Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

bash

Henning SchulzrinneDepartment of Computer

ScienceColumbia University

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

2

Shells

Each OS has one, but different levels of sophistication Windows Command Prompt sh – original /bin/sh

bash – Bourne-Again Shell, derived from sh

ksh – Korn shell = superset of sh

csh – shell with C-like syntax tcsh – improved version of csh

...

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

3

sh, bash – the first “scripting” language

shell = macro processor that executes commands

invokes Unix commands and has its own set of commands

full programming language sources of input:

from terminal files with sh commands can become

commands (=/ C, Java)

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

4

sh

Shell is just another program:while (1) {read line from terminal;parse into words;substitute variables;execute commands (execv or builtin);

}

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

5

(ba)sh both synchronous and asynchronous

execution synchronous: wait for completion in parallel with shell

control stdin, stdout, stderr set environment for processes (using

inheritance between processes) set default directory builtins:

cd, break, continue, exec, ... convenience: history, getopts, kill, pwd

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

6

sh

Language: variables flow-control constructs functions

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

7

(ba)sh operation

1. read input from file, from –c command line string or terminal

2. break input into words and operators; alias expansion

3. simple and compound commands4. shell expansions (variables, glob, ...)5. perform redirections6. execute command7. optionally wait for command to

complete

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

8

Quoting and comments

‘something’: preserve literally “something”: allow $ variable

expansion $’C-escaped’: e.g., $’\a’ # comment

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

9

Simple commands and pipelines

Simple command = sequence of words first word defines command can combine with &&, ||, ;, etc.

Pipeline = sequence of command | command | ... each command reads previous

command output

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

10

List of commands

cmd1; cmd2; ...: execute sequentially

cmd1 & : execute asynchronously cmd1 && cmd2 ...: execute cmd2 if

cmd1 has exit(0) cmd1 || cmd2 : execute cmd2 only

if cmd1 has non-zero exit status

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

11

Variables and expressions

Variables are placeholders for the value shell does variable substitution $var or ${var} is value of variable assignment with var=value

no space before or after! Also, let “x = 17” or let “b = b + 10”

uninitialized variables have no value variables are untyped, interpreted

based on context

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

12

Environment variables Shell variables are generally not visible

to programs Environment = list of name/value pairs

passed to sub-processes All environment variables are also shell

variables, but not vice versa Make variables visible to processes with

export, as inexport fooexport foo=17

Show with env

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

13

Shell variables

${N} = shell Nth parameter $$ = process ID $? = exit status standard environment variables

include: HOME = home directory PATH = list of directories to search TERM = type of terminal (vt100, ...) TZ = timezone (e.g., US/Eastern)

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

14

Looping constructs

Similar to C/Java constructs, but with commands: until test-commands; do consequent-commands; done

while test-commands; do consequent-commands; done

for name [in words ...]; do commands; done

also on separate lines break and continue controls loop

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

15

while example

shell style

i=0while [ $i -lt 10 ]; do echo "i=$i" ((i=$i+1))done

C style

((i = 0))while (( i < 10 )) do echo "i=$i" ((i++))done

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

16

sh: if

if test-commands; thenconsequent-commands;[elif more-test-commands; then

more-consequents;][else alternate-consequents;]

fi

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

17

Functions

Very limited support for functions:function useless() { echo "First $1” echo "Second $2" echo "Third $3" echo "Fourth $4“}

useless a b c

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

18

Scripts

Binaries and scripts are treated the same

Make executable (chmod u+x) and add#! /usr/local/gnu/bin/bash

More generically:#!/usr/bin/env bash

Also,. scriptsource script

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

19

Expansion Biggest difference to traditional

languages shell substitutes and executes mix variables and code run-time code generation

For bash: brace expansion tilde expansion parameter and variable expansion command substitution arithmetic expansion word splitting filename expansion

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

20

Brace expansion

Expand comma-separated list of strings into separate words:bash$ echo a{d,c,b}eade ace abe

Useful for generating list of filenames:mkdir /usr/local/{old,new,dist,bugs}

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

21

Tilde expansion

~ expands to $HOME e.g.,

~/foo /usr/home/foo~hgs/src /home/hgs/src

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

22

Command substitution

Replace $(command) or `command` by stdout of executing command

Can use to execute content of variables:x=lsecho `ls`

Danger!

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

23

Filename expansion

Any word containing *?([ is considered a pattern

* matches any string ? matches any single character [...] matches any of the enclosed

characters

Apr 18, 2023 Advanced ProgrammingSpring 2002

24

Redirections

stdin, stdout and stderr may be redirected

< redirects stdin (0) from file > redirects stdout (1) to file >> appends stdout to file &> redirects stderr (2) << magichere-documentmagic