Post on 09-Feb-2018
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Group Members
Abdul RafayHassaan Khan
Ammar Majid
Waqas Anjum
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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of
making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any
shape from a digital model.
3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where
successive layers of material are laid down in different
shapes.
It is distinct from traditional machining which rely on
material removal.
The technology is used for
both prototyping and distributed manufacturing in jewelry,
footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and
construction (AEC).
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Additive manufacturing takes virtual blueprints
from computer aided design (CAD)
or animation modeling software and "slices" them into
digital cross-sections for the machine to successively use
as a guideline for printing.
A standard data interface between CAD software and the
machines is the STL file format. An STL file approximates
the shape of a part or assembly using triangular facets.
PLY is a scanner generated input file format,
and VRML (or WRL) files are often used as input for 3D
printing technologies that are able to print in full color.
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To perform a print
1. the machine reads the design from an .stl file and
2. lays down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper orsheet material to build the model from a series of cross
sections.
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After each layer, the part is heated to a desired
temperature for a definite time.
The heating time obviously depends upon the nature of
material, geometry, finish et6c.
When heated the polymer layer fuses into the previous
layer making a whole solid shape.
Layers of different colors and materials are also used
when desired.
It is generally most time consuming process of the
process.
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Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y
resolution in dpi(dots per inch), or micrometers.
Typical layer thickness is around
100 micrometers (0.1 mm), although some machines
such as the Objet Connexseries and 3D
Systems' ProJetseries can print layers as thin as 16
micrometers
The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 micrometers
(0.050.1 mm) in diameter.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch7/22/2019 3d Printing(Final Ppt)
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Construction of a model with contemporary methods can
take anywhere from several hours to several days.
Depending upon the size and complexity.
Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few
hours, although it varies widely depending on the type of
machine used and the size and number of models being
produced simultaneously.
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Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for
many applications, printing a slightly over sized version of
the desired object in standard resolution.
Traditional machining processes are generally used to
finish.
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Colors:
Different color material are also used where desired.
Different materials:
Printers also use different materials for the process.
Supports:
Some printers utilize supports for complex geometries.
Supports are generally removable or dissolvable.
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A number of additive processes are now available. They differ
in the way layers are deposited to create parts and in the
materials that can be used.
Some methods melt or soften material to produce the layers,
e.g. selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused depositionmodeling (FDM), while others cure liquid materials using
different sophisticated technologies,
e.g. stereolithography (SLA).
With laminated object manufacturing (LOM), thin layers are cut
to shape and joined together (e.g. paper, polymer, metal).
The main considerations in choosing a machine are generally
speed, cost of the 3D printer, cost of the printed prototype, and
cost and choice of materials and color capabilities.
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Type
Technologies
Materials
Extrusion Fused deposition modeling(FDM) Thermoplastics(e.g. PLA,ABS),HDPE, eutecticmetals, ediblematerials
Wire Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication(EBF) Almost any metal alloy
Granular
Direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) Almost any metal alloyElectron beam melting(EBM) Titanium alloysSelective heat sintering(SHS) Thermoplastic powderSelective laser sintering(SLS) Thermoplastics, metal
powders, ceramic powdersPowder bed and inkjet head 3d printing,Plaster-based 3D printing (PP) Plaster
Laminated Laminated object manufacturing(LOM) Paper, metal foil, plastic film
Light polymerised Stereolithography(SLA) photopolymerDigital Light Processing(DLP) Photopolymer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_deposition_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_freeform_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_meltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_heat_sintering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_bed_and_inkjet_head_3d_printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_object_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_foilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Light_Processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Light_Processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_foilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_object_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_bed_and_inkjet_head_3d_printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_heat_sintering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_meltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_freeform_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_deposition_modeling7/22/2019 3d Printing(Final Ppt)
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Developed by S. Scott Crump in the late1980s,commercialized in 1990 by Stratasys.
Uses a plastic filament or metal wire that is wound on a coiland unreeled to supply material.
Extrusion nozzle heats to melt the material,can be moved in
horizontal and vertical directions by a numerically controlledmechanism
Stepper or servo motors are typically employed .
Various polymers are used, including acrylonitrile butadienestyrene (ABS), polycarbonate(PC), polylactic acid(PLA), high
density polyethylene(HDPE), PC/ABS,and polyphenylsulfone(PPSU). Polymer is in the form ofa filament; fabricated from virgin resins.
FDM has some restrictions on the shapes to be fabricated. Forexample, FDM usually cannot produce stalactite-likestructures, since they would be unsupported during the build.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenylsulfonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenylsulfonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate7/22/2019 3d Printing(Final Ppt)
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Selective fusing of materials in a granular bed.Fuses
parts of the layer, and moves the working area
downwards, is repeated several times.
Uses the un fused media to support overhangs and thin
walls in the part.
Uses laser to sinter the medium in solid.
Eg. selective laser sintering(SLS), with both metals and
polymers (e.g. PA, PA-GF, Rigid GF, PEEK, PS,Alumide,
Carbonmide, elastomers), and direct metal laser
sintering(DMLS).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alumide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_metal_laser_sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alumide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering7/22/2019 3d Printing(Final Ppt)
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Uses paper as a build material
During 1990s, companies could cut cross sections out of
special adhesive coated paper by a carbon dioxide laser,
and laminate them together.
In 2005 by Mcor tech: process used a Tungsten carbide
blade to cut the shape, and selective deposition of
adhesive and pressure to bond the prototype.
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Was patented in 1987 by Chuck Hull.
Photopolymerization is primarily used in
stereolithography (STL) to produce a solid part from a
liquid.
In digital light processing(DLP), a vat of liquid polymer is
exposed to light from a DLP projector
under safelightconditions. The exposed liquid polymer
hardens.
The build plate then moves down and process isrepeated.
The remaining liquid is then removed leaving a solidified
part.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_light_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_light_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hull7/22/2019 3d Printing(Final Ppt)
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RepRap: Which is capable of replicating itself by printing
many of its own (plastic) parts to create more machines.
The least expensive assembled machine available is the
Solidoodle 2, while the RepRapPro's Huxley DIY kit is
reputedly one of the more reliable of the lower-priced
machines
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Rapid prototyping: Generally larger machines; uses proprietary
powdered metals, casting media (e.g. sand), plastics etc
Rapid manufacturing: Is a new method of manufacturing and many
of its processes remain unproven. 3D printing is now entering the
field of rapid manufacturing and was identified as a "next level"
technology by many experts in a 2009 report.
Mass production: Used to mass produce, print in colors,different
polymers, or make multiple prints simultaneously. This increases
their overall print speed with less capital cost since they share a
single controller.
Domestic and hobbyist uses: Has mainly captivated hobbyists and
enthusiasts and has not quite gained recognition for practical
household applications.
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Shorten design cycles
Less waste
Cheaper running cost (high initial cost though)
Superior products on the market ahead of thecompetition
Hollow parts
Improve accuracy
Eliminate costly mistakes
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Current 3D printing materials for investment casting tend
to yield sporadically rough surfaces.
Sometimes encourages informal design methods which
may cause more problems to fix.
It may not be suitable for large sized applications.
3-D printers are still expensive.
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