U.S. Expansion!Pacific to Caribbean!

Imperialism & Manifest Destiny!

  Imperialism: The quest for colonial empires!

  Manifest Destiny: US was destined by God to expand from Atlantic coast into Pacific Ocean!

  “Small states are of the past and have no future... The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for civilization and the advancement of the race. As on of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of line of march.” - Senator Henry Cabot Lodge!

HAWAII & CHINA!

Hawaii!

  U.S. viewed Hawaiians as “uncivilized” needed to be Christianized & Modernized!

  Hawaii traded tax-free Sugar to the U.S... Hawaii would not trade with other Nations!

  U.S. demanded Pearl Harbor for renewed tax-free Sugar trade agreement... Hawaiian King Kalakaua refused!

Hawaii!   400 U.S. businessmen, planters, bankers

formed the secret Hawaiian League to overthrow the King... In 1887 they forced the King to sign the “Bayonet Treaty”!

  Treaty forced Natives off of land, could no longer hold political office, gave up Pearl Harbor!

  1891 King Kalakaua died Queen Liliuokalani took over!

Hawaii!   The Queen wanted new Constitution to

replace “Bayonet Treaty”!

  U.S. sent “revolutionaries” to dethrone Queen!

  Sanford B. Dole named the President of the new U.S. protectorate, Hawaii!

  1894: Independent Republic of Hawaii; 1898: U.S. annexed Hawaii; 1900: U.S. Territory; 1959: 50th States!

China!

  Spheres Of Influence: Britain, France, Germany, Russia were Influencing various regions in China & Asia!

  U.S. opened a port in China & gained a “sphere of influence”!

China!   “We ask no favors; we only ask that we shall be

admitted to that great market upon the same terms with the rest of the world.” - Sec. of State John Hay!

  Open Door Policy: !

  1) All ports in China are open to all nations!

  2) China is allowed to collect all tariffs and duties!

  3) Equal harbor, rail & tariff rates to all “sphere” nations!

  None of the Nations approved or opposed. The U.S. decided it was “approved”.!

China!

  Boxer Rebellion: !

  Fists of Righteous Harmony = secret society resentful of foreigners!

  “The Catholic & Protestant religions are insolent to the gods... the rain clouds no longer visit us. But 8 million Spirit Soldiers will descend from Heaven and sweep the Empire clean of all foreigners!”!

  The “Boxers” attacked & destroyed Foreign Mission... Foreigners left China!

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR!

Conflict in Cuba!

  Cuba & Puerto Rico = Last Spanish colonies in the Americas!

  Since 1868, Cubans had many unsuccessful revolts against Spain!

  Spanish gov’t exiled many Cuban leaders!

  José Martí banish to Spain in 1853... Returned to Cuba and then banished to U.S. in 1878!

Conflict in Cuba!   In NYC, Martí wrote poems and newspaper

articles promoting Cuban independence & revolution!

  Urged Cuban exiles to invade Cuba!

  “Let us rise up at once with a final burst for right and our energy... for the true republic, those of us who, with our passion for right and our habit of hard work, will know how to preserve it.”!

Conflict in Cuba!

  In 1895, Martí and exiles joined Cubans in revolt. Martí was martyred.!

  General Valeriano Weyler crushed the rebellion... killed 200,000 Cubans in Concentration camps!

  U.S. newspapers named him “Weyler the Butcher”!

Reaction?... Yellow Journalism!

  William Randolph Hearst... took over San Fransicso Exanimer from his Father... Later ran the NY Journal!

  Decided to use “Yellow Journalism” to gain readers & money!

  “The newspaper is the greatest force in civilization... Newspapers form and express public opinion. They suggest and control legislation. They declare wars. They punish criminals, especially the powerful... The newspapers control the nation because they REPRESENT THE PEOPLE.” - William Randolph Hearst!

Lôme’s Letter & USS Maine!

  Feb 9, 1898... Hearst published a letter written by Spanish Minister Lôme calling Pres McKinley “weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”!

  Feb 15, 1898... USS Maine exploded killing 260 US sailors... Hearst declared “DESTRUCTION OF MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY!”!

  U.S. citizens blamed Spain.... April 11, McKinley asked Congress to intervene in Cuba!

War With Spain!

  Philippine Islands: !

  Sec of Navy Teddy Roosevelt secretly told Naval Commodore Dewey to attack the Philippines!

  U.S. Naval surprise attack on Spanish navy!

  U.S. captured capitol city Manilla!

  Tense political fight over Annexing Philippines!

  1899 U.S. annexed Philippines!

Philippines!   Emilio Aguinaldo took control of Provisional

government in Philippines warning that “Filipinos would go to war with Americans”!

  By 1902 U.S. crushed rebellion killing 150,000 Filipinos!

  1902 = Philippine Government Act creating two house legislature to rule Philippines. U.S. would appoint Governor and Upper House & Filipinos would elect Lower House!

Philippines!

  The Jones Act of 1916 gave Filipinos the right to elect both houses of legislature!

  On July 4, 1946... U.S. granted Philippines total Independence!

Fighting In Cuba!   U.S. unprepared for land battles with only 28,000

soldiers in Army!

  Had little training and wore heavy wool uniforms (only ones they had)!

  Arrived in Cuba in mid June!

  “Heavy rains pouring down, no tents for cover... standing in trenches in a foot of water and mud, day and night... ration issue consisting of a slice of sow belly, hardtack, and grains of coffee... Then came the issue of fleece-lined underwear in a 132 climate... Then came on malaria.” - Captain Jacob Judson (Illinois)!

Fighting In Cuba!

  July 1st... U.S. captured El Caney (cuban town)!

  July 2nd... Teddy Roosevelt & Rough Riders captured San Juan Hill with help of 9th & 10th African American Cavalry!

  July 3rd... U.S. Navy sank Spanish fleet off Cuba. 474 Spanish deaths!

  2 weeks later... Spain surrendered Cuba!

  At same time, U.S. defeated Spain in Puerto Rico!

Cost of War!

  Spain surrendered all of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines & Pacific island of Guam!

  U.S. gave Spain $20 Million!

  U.S. now became military & economic world power!

  5,400 U.S. deaths!

GOVERNING AFTER WAR!

Governing Cuba!

  Pres McKinley set up military gov’t in Cuba led by Leonard Wood!

  Constructed schools & sanitation system in Cuba!

  Army doctors limited spread of yellow fever and malaria by draining pools of standing water to limit mosquito population!

Governing Cuba!   Wood oversaw new Constitution that limited Cuba’s

independence!

  U.S. agreed to remove troops if Cuba put Platt Amendment in Constitution making Cuba a U.S. Protectorate... Cuba accepted in 1902!

  Cuba could only trade & make treaties with US!

  US could intervene in Cuban affairs!

  US could create military & trade bases in Cuba!

  Cuban-US trade in 1897 = $27 Million... in 1917 = $300 Million!

Governing Puerto Rico!   US ruled PR as a territory... creating and controlling

PR’s gov’t!

  Foraker Act of 1900 determined PR’s governor & upper house would be appointed by US & PR’s citizens would elect the lower house!

  Jones Act of 1917 gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship & gave them right to elect Upper & Lower House of gov’t!

  1952, PR became a self-governing Commonwealth of the US with Citizenship & trade ties!

“LATIN AMERICAN POLICE”!

Latin American Relations!

  Applying Monroe Doctrine!

  Doctrine was idle threat until Span-Am War!

  Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson actively used Doctrine to protect “US interests in L.A.”!

Roosevelt Corollary!

  1904: Roosevelt made clear to enforce Monroe Doctrine!

  “If a nation... keeps order & pays its obligations, it need fear no intervention from the U.S. Chronic wrongdoing... in the Western hemisphere... may force the US, however reluctantly... to the exercise of an international police power.”!

Roosevelt Corollary!   “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” -

African Proverb!

  U.S. pledged to use armed forces to prevent European powers from seizing Dominican territory due to unpaid loans!

  U.S. collected all Dominican customs duties to pay European debt.!

  1916, civil unrest in DR caused US to send Marines!

  Troops stayed until 1924!

  U.S. intervention in L.A. continued!

Panama Canal!1) How did US view itself?!

2) What 3 affairs did US partake

3) Why did US need a “Canal”?!

4) Why did Colombia reject US deal?!

5) Why did US support Panamanian Revolution?!

6) When was Panama Canal started? Completed?!

7) Why did Woodrow Wilson pay Colombia $25 million when he left

Diplomacy!1) What was President Taft’s main Foreign Policy interest?!

2) What strategy did he use?!

3) What was/is Dollar Diplomacy?!

4) What countries did he use it

5) How did Latin American nations view the US due to Dollar Diplomacy?!

U.S. & Mexico!

  1915: Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata controlled 2/3 of Mexico... US opposed Villa & Zapata!

  US backed Carranza’s army had defeated Villa numerous times!

  Villa raided a small border town (Columbus, NM). 17 Americans & 100 of Villa’s troops killed!

U.S. & Mexico!

  March 1916: Without approval from Mexico, US military went into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa “dead or alive”!

  September 1916: 150,000 National Guardsmen were stationed at US-Mexico border!

  January 1917: Pershing withdrew from Mexico without capturing Pancho Villa!

  New Constitution was created on February 5, 1917... Carranza became President!