3.5 The nervous system - PMT

WJEC (Eduqas) Biology A-levelTopic 3.5: The Nervous System

Questions by Topic

The diagram below shows a transverse section of spinal cord and an associated reflex arc.

(a) (i) Identify X and Y shown on the diagram above and explain why there is a difference in colour in these two areas.

X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanation

(ii) Identify L and Z shown on the diagram above.

L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com WJEC (Eduqas) Biology A-levelPage 1

(b) (i) What is the name given to:

I the cells which partially cover neurons

II the material which the cells produce to cover the axon

(ii) What is the function of this material in the conduction of an action potential?

(iii) Multiple sclerosis is a progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system in which the material referred to in

(b)(i) is destroyed. Symptoms include increasing muscle weakness and loss of vision. Suggest an explanation for

these symptoms.

(iv) Suggest a possible medical treatment for multiple sclerosis.

(c) Nerve nets are common in some animal groups.

(i) Complete the diagram below to show a nerve net as would be seen in Hydra.

(ii) Give two ways in which the nerve net, as seen in Hydra, differs from that of the nervous system of a vertebrate.

The diagram shows the changes in the potential difference across the membrane of a neurone during the passage of2.

an action potential.

(a) Describe how the resting potential is maintained in the neurone.

(b) Describe the changes which are taking place in the membrane at points A and B.

(c) Multiple sclerosis is caused by the immune system destroying the myelin sheath of neurones. Explain why this

condition leads to a slowing down of the transmission of a nerve impulse.

(d) Some chemicals such as organophosphorous insecticides increase the activity of the nervous system and others

such as Beta-blockers reduce the activity of the nervous system.

Suggest two ways in which the chemicals could increase the activity of the nervous system and two ways in which

the activity could be decreased.

(i) Increase in activity.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Decrease in activity.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The diagram below represents part of a myelinated neurone.

(a) Name X and Y shown on the diagram above.

X ........................................................................... Y ...........................................................................

(b) Name the cell type that forms layer Z.

Trace A below is an oscilloscope recording of changes in voltage across the membrane of a myelinated neurone

during an action potential.

(c) Use Trace A to estimate the resting potential of this neuron.

(d) (i) Explain, in terms of movement of ions, what causes the rise in membrane potential seen in Trace A opposite.

(ii) State the name given to the rapid fall in membrane potential seen in Trace A.

Trace B is another oscilloscope recording, showing changes in voltage across the membrane of a cardiac muscle

fibre.

(e) Compare Trace A and Trace B by giving two differences between them.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Suggest how cardiac muscle fibres would respond when the voltage across the membrane rises.

(g) The cardiac muscle fibres used to obtain the oscilloscope trace were obtained from a frog's heart. Consider the

ethics of killing a frog to obtain cardiac muscle fibres by giving one argument in favour and one against.

An action potential is illustrated in the following graph4.

Membrane potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What units should be used on the two axes of the graph shown above?(a)

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) (i) What is represented by line E on the graph above? [1]

(ii) Explain why stimulus 2 failed to initiate an action potential as seen at point X. [2]

Identify the stages of the action potential indicated by A, B, C and D.(b)

3.5 The nervous system - PMT

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