THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Chapter 10, Section 1

The Scientific Revolution

Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works

PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle

Studying led to diverse ideas

Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)

LiteracySpread of ideas

Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry

InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope

MathematicsFrancios Viete (French lawyer)Used of variables (letters)

Astronomy

Geocentric ModelPtolemaic systemEarth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres

Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ systemSun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits

Nicholas Copernicus

Polish mathematician Born: May 1543 Publication

On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System

Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician Against Ptolemy

Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement

Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets

Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope

Inventor/developerMade regular observations of the heavens

DiscoveriesMountains on the moon4 moons of JupiterSunspots

Issues with the church**Cardinal BellarmineDebate: Church teachings vs. Science

Sir Isaac Newton Most brilliant mind of the era

United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background

Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor

Important WorksMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyPrincipia

Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe

Medicine Developments

AntiquityGalen (100 AD)Greek physician

Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body

William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins

Chemistry

Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law

○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied

Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry

Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish

English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters

○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name

Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position

○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman

Philosophy and Reason

Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeaology

○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefor I am” certain

Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century

RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method Francis Bacon

English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist

“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”

Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing

evidenceMajor element of modern science

Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking

Scientific Method

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Chapter 10, Section 1