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Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks

G421P13, summer semester, 2/1 hours, 3-4th year

4. Evaporites, cherts, ironstones, phosphates

Karel MartínekInstitute of Geology and Palaeontology

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Evaporites

sea water chemistry, mineral succession of isothermic evaporation of sea water

typical sedimentary environment: subaqatic, subaerial - sabcha, shelf margin -lagoon, salina, isolated basin, playa

microstructures gypsum-anhydrite, halite, lacustrine evaporites

lateral and vertical distribution of facies driven by relative sea water level changes

diapirism

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four main stages of salt precipitation during isothermic sea water evaporation

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lacustrine evaporites

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anhydrite (large crystals and laths, high bir. colours) and microcrystalline gypsum nodules(low bir. colours)

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anhydrite (large prismatic crystals, high bir. colours) and microcrystalline gypsum nodules(low bir. colours)

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Cherts

mineralogy - opal A, opal CT, quartz

microstructures - euhedral, microquartz, megaquartz, chalcedonic quartz

sources, solubility

sed. environments – marine, lacustrine (alkaline lakes), spring cherts

diagenesis, silicification

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Ironstones

sources & transport Fe, eH-pH stability field Fe ox.-hox.

early diagenesis

glaukonygranular facies, impregnation, coatings; authigenic Fe glaukonitic smectite, early diag. Fe, K glaukonitic mica; driving mechanisms: abundance of Fe, K, balance between clastic input and washing, low sedimentation rate (103 - 106 let)

feromanganese nodules

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stages of glauconitization

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hematite ironstone

Crinoids, Bryozoans

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chamosite ironstoneooids

46berthierine, chamosite, siderite, goethite

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Phosphates

mineralogy (carbonate fluorapatite - CFA, frankolite, alophan)

distribution of present-day occurences

genetic models of marine phosphates - upwelling, islands, atols, sea mountains, guyots, epeiric seas

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Reading:

M.E.Tucker: Sedimentary petrology. 3rd ed. Blackwell, 2001.H. Blatt (1992): Sedimentary Petrology. Freeman &Co., New York.G.S.Odin a A.Matter (1981): De glauconiarum origine. Sedimenntology, 28, 611-641.C.R.Glenn and 15 others (1994): Phosphorus and phosphorites: Sedimentology and environments of formation. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 87, 3, 747-788.