5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf ·...

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Transcript of 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf ·...

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Folgende Instruktionen werden definiert:

Symbol Op-Code Adr.-Art Adressteil Beschreibung LDA 1 D,I,X AD Lade den AkkumulatorSTA 2 D,I,X AD Speichere den Inhalt des AkkuADD 3 D,l,X AD Addiere zum AkkuAND 4 D,l,X AD Ver-Unde den Akku bitweiseJMP 5 D,I,R AD Springe unbedingtCALL 6 D,I,R AD Springe zur SubroutineJZ 7 D,l,R AD Springe, wenn Akku = 0JS 8 D,I,R AD Springe, wenn Akku < 0JC 9 D,I,R AD Springe, wenn Carry gesetztJNC A D,l,R AD Springe, wenn Carry nicht gesetztJXZ B D,l,R AD Springe, wenn IX = 0LDX C D,l,X AD Lade das Index RegisterSTX D D,l,X AD Speichere das Index Register-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LDS E 00 Wert Lade den Stack Pointer mit Wert

CLA 0 00 8000 Lösche den AkkuCLC 0 00 4000 Lösche das Carry-BitCMA 0 00 2000 Komplementiere den AkkuCMC 0 00 1000 Komplementiere das Carry-BitROR 0 00 0800 Rotiere Akku/Carry nach rechtsROL 0 00 0400 Rotiere Akku/Carry nach linksINCA 0 00 0200 Inkrementiere den Akku um 1HLT 0 00 0100 Halte den Prozessor anXCHG 0 00 0080 Tausche Akku und Index-RegisterPUSH 0 00 0040 Lege Inhalt des Akku auf den StackPOP 0 00 0020 Hole Wert vom Stack in den AkkuINCX 0 00 0010 Inkrementiere IX um 1DECX 0 00 0008 Dekrementiere IX um 1RET 0 00 0004 Kehre aus Subroutine zurückCPAS 0 00 0002 Kopiere AC(0-15) nach SPCPSA 0 00 0001 Kopiere SP nach AC(0-15)NOP 0 00 0000 Keine OperationIN 0 01 8000 Input Byte in AC(0-7)OUT 0 01 4000 Output Byte von AC(0-7)CPIC 0 01 2000 Kopiere Input-Flag nach CCPOC 0 01 1000 Kopiere Output-FIag nach CION 0 01 0800 Interrupt einschaltenIOF 0 01 0400 Interrupt ausschalten

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RTL Beschreibung Modell-CPU (Beispielrechner 1) Quelle: Prof. Dr. Teppner – Script RAzum Verständnis siehe auch die folgenden Bilder

fetch c0 • t0: MAR ← PCc0 • t1: MBR ← M, PC ← PC + 1c0 • t2: OPR ← MBR(OP), AR ← MBR(AR), OPX ← MBR(AD)q0’ • d’ • c0 • t3: R ← 1(q0 ∨ d) • c0 • t3: F ← 1

; im Folgenden bedeutet kursiv gedruckt: gesonderter Datenpfad, Transfer nicht über CommonBus

address caIculationindirect i • c1 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)

i • c1 • t1: MBR ← Mrelativ r • c1 • t0: MBR(AD) ← MBR(AD) + PCindexed x • c1 • t0: MBR(AD) ← MBR(AD) + IX(AD)

c1 • t3: F ← 1, R ← 0

interrupt c3 • t0: SP ← SP – 1, IEN=0, MBR(AD) ← PCc3 • t1: PC ← 0, MAR ← SPc3 • t2: M ← MBRc3 • t3: F ← 0, R ← 0

execute c2 • t3: If (IEN • (FGI ∨ FGO) = 1) then (R ← 1)If (IEN • (FGI ∨ FGO) = 0) then (F ← 0)

LDA q1 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q1 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq1 • c2 • t2: AC ← MBR

STA q2 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q2 • c2 • t1: MBR ← ACq2 • c2 • t2: M ← MBR

ADD q3 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q3 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq3 • c2 • t2: AC ← AC + MBR

AND q4 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q4 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq4 • c2 • t2: AC ← AC ∧ MBR

JMP q5 • c2 • t0: PC ← MBR(AD)CALL q6 • c2 • t0: SP ← SP – 1, MBR(AD) ← PC

q6 • c2 • t1: PC ← MBR(AD)q6 • c2 • t2: MAR ← SPq6 • c2 • t3: M ← MBR

JZ q7 • c2 • t0: If (AC = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JS q8 • c2 • t0: If (AC < 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JC q9 • c2 • t0: If (C = 1) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JNC q10 • c2 • t0: If (C = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JXZ q11 • c2 • t0: If (IX = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))LDX q12 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)

q12 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq12 • c2 • t2: lX ← MBR

STX q13 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q13 • c2 • t1: MBR ← IXq13 • c2 • t2: M ← MBR

LDS q14 • c2 • t0: SP ← MBR(AD)

• Und-Operator

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Bi = OPX (i) , i =0 … 15

CLA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B15: AC ← 0CLC q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B14: C ← 0CMA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B13: AC ← AC’CMC q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B12: C ← C’ROR q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B11: cir C/ACROL q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B10: cir C/ACINCA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B9: AC ← AC +1HLT q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B8: Run ← 0XCHG q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B7: MBR ← AC, AC ← IX

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B7: IX ← MBRPUSH q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B6: SP ← SP – 1

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B6: MAR ← SP, MBR ← ACq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B6: M ← MBR

POP q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B5: MAR ← SP, SP ← SP + 1q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B5: MBR ← Mq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B5: AC ← MBR

INCX q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B4: IX ← IX + 1DECX q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B3: IX ← IX – 1RET q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B2: MAR ← SP, SP ← SP + 1

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B2: MBR ← Mq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B2: PC ← MBR(AD)

CPAS q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B1: SP ← AC(0-15)CPSA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B0: AC(0-15) ← SP

IN q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B15: AC(0…7) ← INPR, FGI ← 0OUT q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B14: OUTR ← AC(O…7), FGO ← 0CPIC q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B13: C ← FGICPOC q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B12: C ← FGOION q0 • i •c2 • t3 • B11: IEN ← 1IOF q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B10: IEN ← 0

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19 18 17 16 15-0

15... 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Decoder4 zu 16

3 2 1 0 2 zu 4

Decoder

signale

Steuer-

weitere Eing.

2-bit Sequence-Counter (SC)

INCCLRClock

q0

q15

T0

T3

Logik-gatter derSteuer-einheit

Steuereinheit BR1

Clock

T0

T1

T2

T3

T0n

2021

16

AR OPC OPX

B0 ... B15

F R

4 D,I,R,X

2 zu 4

Decoder

aktuelles Befehlswort gespeichert

(Adressierungsarten)

Maschinen-zyklus-FF

T1n T2n T3n T0n+1 T1n+1 T2n+1

fest verdrahtete (hardwired)

Bildung der Steuersignale

Taktschema

IEN RUN

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write read

Speichereinheit

MAR

MBR

PC

AC

Z

FGO

FGI

OUTR

INPR

Clock

Eingabe- gerät

Ausgabe- gerät

Adresse

22-bit Common Bus LD

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

Registersatz mit DatenwegenFlag’sALU

ALU

AR OPR OPX

BUSSteuerung

SP

IX

8

9

LD

DEC

CLR

LD INC CLR

LD INC CLR

DECLD INC CLR

LDA CLR

LD INC CLR

LD INC CLR

LDB

S0,S1,S2,S3

C S

64 KWorte a’ 22 Bit

IX = 0

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ResetClock(OUT Befehl)

Aus-gabe-gerät

FGO-Flag

OUTR8-bitAC

8-bit8-bit

FGOSteuer-einheit

ProzessorDaten

ready

strobe

Bild 2 Leitungs-Handshake zur Steuerung des Datenaustausches zwischen Prozessor und Ausgabegerät

1. initial FGO=1 (ready=0)

2. Datentransfer von AC ins OUTR soll nur erfolgen, wenn FGO=1

4. Mit Übernahme der Daten ins Ausgabegerät setzt dieses (durch strobe=1) FGO=1 (Freigabe des OUTR für neue Daten aus AC)

3. Mit erfolgtem Transfer setzt die Prozessor- Steuereinheit FGO=0 (ready=1)

Reset

Clock(IN Befehl)

Ein-gabe-gerät

FGI-Flag

INPR8-bit

AC8-bit8-bit

FGISteuer-einheit

Prozessor

Daten

ready

strobe

1. initial FGI=0

2. Datentransfer von INPR nach AC soll nur erfolgen, wenn FGI=1

3. Bei FGI=0 (ready=1) kann das Eingabegerät Daten in das INPR schreiben. Bei erfolgtem Datentransfer setzt das Eingabegerät (mit strobe=1) FGI=1.

4. Durch einen INP-Befehl werden die Daten in den Accumulator transferiert und FGI=0 gesetzt. (Freigabe des INPR für neue Daten)

Bild 2 Leitungs-Handshake zur Steuerung des Datenaustausches zwischen Prozessor und Eingabegerät

(Eingabedaten in INPR)

Funktion der Ein- und Ausgabeflags

q0· i·c 2·t 0·B 15

q0· i·c 2·t 0·B 14

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ja

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ja

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0 RAD: ; Rückehradresse hier gespeichert 1 JMP ASR ; Verzweigen zum Anfang ISR

••

80 CLA ; Teil eines laufenden Programms 81 ION ; Interruptfreigabe 82 LDA A 83 ADD B ; hier Interruptgesuch 84 STA C ; hier Fortsetzung des unterbrochenen Programms

••ORG 0300

300 ASR: PUSH ; Anfang ISR; Retten AC in Stack301 ROL ; C in AC(0)302 PUSH ; Retten C in Stack303 CPIC ; Copy Eingabeflag nach C304 JNC TOF ; Eingabeflag=0: Testen Ausgabeflag305 IN ; Eingabeflag=1: Zeichen von INPR nach AC306 STA PTE I ; Speichern Zeichen in Eingabepuffer307 LDA PTE ; Inkrementieren Eingabezeiger308 INA309 STA PTE30A TOF: CPOC ; Copy Ausgabeflag nach C30B JNC EEA ; Ausgabeflag=0: zum Ende E/A-Routine30C LDA PTA I ; Ausgabeflag=1: Lade Zeichen aus Ausgabepuffer30D OUT ; Zeichen ins OUTR30E LDA PTA ; Inkrementieren Ausgabezeiger30F EEA: POP ; Ende E/A-Routine; Rückladen AC(0)310 ROR ; AC(0) nach C schieben311 POP ; Rückladen AC-Inhalt312 ION ; Interruptfreigabe314 RET ; Rücksprung ins unterbrochene Programm315 PTE: HEX 400 ; Eingabe-Zeiger-Initialisierung316 PTA: HEX 401 ; Speicherplatz für Eingabezeiger