10.2 10.2 The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Forging a religious empire despite internal conflict.

Muhammad’s Successors

After Muhammad’s death in 632, Abu-Bakr becomes the 1st caliph or successor/deputy to the head of Islam.

The reign of a caliph was known as a caliphate.

Example: Caliph Abu-Bakr• During caliphate of Abu-Bakr, there were many

uprisings that were quickly subdued (put down).

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs

Called “rightly guided” because they used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides.

Used military force to stop rebellions within Islam and eventually use armies to spread Islam to Syria and lower Egypt

Muslims see military victories as a sign of Allah’s support of Islam.

Islam Conquers Empires

Byzantine and Persian Empires fall because of– Weakness– Religious persecution – Those persecuted welcomed invaders

Treatment of Conquered Peoples

Many people attracted by Islam’s message and accept Islam.

Qur’an forbids forced conversion so, many retain their own religions, but had to pay a poll tax so they don’t have to serve in the army.

Christians and Jews can practice, but not spread their religions.

Internal Conflict ~ Crisis

Uthman and Ali assassinated and the system of choosing a caliph is gone.

Umayyads – family that gains power of caliphs and move Muslim capital.

Unpopular:– Move capital from Mecca to Damascus - too

far from Muslim homeland– Abandon simple life for life of luxury

The Sunni and the Shi’a Split

Shi’a – The party or followers of the Prophet Muhammad:– Caliph must be a relative of Muhammad

Sunni – Believe that the first four caliphs (not related to Muhammad) are rightful successors to Islam.– Caliph must follow Muhammad’s example

Blue – Sunni Green – Shi’a

Conflicts “Resolve”

Abbasids overthrow Umayyads in 750

Prince Abd al-Rahman escapes to Spain to help form Muslim state in Spain.– “rock” Jabal Tariq ~

Gibraltar

Conflicts “Resolve” cont...

Abbasids move capital to Baghdad. Muslim empire flourishes Abbasid caliphate lasts 750-1258 Rival groups split Muslim lands

– Fatmid Dynasty – named after Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter)

– Empire breaks up as independent states gain independence

Muslim Trade

Oceans enable trade – Med & Indian Land enables trade – Silk Roads link China

and India to Europe and Africa Muslim merchants need unity:

– Language: Arabic– Currency ($): Dinar– Banks create sakks – pronounced “check”

Sunni & Shi’a: Religious SECTS

Sectarian Violence