Post on 23-Dec-2015
1885 -- 1949: 0-61950 -- 1980: 201980 -- 1990: 301991 -- 1996: 701997 -- 2000: 1802001 -- 2003: 300
• affordable CCD camera• Commercial 14”--32” tel• Computer + automation• High-z SN search
Reasons:
SNe/year
Current active nearby SN searches
LOSS 336 SNe (1998-2003) UC BerkeleySN factory 83 SNe (2002-2003) LBLPuckett 67 SNe (1998-2003) AmateurBoles 57 SNe (1997-2003) AmateurArmstrong 46 SNe (1998-2003) AmateurEvans 41 SNe (1981-2003) Amateur
Currently operation on hold
Scientific Goals of LOSS• Monitor a well-defined galaxy sample• Find lots of SNe and find them young• Do photometric followups for many SNe• Detailed log files for everyday observation• GRB followup New
30 inch (0.75 m) mirror
Lick Observatory,Mt. Hamilton, near San Jose, CA
Funded by NSF, the Sylvia & Jim Katzman Foundation, AutoScope Corp., Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard Co., the University of California (Berkeley and Santa Cruz), and NASA.
•30 inch R-C telescope, f/8.2•Laser optical encoders•Compact and light-weight•Precise secondary maneuver•20 slot filter wheel
•Apogee AP7 camera, 6.8’ FOV, 0.8”/pix•Off-axis guiding•Automatic weatherstation
Telescope Secondary Cameras Weatherstation
Step motors
Guider
Apogee filterwheel
workstation workstation
HETE-2
pc1 pc2 pc3
GCN
Berkeley Lick Obs.
KAIT
90 miles
Fully robotic obs
• Hardware control• Obs schedule and control• SN search schedule• SN search image processing• GRB response
• Program to respond to GRB alerts promptly• Interrupt KAIT and take a pre-arranged sequence of images• Reaching 19th mag within 60s of alerts• Unfiltered obs will use filters
System
Obs.• Obs started at t=105s after burst• 18 data points in the first 10 minutes• One of the best early GRB light curves• One of the few GRBs with reverse shock emission detected
GRB 021211
GRB 020813• A mix of automatic and manually remote obs• Slow early-time power-law decline index
(Li, Filippenko, Chornock, & Jha 2003)
Swift
2. No. of images per night 20s 19th mag 110 img/hr 700-1300 img/night
Interval distribution t < 10 days (80%)Most SNe are discovered young!!!
1. No. of galaxies monitored:
19,000
3. No. of SN discoveries
Year LOSS SNe
1998 201999 40 2000 38
2001 682002 822003 95
95? Oh, No!
• 10% -- 20% of the KAIT time• ~40% of LOSS SNe: some photometry• ~25% of LOSS SNe: good photometry• Daily around max, every 2-7 days after max• 196 SNe observed as of Nov 10,2003.
Distribution of SN followupSome Good Great Total
SN Ia 48 14 70 132
SN II 10 21 25 56
SN Ibc 1 1 6 8Total: 196
Why not Ib/c?? 1. rare
2. tough
When?
We are working on them.
(SN Ia)Li et al. 2001
(SN II-P)Leonard et al. 2002
W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, E. Gates et al. 2001, PASP, 113, 1178M. Modjaz, W. Li, A. V. Filippenko et al. 2001, PASP,113, 308W. C. G. Ho, S. D. Van Dyk, C. Y. Peng et al. 2001, PASP, 113, 1349W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, S. D. Van Dyk et al. 2002, PASP, 114, 403W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, R. Chornock et al. 2003, PASP, 115, 453A. G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, W. Li et al. 1999, AJ, 118, 2675W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, A. G. Riess et al. 2001, ApJ, 546, 719W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, A. G. Riess et al. 2001, ApJ, 546, 734
T. Matheson, A. V. Filippenko, R. Chornock et al. 2000, AJ, 119, 2303T. Matheson, A. V. Filippenko, W. Li et al. 2001, AJ, 121, 1648R. Foley, M. Papenkova, B. Swift et al. 2003, PASP, 115, 1220
S. D. Van Dyk, C. Y. Peng, J. Y. King et al. 2000, PASP, 112, 1532D. C. Leonard, A. V. Filippenko, W. Li et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 2490D. C. Leonard, A. V. Filippenko, E. L. Gates et al. 2002, PASP, 114, 35D. C. Leonard, A. V. Filippenko, R. Chornock, W. Li 2002, AJ, 124, 2506S. D. Van Dyk, W. Li, A. V. Filippenko 2003, PASP, 115, 1289
S. van den Bergh, W. Li, A. V. Filippenko 2002, PASP, 114, 820S. Van den Bergh, W. Li, A. V. Filippenko 2003, PASP, 115, 1280
SN Ia photometry
SN Iastatistics
SN Ib/c
SN II
SN rates
GRB W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, R. Chornock, S. Jha 2003, ApJ, 586, L9W. Li, A. V. Filippenko, R. chornock, S. Jha 2003, PASP, 115, 844
1. A stable nearby SN search engine2. In collaboration with CfA, CSP: more followup3. Publish existing photometry database: SNe Ia: correlation, H0, local flow SNe II : correlation, EPM SNe Ibc: correlation, SN/GRB connection4. SN rate, statistics5. GRB followup in the Swift era
KAIT is conducting the world’s most successful search for very nearby SNe, and has yielded interesting results on the statistics and photometric properties of SNe and GRB optical afterglows. We have shown that good science can be done with a small telescope when correctly engineered and programmed.