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Unit 1
The Definition of a Solar System
A solar system consists of a star and all the objects
orbiting it as well as all the material in that system. Our SolarSystem includes the Sun together with the eight planets andtheir moons as well as all other celestial bodies that orbit thesun.
Besides the sun, 8 planets andtheir moons, our Solar System
contains billions of other objectsand extends far beyond theoutermost planets. There are several
hundred thousand asteroids revolving around the Sun. Mosthave orbits between Mars and Jupiter. Also, in addition to themore than 800 comets we have recorded passing through theinner part of the solar system, there are billions more lying in
the area surrounding the solar system. They are in the disk ofdebris known as the Kuiper belt and the cloud of cometsknown as the Oort cloud.
Next, to a smaller scale, there are countless meteoroids(some of which include cemetery debris and fragments fromthe collision of larger bodies), some of which approach Earth's
orbit closely enough to be known as near Earth objects.Finally, billions of objects (many the size of a speck of dust)cross through our atmosphere as meteors or micrometeoroidseach day, usually completely unnoticed.
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Unit 2
Sun as the Center of the Solar System
Sun is the center and the main component of this Solar
System. The Sun is categorized as a star and has size of332.832 times the mass of The Earth. The distance from The
Sun and The Milky way is about 30.000 light year, and
1,496x108 km from The Earth.
Space things keep moving around The Sun because the
Suns mass is greater than the others. The amount of a space
things gravitation is also influenced by the distance from The
Sun. The farther the distance, the smaller the gravitation.
The closest star from The Sun is called Proxima
Centaury. It is 4,23 light year far from the sun.
Unit 3
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Sun as a Star
The Sun is categorized as a star because :
1. It radiates its own light.
2. Has the same light spectrum.
3. The energy is made because of the nuclear fusion.
The sun is one kind of dwarf yellow
star type (type G V)In the middle size. In metalisity, The
Sun is categorized as population I star.
This kind of stars production ends
longer in the solar system level, so, it
contains heavier elements than Hydrogen and Helium (that is
metal in astronomical term).
The diameter of The Sun is 1.400.000 km, or in other
words, 100 times longer than The Earths diameter. The
gravitation at The Sun is stronger than at The Earth. It is 28
times stronger.
The temperature of The Sun in the core is about14.000.0000C, while the surfaces temperature is rather cold,
it is about 5.000-6.0000C. Two largest amount of elements
that form The Sun is Hydrogen (75%) and Helium (20%).
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Unit 3.1
Parts of the Sun
The Sun consists of three layers :
1. Solar Atmosphere
2. Photosphere
3. Solar Core
1. Solar AtmosphereIts the outest part of The Sun, majorly consists of Hydrogen.
It consists of two parts :
a. Corona
This layer can be seen when
Solar eclipse happens in the form of
white circle around The Sun. Corona
contains very thick gas and its
temperature is 1.000.000 K. Corona is
grey because of crash of ions in high
temperature.
b. Chromosphere
This layer can also be seen when solar eclipse
happens. Chromosphere is arranged by Hydrogen. The
temperature at chromosphere near corona reaches 10.000
K, while in the outer layer is about 4.000 K.
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2.Photosphere
Photospheres thickness is about 320 km. The light of
photosphere is yellow can be seen from Earth because the hot
of the gas in photosphere radiates light in strong intensity
and has temperature of 5.0000C-6.0000C. Photosphere is
arranged by 94% of Hydrogen, 5,9% of Helium, and 0,1% of
other heavier elements. There are sunspots, facule, and
granule in this layer.
3.The Suns core
The temperature at the core reaches 15.000.000 Kand its radius is about 175.000 km (0-0,25 of The Suns
radius). Fusion reaction from Hydrogen to Helium happens
here, and The Suns energy is made here. It has high density,
that is 150.000 kg/m3. There are convection and radiation
zone here.
Unit 4
The Definition of Planets
A planet (from Greek , alternative form of
"wanderer") is a celestial body orbiting a star or
stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its
own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear
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fusion, and has cleared its neighboring region of
planetesimals.
Planets are generally divided into two main types: large,
low-density gas giants (Jovian), and smaller, rockyterrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets
in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from
the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.
Apart from the planets, the SolarSystem also contains at least five dwarfplanets and hundreds of thousands ofsmall solar system bodies. With theexception of Mercury and Venus, allplanets are orbited by one or more
natural satellites.
Unit 4.1
Mercury
Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar
System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. It completes threerotations about the axis for every two orbits. The perihelion of
Mercury's orbit processes around the Sun at an excess of 43 arc
seconds per century; a phenomenon that was explained in the 20th
century by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Since
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Mercury is normally lost in the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar
eclipse, Mercury can only be viewed in morning or evening twilight.
Comparatively little is known about Mercury;
ground-based telescopes reveal only an illuminated
crescent with limited detail. The first of two
spacecraft to visit the planet was Mariner 10, which
mapped only about 45% of the planets surface from
1974 to 1975. The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft, which
mapped another 30% during its flyby of January 14, 2008. A final flyby
took place in September 2009. MESSENGER is scheduled to attain
orbital insertion around Mercury in 2011, and will then survey and mapthe entire planet.
Mercury is similar in appearance to the Moon: it is heavily
cratered with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no
substantial atmosphere. However, unlike the moon, it has a large iron
core, which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of
the Earth. It is an exceptionally dense planet due to the large relative
size of its core. Surface temperatures range from about 90 to 700 K
(183 C to 427 C, 297 F to 801 F), with the sub solar point being
the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the
coldest.
Mercurys surface is overall very similar in appearance to that of
the Moon, showing extensive mare-like plains and heavy cratering,
indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years.Since our knowledge of Mercury's geology has been based on the 1975
Mariner flyby and terrestrial observations, it is the least understood
of the terrestrial planets. As data from the recent MESSENGER flyby
is processed this knowledge will increase. For example, an unusual
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crater with radiating troughs has been discovered which scientists are
calling "the spider.
Unit 4.2
The Hot and Smolder Venus
Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every
224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess
of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object
in the night sky. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it
never appears to venture far from the Sun. Venus reaches its maximum
brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which
reason it is often called the Morning Staror the Evening Star.
Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes
called Earth's "sister planet" because they are similar in
size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with
an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric
acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light.Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets,
consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock
carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb
it in biomass.
Venus's surface was a subject of speculation until some of itsSecrets were revealed by planetary science in the twentieth century.The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the sulfur inthe atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recenteruptions. However, the absence of evidence of lava flow accompanyingany of the visible caldera remains an enigma. The planet has few impactcraters, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young,approximately half a billion years old.
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Unit 4.3
Earth, Our Home
Earth (or the Earth) is the third planet from the
Sun, and the fifth-largest of the eight planets in the
Solar System. It is also the largest, most massive, and
densest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets.
It is sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, or by its
Latin name, Terra.
Home to millions of species including humans, Earth is the only
place in the Universe where life is known to exist. The planet formed
4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within a billion
years. The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological
history and orbit, have allowed life to persist during this period.
About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the
remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary
for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface.
Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid
mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid
iron inner core.
Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the
Sun and the Moon. This is a sidereal year, which is equal to 365.26
solar days. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 away from the
perpendicular to its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the
planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days).
Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it
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about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial
tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation.
Unit 4.4
The Red and Rocky Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The
planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is also referred
to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, which is
caused by iron oxide that is prevalent on its surface. Unlike Earth,
Mars is now a geologically inactive planet with no known tectonic
activity. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere may bea giant impact feature, covering 40% of the planet.
Until the first flyby of Mars occurred in 1965,
by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of
liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on
observed periodic variations in light and dark patches,
which appeared to be seas and continents; long, darkstriations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid
water. From all the planets in the Solar System other than Earth, Mars
is the most likely to harbor liquid water, and thus to harbor life.
Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that
Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface, while small
geyser-like water flows may have occurred during the past decade. In
2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water
ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Phoenix Mars Lander
directly sampled water ice in shallow martian soil on July 31, 2008.
Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and
irregularly shaped. Observations by NASA's now-defunct Mars Global
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Surveyorshow evidence that parts of the southern polar ice cap have
been receding.
Unit 4.5
The Giant Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet
within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than
one-thousand of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the
other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a
gas giant (known as Jovian) along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When
viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of 2.94,
making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after
the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness at
certain points in its orbit.)
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its
mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.
A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known
to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen
by telescope.
Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring
system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are
also at least 63 moons, including the four largemoons called the Galilean moons that were first
discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the
largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than
that of the planet Mercury.
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Unit 4.6
Saturn, The Ringed
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sunand the second largest planet in the SolarSystem, after Jupiter. Saturn, along withJupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classifiedas Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets.
Saturn is named after the Roman god Saturn. The planet Saturn
is composed of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and traceelements.
Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 k m/h, significantly
faster than those on Jupiter. Saturn has a planetary magnetic field
intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more
powerful field around Jupiter.
Sixty-one known satellite orbit the planet, not counting hundredsof "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar
System's second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede), is larger
than the planet Mercury and is the only moon in the Solar System to
possess an atmosphere.
Saturn is probably best known for its system of planetary rings,which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar
system. They extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above Saturn'sequator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness, and arecomposed of 93 % water ice, and 7 % amorphous carbon. There aretwo main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's rings. One theoryis that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The
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second theory is that the rings are left over from the originalnebular material from which Saturn formed.
Unit 4.7
Uranus, the Giant Ice
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and the third-largestand fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is namedafter the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (AncientGreek: ) the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather ofZeus (Jupiter).
Though it is visible to the naked eye like the fiveclassical planets, it was never recognized as a planetby ancient observers because of its dimness and sloworbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery onMarch 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries ofthe Solar System for the first time in modern history. Uranus wasalso the first planet discovered with a telescope.
Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both havedifferent compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiterand Saturn. Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter andSaturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, containsmore "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with tracesof hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the SolarSystem, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (224 C). In contrastthe interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.
Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, amagnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has aunique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotationis tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its revolution about theSun. As such, its north and south poles lie where most other planetshave their equators. Seen from Earth, Uranus's rings can sometimes
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appear to circle the planet like an archery target and its moonsrevolve around it like the hands of a clock, though in 2007 and 2008the rings appeared edge-on.
Unit 4.8The Sea God Neptune
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System.Named for the Roman god of the sea, it is the fourth-largest planetby diameter and the third-largest by mass. Neptune is 17 times themass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twinUranus, which is 15 Earth masses and not as dense.
Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune was the first planetfound by mathematical prediction rather than by empiricalobservation. Neptune was subsequently observed by Johann Gallewithin a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier, andits largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, thoughnone of the planet's remaining 12 moons were located telescopicallyuntil the 20th century. Neptune has been visited by only one
spacecraft, Voyager 2, which flew by the planet on August 25, 1989.In contrast to the relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus,
Neptune's atmosphere is notable for its active and visible weatherpatterns. At the time of the 1989 Voyager 2flyby, for example, theplanet's southern hemisphere possessed a Great Dark Spotcomparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weatherpatterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planetin the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as
2,100 km/h.
Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outeratmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, withtemperatures at its cloud tops approaching 218 C (55 K).Temperatures at the planet's centre, however, are approximately5,400 K (5,000 C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system,
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which may have been detected during the 1960s but was onlyindisputably confirmed in 1989 by Voyager 2.
Unit 5
Inter-Planetary Objects
Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar
System bodies in orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System;
they are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids. The term
"asteroid" has historically been applied primarily to minor planets of the
inner Solar System, as the outer Solar System was poorly known when it
came into common usage. The distinction between asteroids and comets is
made on visual appearance. Cometsshow a perceptible comawhile asteroids
do not. The first asteroid discovered was Ceres, discovered in 1801 by
Giuseppe Piazzi. At that time, referred to as a
planetoid asteroid already as many as hundreds
of thousands of asteroids in our solar system
found, and now this new discovery with an
average of 500 every month.
Comets are small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving around the sun in aparabolic or elliptical orbit. Comet tails always moving away from sunlight,
because the force of solar radiation. When comet approached the sun, its
surface becomes vaporized by the heat. This evaporation causes a bright
light. Big ballof gas and dust appear around the nucleus. Ball of gas and dust
are called Coma. Comet in the sky a long tail similar to incandescent light or
long hair female. Therefore, comet tail was often
called the staror star-haired long. The brightest
comet ever observed the Comet Halley, with theappearance of 76-year period. Comet parts are:
nucleus, coma, a cloud of hydrogen, and tail.
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Meteoroid are a solid objects moving in interplanetary
space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid
and larger than an atom. When entering theatmosphere of a planet, meteoroids will be heated and
will be partially or completely evaporated. Gases along
the path will be ionized and glow. Impressions of
luminous gas is called a meteor, or shooting star. If
some of these meteoroids reach the ground, it will be called a meteorite.
Unit 5.1
Satellites as Accompanist Planet
A natural satellite or moon is a celestial body that orbits a
planet or smaller body, which is called the primary.
Technically, the term natural satellite could refer to a planet
orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major galaxy, butit is normally synonymous with moon and used to identify non-
artificial satellites of planets, dwarf planets, and minor planets.
Artificial satellites are object constructed by humans and
placed in orbit around the earth or other celestial body (see
also space probe). The satellite is lifted from the earth's
surface by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains itsmotion without further rocket propulsion. The first artificial
satellite, Sputnik I, was launched on Oct. 4, 1957, by the USSR; a test
payload of a radio beacon and a thermometer demonstrated the feasibility
of orbiting a satellite. Indonesia since 1976 has become a State which has a
satellite as a means of telecommunications. At that time Indonesia was the
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third country in the world who use its domestic satellite communications
system, after the USA and Canada.
Unit 6
Moon as a Satellite Earth
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest
satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre
distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometers
(238,857 mi), about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. Thecommon centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located at
about 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi)a quarter the Earth's radius
beneath the surface of the Earth. The Moon makes a complete orbit
around the Earth every 27.3 days (the orbital period).
The Moon's diameter is 3,474 kilometers
(2,159 mi), a little more than a quarter of Earth's.
Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth
of the Earth (about a quarter of Earth's land area),
and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The
pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the
Earth's surface.
The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect
to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period).However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the
same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same
phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike
most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits near the ecliptic
and not the Earth's equatorial plane.
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The relative sizes and separation of the EarthMoon system, to
scale. The yellow line travels from the Earth to the Moon in the
same time that an actual beam of light would take to reach the Moon
from the Earth: 1.255 seconds at the mean orbital distance.
UNIT 7
Earths
Rotation
Beside revolving the sun, earth also turns around on its axis. The
rotary motion or earth around its axis is called earths rotation. Ittakes 24 hours to complete one rotation or 360 of longitude. It
means that 1 of longitude is reached in 4 minutes.
The effects of the earths rotation are:- The sun and the other celestial objects appear to move from the
east to the west.- There will be a time difference between the places with
different longitude.- Changes between night and day.- A bulge around the equator and an oblate around the poles.
Unit 8
Earths RevolutionThe earths revolution is the movement
of earth around the sun. when the earthrevolves, the earth axis is not perpendicular tothe planet of the ecliptic, but it has an axis
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tilt 66.5. The orbital period of the earth is 365 days or one solaryear.
The earth has four different positions on its orbit:
A. On March 21
st
On March 21 , the sun is located exactly at the equator. So, from
March 21 to June 21 , the northern hemisphere will be spring,
and the southern hemisphere will be autumn
B. On June 21On June 21, the northern hemisphere is more exposed by the
rays of the sun, which is apparently located at 23.5 N latitude.
So from June 21 to September 23, the southern hemisphere is inthe winter, meanwhile the northern hemisphere is in summer.
C. On September 23On September 23, both the northern hemisphere and the
southern hemisphere are far from the sun, which is apparently
located at the equator. So, from 23 to December 21, the
northern hemisphere is autumn, meanwhile the southern
hemisphere is in spring.
D. On December 21On December 21, the sun is apparently located at 23.5 S
latitude. So, from December 21 to March 21, the southern
hemisphere is in summer. On the contrary, the northern
hemisphere is in winter.
From the explanation above, we can see that the sun seems
to move from equator to the 23.5 N latitude, go back to the
equator, move again to 23.5 S latitude and go back to the
equator. The displacement is called the apparent motion of the
sun.
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The effects of the earths revolution are:
- Changes in season.- Changes in the length of daytime.- The apparent motion of the sun- The appearance of different constellations every month.
Unit 9
Eclipse
Eclipse is caused by the shadow of the earth or the moon whenthey are in a straight line. The shadow is divided into two regions,are:
- the main shadow or the umbrathe umbra forms a cone -shaped region of shadow from the earthor the moon. The moons umbra has a length about 370,000 km,meanwhile the earths umbra has a length about 1,376,000 km.
- the outer shadow or the penumbra
lunar eclipseA lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the
earth. The earth positioned between the sun and the moon. Asthe consequence, the sunlight is blocked by earth, but the moonis not completely dark. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the
moon pass through the earth umbra; a partial lunar eclipseoccurs when the moon partially crosses the earths umbra; andpenumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters theearths penumbra.
solar eclipse
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A solar occurs when the moons shadowcrosses the earths surface. The moon islocated between the earth and the sun. whenthe earths umbra crosses an area on theearths surface, a total solar eclipse willoccur on the area (about 6 minute). The solar eclipse takesplace at daytime. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moonspenumbra crosses an area on the earths surface which ispartially blocked the sunlight on that area.
Unit 10
Tidal
Ocean tideThe high tide is the rise of the sea water level meanwhile the
ebb tide is the reduction of the sea water level. The earth is
effected by the gravitational force of the moon, and the water
is more effected by moons gravity that the land. As a result,the areas which are in a straight line with the moons gravity
undergo a high tide. Due the earth rotation, he ocean tide in an
area is altered every six hours. Thus, a place will experience a
spring tide and neap tide twice a day.
a. the spring tidethe spring tide occurs around the full moon and new moon,
when the sun, the earth, and the moon are in a straight line.
Because the earths gravity and the moons gravity work an
opposite direction, then its result ocean tide. When the suns
gravity and the moons attract the earth in one direction,
there will be a maximum tide range.
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b. the neap tidethe neap tide is the minimum tide range which occurs in the
first or third quarter of the moon, when the suns gravity and
the moons gravity are perpendicular.
Unit 10
Did You Know?
Copernicus crater on the Moon.
This figure shows the beam pattern of dust thrown fromthe crater of one billion years ago, when an asteroid thesize of the diameter of more than one mile (1.6 km)
crashed into the moon.
Mars Approached Earth
This picture was taken in the minutes march toward Earthat closest position in 60,000 years on August 27 2003. Inthis picture, this red planet is 34,647,420 miles
(55,757,930 kilometers) from Earth.
Jupiters Giant Red Spot
Giant red spots is a huge storm system in Jupiter. He wasspinning like a cyclone, with a speed of 430 km / hour. Thisstorm, which is twice the size of Earth, the first time
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astronomers have witnessed during the 17th century telescope directs themto the planet. More than 300 years
later, he was still in progress.
Saturn (1996-2000)
When Saturn travels around the sun 29 years, its slopeallows us to view it from different viewpoints. Saturn alsogives the slope of the seasons. Picture bottom left showsthe fall season in the south and the top image shows thewinter.
Uranuss Sparkle Clouds
Color difference in this picture shows the altitude. Greenand blue areas indicate where the atmosphere is bright,allowing sunlight through deep into Uranus. Yellow areasand grey, an area where fog or clouds reflect the sun. Redand orange colors indicate very high clouds, like a cloud
Cirrus on earth.