Post on 13-Jan-2016
1. Tissues and Tissue 1. Tissues and Tissue TypesTypes
BCH 443BCH 443
Biochemistry of Biochemistry of Specialized Specialized
TissuesTissues
Tissues are:Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells and cell Collections of specialized cells and cell
products organized to perform a limited products organized to perform a limited number of functionsnumber of functions Histology = study of tissuesHistology = study of tissues
The four tissue types are:The four tissue types are: EpithelialEpithelial ConnectiveConnective MuscularMuscular NervousNervous
Tissues and Tissue TypesTissues and Tissue Types
Includes glands and epitheliumIncludes glands and epithelium Glands are secretoryGlands are secretory
Is avascularIs avascular Forms a protective barrier that Forms a protective barrier that
regulates permeabilityregulates permeability Cells may show polarityCells may show polarity
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Physical protectionPhysical protection Control permeabilityControl permeability Provide sensationProvide sensation Produce specialized secretionsProduce specialized secretions
Functions of EpitheliumFunctions of Epithelium
Perform secretory functionsPerform secretory functions Perform transport functionsPerform transport functions Maintain physical integrityMaintain physical integrity Ciliated epithelia move materials Ciliated epithelia move materials
across their surfaceacross their surface
Specializations of Specializations of EpitheliumEpithelium
The Polarity of Epithelial The Polarity of Epithelial CellsCells
Cells attach via cell adhesion Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM)molecules (CAM)
Cells attach at specialized cell Cells attach at specialized cell junctionsjunctions Tight junctionsTight junctions DesmosomesDesmosomes Gap junctionsGap junctions
Maintaining the Integrity Maintaining the Integrity of Epitheliumof Epithelium
Intercellular Intercellular ConnectionsConnections
Basal lamina attaches to underlying Basal lamina attaches to underlying surfacesurface Lamina lucidaLamina lucida Lamina densaLamina densa
Germinative cells replace short-lived Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cellsepithelial cells
Structure of Typical Structure of Typical EpitheliumEpithelium
Number of cell layersNumber of cell layers SimpleSimple StratifiedStratified
Shape of apical surface cellsShape of apical surface cells SquamousSquamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar
Classification of Classification of EpitheliaEpithelia
Squamous EpitheliaSquamous Epithelia
Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia
Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia
Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium
Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
Exocrine glandsExocrine glands Secrete through ducts onto the surface of Secrete through ducts onto the surface of
the glandthe gland Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluidRelease hormones into surrounding fluid
Glandular EpitheliaGlandular Epithelia
Merocrine (product released through Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)exocytosis)
Apocrine (involves the loss of both Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)product and cytoplasm)
Holocrine (destroys the cell)Holocrine (destroys the cell)
Glandular Secretions can Glandular Secretions can be:be:
Mechanisms of Mechanisms of Glandular SecretionGlandular Secretion
“(kö-nek´tiv) a fibrous type of body tissue with varied functions. The connective tissue system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls of blood vessels, attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types following injury. Connective tissue can develop in any part of the body, and the body uses this ability to help repair or replace damaged areas. Scar tissue is the most common form of this substitute”.
Connective Tissue: Connective Tissue:
Connective tissue consists mainly of long fibers embedded in noncellular matter, the ground substance. The density of these fibers and the presence or absence of certain chemicals make some connective tissues soft and rubbery and others hard and rigid. Compared with most other kinds of tissue, connective tissue has few cells. The fibers contain a protein called collagen.
Connective Tissue Con’t: Connective Tissue Con’t:
Establishing a structural frameworkEstablishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materialsTransporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organsProtecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissuesSupporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reservesStoring energy reserves Defending the body from microorganismsDefending the body from microorganisms
Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Functions: Functions:
A Classification of A Classification of Connective TissuesConnective Tissues
Specialized cellsSpecialized cells MatrixMatrix
Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substanceground substance
Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Contain Contain
Contains varied cell populationsContains varied cell populations Contains various fiber typesContains various fiber types A syrupy ground substanceA syrupy ground substance
Connective Tissue Proper Connective Tissue Proper
Fluid Connective TissueFluid Connective Tissue
Contains a distinctive cell populationContains a distinctive cell population Watery ground substance with Watery ground substance with
dissolved proteinsdissolved proteins Two typesTwo types
BloodBlood LymphLymph
Less diverse cell populationLess diverse cell population Dense ground substanceDense ground substance Closely packed fibersClosely packed fibers Two typesTwo types
CartilageCartilage BoneBone
Supporting Connective Supporting Connective TissuesTissues
Contains fibers, a viscous ground Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell substance, and a varied cell populationpopulation FibroblastsFibroblasts MacrophageMacrophage AdipocytesAdipocytes Mesenchymal cellsMesenchymal cells MelanocytesMelanocytes Mast cellsMast cells LymphocytesLymphocytes MicrophagesMicrophages
Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Proper
Three types of fiberThree types of fiber Collagen fibersCollagen fibers Reticular fibersReticular fibers Elastic fibersElastic fibers
Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Proper
Classified as loose or denseClassified as loose or dense LooseLoose
Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues connective tissues
Areolar tissueAreolar tissue Adipose tissueAdipose tissue Reticular tissueReticular tissue
DenseDense Dense regular connective tissueDense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissue
Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Proper
The Cells and Fibers of The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Connective Tissue Proper
(Figure 4.09)(Figure 4.09)
Connective Tissue in Connective Tissue in Embryos (Figure 4.10)Embryos (Figure 4.10)
Adipose and Reticular Adipose and Reticular Tissues (Figure 4.11)Tissues (Figure 4.11)
Dense Connective Dense Connective Tissues (Figure 4.12 A)Tissues (Figure 4.12 A)
Dense Connective Dense Connective Tissues (Figure 4.12 B)Tissues (Figure 4.12 B)
Dense Connective Dense Connective Tissues (Figure 4.12 C)Tissues (Figure 4.12 C)
Distinctive collections of cells in a Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrixfluid matrix
BloodBlood Formed elements and plasmaFormed elements and plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletsRed blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to
the heartthe heart Capillaries allow diffusion into the Capillaries allow diffusion into the
interstitial fluid interstitial fluid LymphLymph
Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vesselsvessels
Fluid Connective TissuesFluid Connective Tissues
Formed Elements of the Formed Elements of the Blood (Figure 4.13)Blood (Figure 4.13)
Cartilage and bone support the rest of Cartilage and bone support the rest of the bodythe body
CartilageCartilage Grows via interstitial and appositional Grows via interstitial and appositional
growthgrowth Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin
sulfatesulfate Cells called chondrocytesCells called chondrocytes Cells found in lacunaeCells found in lacunae Perichondrium separates cartilage from Perichondrium separates cartilage from
surrounding tissuessurrounding tissues Three types: hyaline, elastic and Three types: hyaline, elastic and
fibrocartilagefibrocartilage
Supporting Connective Supporting Connective TissuesTissues
The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage (Figure Types of Cartilage (Figure
4.15 A)4.15 A)
The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage (Figure Types of Cartilage (Figure
4.15 B)4.15 B)
The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage (Figure Types of Cartilage (Figure
4.15 C)4.15 C)
Has osteocytesHas osteocytes Depend on diffusion through canaliculi Depend on diffusion through canaliculi
for nutrientsfor nutrients Little ground substanceLittle ground substance Dense mineralized matrixDense mineralized matrix Surrounded by periosteumSurrounded by periosteum
Bone, or Osseus TissueBone, or Osseus Tissue
Bone (Figure 4.16)Bone (Figure 4.16)
Form a barrierForm a barrier Composed of epithelium and Composed of epithelium and
connective tissueconnective tissue Four typesFour types
CutaneousCutaneous SynovialSynovial SerousSerous MucousMucous
Membranes are Simple Membranes are Simple OrgansOrgans
MembranesMembranes
Line cavities that communicate with Line cavities that communicate with the exteriorthe exterior
Contain lamina propriaContain lamina propria
Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes
Line sealed internal cavitiesLine sealed internal cavities Form transudateForm transudate
Serous MembranesSerous Membranes
Cutaneous membraneCutaneous membrane Covers the body surfaceCovers the body surface
Synovial membraneSynovial membrane Incomplete lining within joint cavitiesIncomplete lining within joint cavities
Network of connective tissue proper Network of connective tissue proper consisting ofconsisting of Superficial fasciaSuperficial fascia Deep fasciaDeep fascia Subserous fasciaSubserous fascia
Organs and Systems are Organs and Systems are InterconnectedInterconnected
The FasciaeThe Fasciae
Specialized for contractionSpecialized for contraction Three typesThree types
SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac SmoothSmooth
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Cells are multinucleateCells are multinucleate Striated voluntary muscleStriated voluntary muscle Divides via satellite cellsDivides via satellite cells
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Cardiocytes occur only in the heartCardiocytes occur only in the heart Striated involuntary muscleStriated involuntary muscle Relies on pacemaker cells for regular Relies on pacemaker cells for regular
contractioncontraction
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Non-striated involuntary muscleNon-striated involuntary muscle Can divide and regenerateCan divide and regenerate
Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue
Conducts electrical impulsesConducts electrical impulses Conveys information from one area to Conveys information from one area to
anotheranother
Neural TissueNeural Tissue
NeuronsNeurons Transmit informationTransmit information
NeurogliaNeuroglia Support neural tissueSupport neural tissue Help supply nutrients to neuronsHelp supply nutrients to neurons
Neural Tissue CellsNeural Tissue Cells
Neural TissueNeural Tissue
Cell bodyCell body DendritesDendrites Axon (nerve fiber)Axon (nerve fiber)
Carries information to other neuronsCarries information to other neurons
Neural AnatomyNeural Anatomy
Changes in a Tissue Changes in a Tissue under Stressunder Stress