From Roman Britain to Scotland

2

Roman Scotland

• Tribal– Lowland tribes make treaties with Rome

Votadini (east coast), Selgovae (Tweed), Novantae (SW), Damnonii (Clyde)

– Highland tribes involved in periodic contention (Caledonians, Picts)

3

Roman Scotland

• Antonine wall between Firth of Forth and Clyde effective boundary– Picts north of the wall– Conquests of east coast but no permanent presence

• Transparent borders with Ireland in the West– Later invasions of Scotti on southwest coast and Wales

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Sub-Roman Scotland

• British kingdoms– Rheged includes Cumbria– Strathclyde - Dumbarton– Bernicia (later merged with Deira s. of

Hadrian’s wall)– Gododdin – south of Edinburgh - Votadini

• Pictish kingdoms

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Dalriada

• 500 Fergus mac Eirc, founder

• Religious centers responsible for spread of Gaelic culture

• Simultaneous kings of Dalriada and Picts

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Portmahomack

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Early Christian Scotland

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British Areas• c. 590 Saxons defeat Gododdin at Catterick• 603 Dalriada loses battle of Degastan• 642 Domnall Brece, king of Dalriada killed by

Strathclyde Britons• Cumbria remains Celtic but under Anglo-Saxon rule• 744 Angus of Pictland wins battle with Strathclyde• 750, 756 stalemate with Picts

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Dunadd

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Dunadd

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Dunnad

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‘Irish’ Round Towers

Abernethy, Perthshire

BreclunAngus

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British Kingdom - Weakened• 870 Olaf the White and Ivar the Boneless from

Norwegian Dublin successfully siege Dumbarton Castle

Center moves to Glasgow

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Dumbarton

Strathclyde

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Pictland

• Origin of the Picts?• Matrilineal succession• Pictish symbols• Reuse of pre-Roman centers as royal centers• Marriage relationships with Strathclyde and

Northumbria

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Important Centers Scots, Picts, Britons

Edinburgh

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Symbol stones

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Pictish Cross

Pictish SymbolsOgham Inscription

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Drosten Stone

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Hilton of Cadboll Stone[Replica on site]

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Dupplin Cross at Forteviot

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Scotland 9th C.

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Anglo-Saxons in Scotland

• Bernicia extended to Tay• 668 Southern Pictland taken over• 685 Ecgfrith defeated by Bridei king of Picts at

Nechtansmere• 927 Constantine and Athelstan settle frontier

Aberlemno symbol stoneNechtansmere

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One Nation Under Scots

• Interconnected royal dynasties-tanistry• Viking challenge

– Devastation of coastal Dalriada

• 842 Kenneth mac Alpin, King of Pictland– Extends rule to Lothian

• 900 Donald II termed ‘Ri Alban’ (king of Alban)

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MacAlpin Dynasty

843 Kenneth I accepted as King of weakened Picts

927 Accord between Constantine and Athelstan973 Kenneth II pays homage to Edgar954 Indulf captures Edinburgh

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Scotland 875

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Scone

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Scotland

• Sutherland – southern part of Viking area• Caithness – Norse• Galloway – Norse/Gaelic• Strathclyde – Britons w. Norse/Gaelic

settlements

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Scottish Church

• Constantine II reorganized Pictish church as a Celtic church

• Religious center St. Andrews

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Viking Challenges

• 904 Constantine defeats Viking army at Strathcarron

• Norwegian populations in isles and extreme north

• Northern centers may have been used as bases for raids

• Uncle of Rollo based in Orkneys

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Viking Challenges

• Equilibrium with Caithness in 11th C.– Sigurd of Orkney marries daughter of Malcolm

II– Duncan I unsuccessfully tried to recover area

from his son, Thorfinn • Norse jarls in Orkney to 1231

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Unification of Strathclyde with Scotland

• 945 Edmund defeats Strathclyde and gives it to Malcolm I of Scotland

• Separate kingdoms of Cumbria and Strathclyde• 1018 Duncan, son of Malcolm II of Scotland, king of

Strathclyde• 1034 Duncan becomes King of Scotland, Strathclyde

incorporated

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Bubble, Bubble…

MacBethDuncan

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Sigurd

Thorfinn

MacAlpines and Atholls

1018 Malcolm II wins Battle of Carham, secures Lothian?

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Macbeth and the Kings

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Macbeth of Moray

• Son of Findleach (Finlay) • 1020 “Finnlaech son of Ruaidrí, king of

Alba, was killed by his own people.” [Malcolm and Gillacomgain].

• Macbeth in exile

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Macbeth of Moray

• 1032 Returns after “Gilla Comgán [Gillacomgain] son of Mael Brigte, earl of Moray, was burned together with fifty people”

• Marries Gillacomgain’s widow, Gruoch

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Duncan I• 1018 At age 17 given subordinate Kingdom of

Strathclyde• 1034 Becomes King of Alba on death of his

grandfather• Fails in attempts to gain Durham and other areas

of Northumbria• Attacks Moray and Caithness• Macbeth and Thorfinn allied against him.

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Moray in the Highlands

1040 Duncan killed by Macbeth near Elgin

Sons go into exile.

Caithness

Moray

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Perth

1045 Duncan’s father, Crinan killed in “a battle between the Scots themselves"

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King Macbeth• Reign a fertile period• 1050 Pilgrimage to Rome where he bestows

much largesse• Malcolm III allies with Siward of

Northumbria• 1054 Macbeth survives with losses

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Dunsinane?

Aerial View of Dunsinnan Hill

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Birnam Wood to Dunsinane

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Death of Macbeth• 1057 Finally loses to Malcolm at Dundee and

killed at Lumphanan

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After Macbeth

• MacBeth’s stepson has short reign• 1070 Malcolm III m. Margaret

– Invites in Norman advisors

• Royal Scotland now oriented to south• 1093 Malcolm III killed during invasion of

England

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The English Connection

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After Macbeth (cont.)Malcolm Margaret

17James I

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Elizabeth I