1894-95: Sino-Japanese war

1902: Alliance with Britain

1904-05: Russo-Japanese War

1910: Annexation of Korea

1853-54: End of isolation

1868: Meiji era; industrialization

After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM

EUROPE

By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)

1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina

Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903

1914: War breaks out

The Balkan region, 1878

Balkan region, 1908-1914

Schlieffen Plan

TOTAL WAR• Greater control by

executive powers of governments, rather than power of elected parliaments

• Industrial sectors (e.g. railways) administered or heavily regulated by the state

• Regulation of production; rationing of resources

• Suppression of dissent; use of propaganda (e.g. German atrocities)

• Involvement of civilian men and women (as targets, labor, military personnel)

'Munitionettes', or women who worked in munitions factories, accounted for a large

proportion of women in the workplace. It is estimated that by mid-1917, women produced around 80 per cent of all munitions in Britain.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/images/article/factorywomen_q27846.jpg

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld45.html

CHEMICAL WARFAREBritish soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

Western Front, 1917Gas masks for the chemical war

http://www.war1418.com/battleverdun/battleverdun33/

A WAR OF ATTRITIONThe battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people

were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

THE WESTERN FRONT

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld47.html

Ypres, 1917

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld44.html

Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld53.html

For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916.

Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

THE WAR AND THE COLONIES• Battle zones included the Middle East, west and east Africa,

even China and some Pacific Islands. And of course seas.

• Triple Entente powers grabbed German territories in Africa.

• Triple Entente powers recruited troops from settler colonies or “white dominions” (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), and non-settler colonies (in Africa, India, SE Asia).

• Japan increased its power in Asia, including German-controlled Pacific Islands and China. New Zealand and Australia also jumped in to grab German Pacific territories.

• The British incited Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman Empire

AFRICA’S CONTRIBUTION

• France drafted 170,000 West Africans

• 80,000 Africans killed or injured in Europe

• More than 100,000 African laborers died of disease or starvation in Africa. These laborers were drafted by the British, French, and German armies to carry supplies and to build roads/bridges.

HUMAN CONSEQUENCESabout 10 million dead, 20 million wounded

COUNTRY DEAD WOUNDED PRISONER

Great Britain 947,000 2,122,000 192,000

France 1,385,000 3,044,000 446,000

Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 500,000

Italy 460,000 947,000 530,000

United States 115,000 206,000 4,500

Germany 1,808,000 4,247,000 618,000

Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 200,000

Turkey 325,000 400,000 n.a.

~ Edmund BlundenBritish soldier and poet who survived the Battle of the Somme

Neither race had won or could win the war

The war had won and would go on winning.

HUMAN CONSEQUENCESDaughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in

northern France, 1917.

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld39a.html

Faces of warBelow:Veterans of the trenches

Right:England, ca. 1918. A new face is matched up

Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Hamburg, ca. 1918Teaching amputees how to walk

Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Rehabilitation in GermanyA soldier who has lost his arm practices

marksmanship

Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and

Hans Christian Adam (1983)

PEACE TREATIES

Germany: lost control of 13% of its territory (Saar coal reserves; European territory to Poland and France; colonies “mandated” to Britain, France, South Africa, Japan); had to pay reparations; had to demilitarize drastically.

Austria: lost territory to Italy, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland (self-determination)

Ottoman Empire (Turkey after 1922): independence for Saudi Arabia and Armenia; Lebanon and Syria “mandated” to France; Palestine, Trans Jordan and Iraq “mandated” to Britain.

MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS