Section-1Section-1

10/03/1431 PETE 302: Subsurface Production Engineering

1

The Petroleum IndustryThe Petroleum Industry

Production System Overviewy

Integrated ViewIntegrated View

Drilling Engineering

Well Completion

P d ti E i iProduction Engineering

Surface P d ti

Subsurface P d tiProduction Production

Surface ProductionSurface Production(from wellhead to

downstream)

PetroleumPetroleum Production Vertical flow

Performance(from wellbore to Wellhead)

System(from wellbore to Wellhead)

Inflow Performance(from reservoir to

wellbore)

Petroleum Production SystemPetroleum Production System

Petroleum Production SystemPetroleum Production System

Build Your HabitsBuild Your Habits

•Private:-Be proactive

Begin with the end in mind-Begin with the end in mind-Put first things first

Go from Dependence to Independenceto Independence

•Public:-Think win/winThink win/win

-Seek first to understand th t b d t dthen to be understood

-Synergize

G f I d dGo from Independence to Interdependence

•Sharpen the saw; Self renewal:

-Physical (exercise, nutrition, stress management)

-Mental (reading, visualizing, planning, writing)

-Social (service empathy synergy intrinsic security)-Social (service, empathy, synergy, intrinsic security)

-Spiritual (value clarification & commitment, study &meditation)

Well CompletionWell Completion

•Well completion includes all

design work and operations

needed to prepare the well, after

it h b d ill d fit has been drilled, for

productionproduction.

W k O tiWork-over Operations•Work-over operations, on the other

hand, include all operations

performed on the well after starting

d ti f th fproduction for the purpose of

remedial of producing problemsremedial of producing problems.

Section-2Section 2

Well Completion DesignWell Completion Design

Main objective:j

Recovery MaximumTo Obtain WayEconomicalIn The Most WayEconomical In The Most

Factors Influencing Well gCompletion Design

Reservoir Considerations

Production Rate Starting Point

Reservoir Drive Mechanism

• Location of Determines the •Solution GasLocation of various fluids in the formation

• Flow of fluids

Determines the size of: • Producing Conduits

•Solution Gas Drive• Gas Cap DriveFlow of fluids

through the rock

• Characteristics

Conduits• Surface Facilities

Drive• Water Drive

of the rock

Solution Gas-Drive

Reservoirs

Low Angle of Dip

Solution Gas-Drive Reservoirs

HighHigh Angle of Dip

Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs

Low Angle of DipLow Angle of Dip

Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs

High Angle of DipHigh Angle of Dip

Water Drive Reservoirs

Low Angle of Dip

(Thick Sand)Low Angle of Dip

Water Drive Reservoirs

iHigh Angle of Dip

(Thin Sand)

Gas Fingering

Water Encroachment

Fingering of Free Gas into Well Along B ddi PlBedding Planes

Fingering of Water into Well Along Bedding PlanesBedding Planes

Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs

Low Structural Relief, Not St tifi d

High Angle of Dip

Stratified

Gas Cap Drive R iReservoirs

High Angle of DipLow Angle of Dip

Water Drive ReservoirsWater Drive Reservoirs

Low Angle of Dip High Angle of Dip

Reservoir ConsiderationsReservoir Considerations1 Multiple Reservoirs 2 Secondary Recovery1. Multiple Reservoirs

• Multiple Completions in one casing

• Multiple Completions in

2. Secondary RecoveryNeeds

• Completion method should be adaptable• Multiple Completions in

Several Casings• Commingling Production• Several Wellbores

should be adaptable to secondary recovery:• Water floodingSeveral Wellbores • Water flooding Increase in volume of fluid to be handled• Thermal Methods

3. Stimulation • Special perforating pattern Thermal Methods

Special casing cementing, etc.

• Special perforating pattern (to isolate zones) • Adaptable to high injection rates (fracturing)rates (fracturing)• Special isolation equipment

Reservoir Considerations

4. Reservoir H t itHeterogeneityStagger Completion

I t l

Water Encroachment

IntervalBest: Concentrate on

one zone at a timeone zone at a time starting from bottom

Additional CompletionAdditional Completion During Workover (W/O)

Gas Fingering

Reservoir Considerations

5 Sand Control5. Sand Control • Affects type of

completionLi it d ti t• Limits production rate

6. Artificial Lift• Single completion• Single completion• Large casing and tubing

7. Workover Frequency• Completion conductive towire linewire line• Through-tubing re-completion and workover

Factors Influencing Well Completion DesignCompletion Design

Mechanical Considerations:Mechanical Considerations:Key To:y

Deplete the reservoir effectively Monitor downhole performance

C t l fl f i fl idControl flow of reservoir fluidsMinimize / Remedy damageMinimize / Remedy damage

Modify well situation when necessary

Mechanical ConsiderationsConsider automatic shut-in

SafetyConsider automatic shut-in

systems and press control methods (offshore, populated &

remote locations)

Cost Consider most economical Cost procedure

Simplicity Simplest, reliable equipment & proceduresp y procedures

Operating C diti

Pressure, temperature, corrosivity tConditions etc.

Minimize number of components

ReliabilityLimit moving parts Avoid debris traps

Use proved technology and components

Methods of CompletionMethods of CompletionMain Objective of Completion:j p

To produce for maximum recovery in themost economical and safest mannermost economical and safest manner

Basic Decisions in Designing Well Completion:p

Method / Type of completionCasing tubing configurationCasing – tubing configuration

Completion intervalSize of production tubing

Methods of Completionp

Openhole Completion

LinerLiner Completions

Perforated CompletionsCompletions

Open Hole CompletionOpen Hole Completion

AdvantagesMinimum formation damage

W/gravel pack, providesexcellent sand control

No perforating ExpensesLog Interpretation not critical

Full diameter opposite pay zoneEasily deepened

Easily converted to liner orperforated completionsp p

Open Hole CompletionOpen Hole Completion

Disadvantages Difficult control of excessDifficult control of excess

Gas or water productionDifficult selectiveDifficult selective

stimulationCSG t i th d kCSG set in the dark

Open Hole C l ti

Ad t

CompletionAdvantages

Minimum formation damage

No perforating expensesLog interpretation not

criticalAdaptable to sand control

techniqueClean out problems

avoided

Open Hole C l tiCompletion

Disadvantages Different control of excessDifferent control of excess

Gas or water productionProduction casing is setProduction casing is set before drilling producing

zoneSelective stimulation

Additional rig timeAdditional rig timeReduced diameterCannot be easilyCannot be easily

deepened

Perforated Liner Completion

Advantages

Perforated Liner Completion

AdvantagesMinimum formation

damageExcessive water/gas can

be controlledSelective stimulationSelective stimulation

possibleCan easily be deepenedCan easily be deepened

Helps control sand productionproduction

Perforated Liner CompletionPerforated Liner Completion

DisadvantagesReduced well bore

diameter Log interpretation is criticalLog interpretation is critical

Selective stimulationDiffi lt li tiDifficult liner cementing

More expensive (perforating, cementing &

Rig time)

Perforated Cased Completion

Ad t

Perforated Cased Completion

AdvantagesEasy control of excessive gas or

water productionwater production Can be selective to stimulation

Logs & formation samplesLogs & formation samples available to assist in decision to

set CSG or abandonEasily deepened

Adaptable to sand control Adaptable to multiple

CompletionMinimum rig timeMinimum rig time

Perforated Cased CompletionPerforated Cased Completion

DisadvantagesPerforating cost couldPerforating cost could

be significant Liable to formationLiable to formation

damage S l ti ti l tiSelective stimulation

Log interpretation critical

Casing–tubing ConfigurationsCasing tubing Configurations

Conventional Configurations1Single Zone Completion .1Single Zone Completion

.2Multiple Zone Completion

Unconventional (Tubing-less).1Single Zone Completion .2Multiple Zone Completion.2Multiple Zone Completion

Cased completion with TubingTubingpperforated interval and

tubingProductionProductionCasingCasing

tubing

PackerPackerPackerPacker

Perforation

Conventional Completions

SINGLE ZONE COMPLETIONS

U d FUsed For

High producing rates

Corrosive well fluids

High PressuresHigh Pressures

Governmental / Operator

li ipolicies

Flowing Well Pumping Well

Alternate CompletionAlternate CompletionGas Lift

Conventional CompletionsConventional Completions

MULTIPLE ZONE COMPLETIONS

Used For

Obtaining higher productionObtaining higher production

Faster pay out

Multi-Reservoir control

i trequirements

Dual-Zone CompletionCompletion

Triple Completion

-Three Zones-Two or Three Packers-Two or Three Tubing g

Strings

Unconventional Completionsp

Multiple Tubingless CompletionsInitially used with 27/8 in. pipe, currently, 3 1/2 in. & 4 ½

in. are used

Advantages:•Reduced cost •Reduced cost•Each zone is independent•Communications between strings is easily •Communications between strings is easily

detected and eliminated.Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

•Restricted production rates•High-rate stimulation treatments are moreHigh-rate stimulation treatments are more

difficult

TripleTriple Tubingless C l tiCompletion

Openhole Multilateral DrillingOpenhole Multilateral Drillingp gp g

T t Z

Dyna Drill

Target Zone

Target Zone

9 5/8-in. Casing

Running Hollow Whip-stock andRunning Hollow Whip-stock and

9 5/8 Cas gOrientation NippleStarter Mill

Whip stock and Packer - Orienting and Setting Packer

Whip stock and Packer - Orienting and Setting Packer

Shear Stud

Millable HoseComposite Coreand Setting Packerand Setting Packer Composite Core

Soft-Centered Hollow Whip-stock

Anchor Latch

Multilateral Packer

Orienting Nipple

Window andWindow andWindow and Watermelon Mills Used to Ream/

Window and Watermelon Mills Used to Ream/Used to Ream/Feather WindowUsed to Ream/Feather Window

Watermelon Mill

Window Mill

Formation Bit Formation Bit 9 5/8-in. Casing9 5/8-in. Casing

and Directional-Drillingand Directional-DrillingDrilling Assembly Used to Drill Angle-

Drilling Assembly Used to Drill Angle-

Soft-Centered Whipstock

to Drill AngleBuild Section of Hole

to Drill AngleBuild Section of Hole / OHoleHole 8 1/2-in. Openhole Lateral

MWDMotor

BitBit

Limited-Isolation/Limited-Isolation/Limited Isolation/Access Multilateral Completion

Limited Isolation/Access Multilateral Completion Tubing Access

SleeveCompletionCompletion Sleeve

Commingled Production

Dual-Production

Limited-IsolationPacker

Tubing Access Multilateral Access Sleeve

CompletionLevel 1 TAML(Segregated production) PackerPacker

Open-hole horizontal branch

Drillpipe Wash-down System9 5/8-in. CasingCentralized Lateral Liner Hangers

Drillpipe Wash down System for Screens Run in Open Hole (Sized-

Centralized Liner Joint

in Open Hole (SizedSalt Mud Displaced)

8 1/2-in. Open Hole

7-in. Casing

Production Packer

3 1/2-in. DualPrepack Screen

6-in. Open Hole

Float Shoe withSealbore Sub

Seal Expandable FlapperRunning ToolAssemblyWashpipe

Ad dAd d 4 1/2 in Upper TubingAdvancedMultilateral AdvancedMultilateral

4 1/2-in. Upper Tubing

Top of 7-in. Liner13 3/8-in. Casing

CompletionCompletion Window Bushing Assembly

Orienting LatchHollow Whipstock

Commingled Production

Orienting Nipple

Multilateral PackerOrienting LatchCommingled Production

4 1/2-in. Predrilled Casing 4 1/2-in.

Predrilled Casing

Retrievable Packersg pp

6 1/8-in. Open Hole6 1/8-in.

Open Holep

9 5/8-in CasingAdvanced Multilateral Advanced Multilateral

9 5/8-in. CasingDual Packer

CompletionCompletion Durasleeve

Swivel

7-in. Lateral Liner

Access Sleeve on Long StringAccess Sleeve on Long String8 1/2-in. Hole

Hollow Whipstock and Orienting Ratch Latch

Segregated Production

and Orienting Ratch Latch

Multilateral Packer

Orienting NippleOrienting Nipple with Mating Lock

PBR and Seal AssemblyRe-entry yRe-entry

Guide

9 5/8-in. Casing

Re-entry AccessRe-entry AccessCentralized Steel Window Joints

Re entry Access Re entry Access

Retrievable DiverterWindow Bushing

for Full-Gauge Tools

for Full-Gauge Tools8 1/2-in. Open Hole

7-in. Casing

Tools Tools g

Full-Gauge 7-in. Service Tool

Intelligent CompletionsIntelligent Completions

•Sensors•Ability to open/shut-offAbility to open/shut off•Currently main application: water

ti t lcresting control

Multilateral well completion for downhole separation and disposal of waterseparation and disposal of water

P blProblems

•1.- Three wells producing from the same reservoir, have the following pressure data:

••Pressure, psi @ node # •Well # 8 6 3 1•1 3250 1700 400 301 3250 1700 400 30•2 3250 2800 400 30•3 3250 2800 1400 30•Discuss pressure distribution in the 3 wells and possible problems in each one.

•2.- List two ways by which the following factors affect well•completion design: •-Driving Mechanism •-Driving Mechanism

–- …………………………………………………………–………………………………………………………….

•-Multiple ReservoirsMultiple Reservoirs–…………………………………………………………….

•…………………………………………………………….••-Needs for artificial lifting

–……………………………………………………………–..………………………………………………………….

•3.- Find the density and pressure gradient in psi/ft for the•following fluids : •-Fresh water - …………………•-Crude of 36 API - ………………………..•-Gas with a molecular weight of 19 at 1500 psi and 180ºF…. •-Brine of 1.075 specific gravity - ………………………….••4.- Show where would you drill & complete wells in the•following reservoirs:

•5 -A well encountered zone A which is oil-bearing and was •5.-A well encountered zone A, which is oil-bearing, and was•covered by 9 5/8 inch production casing with shoe @•7,500’.The presence of another, oil bearing lower zone B was•confirmed from improved seismic so the well was deepened •confirmed from improved seismic, so the well was deepened•using an 8 ½ inch bit to a depth of 8,200’.•You are required to design a suitable completion for the well,

taking into consideration the following points:taking into consideration the following points:-The completion should allow simultaneous production from

the two zones. Zone A has sweet, high API ( 40ºAPI )crude,hil B h d i l ti l l itwhile zone B has sour and corrosive, relatively low gravity

( 29ºAPI ) crude.Zone B is composed of loose sand that would be produced

l ith th d Th i i di t ib ti i i talong with the crude. The grain size distribution is as given to allow the calculation of gravel and screen sizes.

Grain Diam., inch: o.1 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.006 0.001C Wt % 12 34 60 81 90 99Cum. Wt., % : 12 34 60 81 90 99

You can draw sketches as needed.