3-2. VOLCANOES & EARTHQUAKES3-2-1. Distribution

• Along the plate boundaries• Within plates

http://picsdigger.com/keyword/transform%20plate%20boundary/

http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/Earth&Space/GPS/volcanism.html

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/Man&Nature.html

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_3251_sum08/

3-2-2. Types of Volcanoes

• Rock types• Basaltic• Andesitic• Rhyolitic

• Shape & structure• Cinder cone• Lava dome• Maar• Shield volcano• Stratovolcano

• Activity• Active• Extinct• Dormant

Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico. Capulin Mountain, a huge cinder cone which last erupted between 58,000 to 62,000 years ago, rises more than 1,000 feet above its basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone

The new lava dome inside Kelud's crater, consisting of two major parts. (Photo: Tom Pfeiffer)

http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/sq/kelud/1107/lava_dome/image2.html

Wabah maar in Saudi Arabia

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hydrovolcanic-landforms

View of Mauna Kea from Mauna Loa observatory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano

http://geopark.jeju.go.kr/?mid=KR010104

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano

Mount Fuji, an active stratovolcano in Japan that last erupted in 1707–08

3-2-3. Volcano Hazards

Mr Sleik's stairs burst into flames as the lava creeps ever-closer to the modest wooden house

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1297706/Hawaii-home-owner-watches-molten-lava-de-stroy-house-volcano-erupts.html

27 July 2010Lava from KilaueaVolcano, Hawaii

Dome Collapses Generate Pyroclastic Flows, Unzen Volcano, Japan (1994)

Lava Dome Grows Above Steep Slope

Pyroclastic Flows Rush Down New River Valley

Trees and Buildings Burned by Ash-Cloud Surges

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/pyroclasticflow/un-zen.php

1902 Eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/martnque.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e

A map of the affected area around Mount Pelée printed in 1904

before

after

1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA

Mt. St. Helens mushroom cloud, 40 miles wide and 15 miles high. Camera location: Toledo, Washington, 35 miles west-northwest of the mountain. The picture is a composite of about 20 separate images.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Helens

http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Dig_a_Hole_to_China_Chapter1.html

Before and after

David A. Johnston hours before he was killed by the eruption

http://www.epicdisasters.com/index.php/site/comments/the_worlds_worst_volcanic_eruptions.

Year Volcano Country Death Toll

1815 Tambora Indonesia 92,000

1883 Krakatoa Indonesia 36,000

79 Vesuvius Italia 33,000

1902 Pelee Martinique 33,000

1985 Nevado del Ruiz Columbia 23,000

1792 Unzen Japan 15,000

1586 Kelut Indonesia 10,000

1783 Laki Iceland 9,350

1902 Santa Maria Guatemala 6,000

1919 Kelut Indonesia 5,000

The World’s Worst Volcanic Eruptions As Measured by Death Toll