb in a sentence may have one or more helping verbs.
• The main verb shows action.
• Helping verbs do not show action, but help form verb tense.
• Common helping verbs to memorize:• Is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, has, have, had, may, might,
must, can, could, do
• Does, did, shall, will, should, would