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Race and Ethnic Relations
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Race is a socially constructed category composed of
people who share biologically transmitted traits that
members of a society consider important. There are no
biologically pure races.
Race is a significant concept chiefly because most
people consider it to be such. Biologically speaking,
race has less and less meaning in the United States
Basic Definitions
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Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. Ethnicity involveseven more variability and mixture than race because most
people identify with more than one ethnic background.
A minority is a category of people, distinguished by
physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged. Minorities have two major characteristics:
They share a distinctive identity.
They occupy a subordinate status.
Basic Definitions
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Racial and Ethnic Groups
Minority group: subordinate group whose
members have significantly less control or power
over their own lives than members of the dominant
group Racial group: group set apart from others because of
physical differences that have taken on social
significance
Ethnic group: group set apart from others primarily
because of its national origin or distinctive cultural
patterns
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Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
United States, 2006
Note: Percentages do not total 100 and
subtotals do not add up to totals in major
categories because of overlap between
groups (for example, Polish American Jews
or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish
and Italian). White ancestry is for the year
2000, and percentages are based on total
population in that year.
Source: Author estimates based on American
Community Survey 2006, Tables DP-1 and
R0203, in Bureau of the Census 2007d;Sheskin and Dashefsky 2006.
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Race
Race as a biological construct does not
exist Racial formation: sociohistorical process in which racial
categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed
Social construction of race: process by which people come to
define a group as as a race based on physical characteristics as
a race based on physical characteristics, but also on historical,cultural, and economic factors
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Race
The one-drop rule was a vivid example of the
social construction of race
Race is often used to justify unequal access to
economic, social, and cultural resources based on theassumption that such inequality is natural
Stereotypes: unreliable generalizations about all
members of a group
Often used to justify inequality
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Race
Multiple Identities
2000 census gave people option of identifying
themselves with multiple racial categories for the
first timeHalf of those classified as multiracial were under
age 18
Points toward growing awareness of populationdiversity
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U.S. Racial Categories 1790-2000
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National Map 14-1
Where the Minority-Majority Already Exists
Source: Macionis , John J. Sociology, 10th Ed ,
Pearson Prentice Hall , 2005 Ch 14
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Ethnicity
An ethnic group is set apart from others
explicitly because of its national origin or
cultural patternsDistinction between racial and ethnic
minorities not always clear-cut
Distinction between racial and ethnicgroups is socially significant
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Prejudice is a rigid and irrational generalization about anentire category of people. Prejudices are prejudgments andthey may be positive or negative.
Stereotypes are exaggerated descriptions applied to everyperson in some category.
One measure of prejudice issocial distance, that is, howclosely people are willing to interact with members ofsome category.
Almost eighty years ago, Emory Bogardus developed theseven-pointsocial distance scale and determined that
people felt much more social distance from some
categories than from others.
Attitudes and their consequences
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A recent study using the same scale reported threemajor findings:
A trend toward greater social acceptance hascontinued.
People see less difference in various minorities.
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks mayhave contributed to low social acceptance ofArabs and Muslims.
Attitudes and their consequences
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Racism refers to the belief that one racial category isinnately superior or inferior to another.
Does Race Affect Intelligence?
Theories of prejudice:Scapegoat theory holds that prejudice results from
frustrations among people who are themselvesdisadvantaged.
A scapegoat is a person or category of people,typically with little power, whom unfairly blame fortheir own troubles
Attitudes and their consequences
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Authoritarian personality theory views prejudice as a
personality trait in certain individuals.
The cultural theory of prejudiceargues that
prejudice is embedded in culture.The conflict theory of prejudiceproposes that
powerful people use prejudice to justify oppressing
others.
Attitudes and their consequences
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Authoritarian personality theory views prejudice as apersonality trait in certain individuals.
The cultural theory of prejudiceargues that prejudice isembedded in culture.
The conflict theory of prejudiceproposes that powerfulpeople use prejudice to justify oppressing others.
Discrimination is an action that involves treating variouscategories of people unequally.
Attitudes and their consequences
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Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Pluralism: mutual respect for one anothers culturesamong the various groups in a society, which allows
minorities to express their own cultures without
experiencing prejudice
In U.S., pluralism is more of an ideal than
a reality
Switzerland exemplifies a modern
pluralistic state
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The Melting Pot. Probably the most importanttheory stating that ethnic minorities would livetogether in harmony.
Multiculturalism is a society in which each groupcelebrates its own characteristics
Some people feel this harms the wider society,for example
http://www.faculty.ccc.edu/aberger/PerilsofMulticul
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
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Segregation refers to the physical and social separation ofcategories of people. It may be voluntary, but is usuallyimposed.
Assimilation is the process by which minorities graduallyadopt patterns of the dominant culture. Racial traits can
diminish over time only through miscegenation,biological reproduction by partners of different racialcategories.
Genocide is the systematic annihilation of one category ofpeople by another.
Amalgamation: when a majority group and a minority group combineto form a new group
Patterns of Interaction.
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Brought to this country as indentured servants or slaves.
Sociologist Gunnar Myrdal referred to as the American
dilemma. In 1865
This denial of basic human rights was a sharp contradiction to the
promise of the American republic
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery After Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws perpetuated the
subordinate status of African Americans.
Racial Groups: African Americans
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In the first part of the twentieth century, a mass migration of
African Americans to the cities of the North occurred followed by the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
Even today African Americans continue to beeconomically disadvantaged as a group,
Problem exacerbated by the loss of factory jobs thathas accompanied Americas move to a serviceeconomy.
The educational gap between whites and AfricanAmericans has narrowed substantially in recent years.
Political clout of African Americans has increasedsubstantially in recentdecades.
Racial Groups: African Americans
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Source: Macionis , John J. Sociology, 10th Ed , Pearson Prentice Hall , 2005
National Map 14.4 (b) The Concentration African Americans by County, 2000
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Native Americans were the original inhabitants
of the Americas. Before European contact, they lived in hundreds
of distinct societies.
Between 1871 and 1924, they were subjected to a
policy of forced assimilation.Now they are being encouraged to migrate from
reservations to the cities in search of economicopportunity, but they remain far behind whites ineducational and economic standing.
Many tribes and individuals have recently cometogether to assert pride in their culture.
Racial Groups: Native Americans
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Source: Macionis , John J. Sociology, 10th Ed , Pearson Prentice Hall , 2005
National Map 14.2 Land Controlled by Native Americans, 1790-1998
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Asian Americans make up about 4 percent of the UnitedStates population. They have a model minority image.
Chinese immigration started with the Gold Rush. When the economy soured, discrimination increased
and harsh laws were enacted limiting furtherimmigration.
In response, most Chinese Americans clustered in
closed ghettoes called Chinatowns. Assimilation andupward mobility marked the era that began withWorld War II.
Chinese Americans currently outpace the nationalaverage economically and educationally, althoughmany living in Chinatowns continue to experience
poverty Currently, about 3.1 million Chinese Americans live in
U.S.
Racial Groups: Asian Americans
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Japanese Americans also came to this country in the last
century to work, and soon experienced legal and socialdiscrimination. During the Second World War manywere confined in relocation camps. After the war, manymade a dramatic economic recovery, and today thisgroup is above the national average in financial standing.Their upward social mobility has also strongly
encouraged cultural assimilation and interracialmarriage.
More recent Asian immigrants include Koreans andFilipinos.
Large-scale Korean immigration followed the Korean
War. Korean Americans often own and operate smallbusinesses.
Filipinos enjoy relatively high incomes.
Racial Groups: Asian Americans
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Vietnamese Americans
Came to U.S. during and after Vietnam War and, overtime, gravitated toward larger
urban areas
Racial Groups: Asian Americans
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Major Asian American Groups
in the United States, 2006
Source: Authors analysis of American Community Survey 2006
in Bureau of the Census 2007d.
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White Anglo-Saxon-Protestants (WASPs), mostly of Englishorigin, have dominated the U.S. since colonial days.
Most came to this country highly skilled and motivated toachieve. Especially in the last century, many WASPs stronglyopposed subsequent waves of non-Anglo immigrants. Their
power is gradually declining in the twenty-first century.Ancestry Across the United States. The highest
concentrations of WASPs are in Utah, Appalachia,and northern New England.
RacialGroups: WASPS
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White ethnic Americans come from European
nations other than Britain.
Most experienced substantial prejudice
and discrimination when they arrived
here in the nineteenth century. Many
have now fully assimilated and achieved
substantial success.
Racial Groups: WASPS
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Source: Macionis , John J. Sociology, 10th Ed , Pearson Prentice Hall ,
2005 National Map 14-3 The Concentration of People of WASP
Ancestry across the United States
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Most Mexican Americans (or Chicanos) are recentimmigrants, though some lived in Mexican territoryannexed by the U.S. in the last century. They are wellbelow the national average in economic and educationalattainment.
Puerto Ricans are American citizens and travel freelybetween the island and the mainland, especially NewYork City. They are the most socially disadvantagedHispanic minority.
Racial Groups: Hispanic Americans
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Many Cubans fled the 1959 Marxist revolution andsettled in Miami and other U.S. cities. Most were well-educated business and professional people and havedone relatively well in this country.
Racial Groups: Hispanic Americans
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Source: Macionis , John J. Sociology, 10th Ed , Pearson Prentice Hall , 2005
National Map 14.4 (a) The Concentration of Hispanics/Latinos by County, 2000
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Racial Groups
Arab Americans
About 3 million live in U.S.
Arabic language is single most unifying force
Most are not Muslim
For years, and especially after 9/11, have
been subject to profiling and surveillance bylaw enforcement
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Source: Curry et al Sociology For The Twenty-First Century,
Fifth Edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River,2008
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Residential Segregation
in the United States, 2005
Source: Who Are the People in Your Neighborhood?G ll O i i J l 12 200