Post on 17-Mar-2018
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ISDB-T technical seminar(2007) in Brazil
Section 3
Transmission system
In this section, mainly the principle of channel coding and OFDMModulation technology are presented.
June, 2007Digital Broadcasting Expert Group (DiBEG)
Japan
Yasuo TAKAHASHI
(Toshiba)
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Preface
Transmission system of ISDB-T is most feature of ISDB-T. Different from another DTTB standard, ATSC and DVB-T.
For examples, (1)One segment service within same bandwidth, (2)High performances for mobile/portable reception, (3)Robustness against multi-path and impulse noise, etc. These features re mainly led from ISDB-T transmission system.
So, it is very important to study the structure of ISDB-T transmission system for understanding the background of the features of ISDB-T.
This seminar document is prepared according ARIB STD-B31. But ,as described in seminar #2, SBTVD-T 01 is almost same as B31. Therefore, it is useful for Brazilian engineer to know this section.
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Contents
1. Outline of ISDB-T transmission system
1.1 Features of ISDB-T and technical baseline
1.2 Block diagrams of transmission system
1.3 transmission parameter
2. Principle of segment construction and hierarchical transmission
3. Transmission coding
3.1 Channel coding
3.2 Mapping and Interleaving
4. OFDM modulation4.1 OFDM modulation and Guard interval adding4.2 Quadrature modulation
5. Outline of ISDB-TSB5.1 outline of ISDB-TSB transmission system
5.2 Consecutive transmission system
5.3 example of consecutive transmission station
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1. 1. Outline of ISDB-T transmission system
1.1 Features of ISDB-T and technical baseline
1.2 Block diagrams of transmission system
1.3 transmission parameter
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Multimedia-Service
High-Quality, Multi-Channels
Flexible/Versatile
Mobile and handheld service
Commonality of receiver
Efficient Spectrumutilization
-Integrated Service(Video/Audio/Data)
-High quality Data Service
-Bi-directional Service
-HDTV 1CH or SDTV 3CH within 6MHz band.
-Robustness against multi-path
Single Frequency Network(SFN)
-Robustness against mobile/portable reception-fixed/mobile/portable service within same band --- Layer Transmission Technology
- Commonality for BS/Cable/Terrestrial Broadcasting.
Requirement for transmission system →Solutions
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Features of ISDB-T transmission system
Technical Specification Japanese Requirements for DTTB
OFDM
Segment Structure
Time Interleaving
TMCC
Mobile Reception, Indoor Reception
Extensible, Partial Reception
Flexible, Versatile
Robustness, SFN
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ISDB-T system
1 segment 429KHz
13 Segments
6MHz
Band Segmented OFDM : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency
Features• Modulation: DQPSK,
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
• 1HDTV or N SDTV/channel
• Mobile reception (time interleaving)
• Single Frequency Network
• Net data rate: 23.42Mbps (6MHz)
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13segments(6MHz bandwidth)
Layer B(HDTV or Multi-SDTV with Data))
Layer A(LDTV,Audio,Data)
frequency
(Example; 1seg + 12 seg)
QPSK constellation 64QAM constellation
*13 segments are divided into layers, maximum number of layers is 3.
*Any number of segment for each layers can be selected (totally 13 segment)*Transmission parameter sets of each layer can be set independently
(In above example, modulation index of each layer are different)
Difference of required C/NBetween 64QAM and QPSK
is about 12 dB
Segmented Structure and Partial Reception
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Feature of ISDB-T transmission system
1. Efficient frequency utilization(1)Adopt OFDM transmission system; SFN operation(2)Adopt hierarchical transmission; service for different type of reception in one frequency channel
2. Mobile/ handheld service in one transmission standard(1)Time interleave; Improve mobile reception quality(2)Partial reception; handheld service in same channel
3. Robustness against interference(1) Adopt concatenated error correction with plural interleave(2)Time interleave; very effective for impulse noise (urban noise)
4. Flexibility for several type of service/ reception style
5. Commonality of TV/audio transmission standard6. Auxiliary (AC) channel can be used for transmission network management
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MPEG-2 multiplexer
Carrier modulation
IFFT
TMCC signal
Guard-interval addition
Pilot signals
OFD
M- fr
ame
stru
ctur
e
Com
bini
ng o
f hie
rarc
hica
l le
vels
Bit interleaving
Tim
e in
terle
avin
g
Freq
uenc
y in
terle
avin
g
Mapping
Convolutionalcoding
Byte interleaving
Energy dispersal
Delay adjust-ment
Division of TS into hierarchi-cal levels
Outer code
(204,188)TS
re-multiplexer
Byte -> BitsMSB first
Bits -> ByteMSB first
Byte -> BitsMSB first
TSConvolutional
codingByte
interleavingEnergy
dispersalDelay adjust-ment
Byte -> BitsMSB first
Bits -> ByteMSB first
Byte -> BitsMSB first
Convolutionalcoding
Byte interleaving
Energy dispersal
Delay adjust-ment
Byte -> BitsMSB first
Bits -> ByteMSB first
Byte -> BitsMSB first
Carrier modulationBit interleaving Mapping
Carrier modulation
Bit interleaving Mapping
Transmission system blockdiagram( B31 Fig.3-2)
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Parameters of ISDB-T (6MHz Bandwidth)
QPSK , 16QAM , 64QAM , DQPSK
Convolutional code (1/2 , 2/3 , 3/4 , 5/6 , 7/8)
ISDB-T modeNumber of OFDM segment
Useful bandwidthCarrier spacingTotal carriers
ModulationNumber of symbols / frame
Active symbol durationGuard interval duration
Inner codeOuter code
Useful bit rate
Mode 1 (2k) Mode 2 (4k) Mode 3 (8k)13
5.575MHz 5.573MHz 5.572MHz3.968kHz 1.984kHz 0.992kHz
1405 2809 4992
204252μ 504μ 1.008ms
1/4 , 1/8 , 1/16 , 1/32 of active symbol duration
RS (204,188)0 ~ 0.5s
3.651Mbps ~ 23.234MbpsTime interleave
s s
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Equation for calculating bit rate STEP 1: calculate the bit rate of one(1) segment
(1) reed-Solomon coding rate; (188/204), fixed value
(2) r: convolutional coding rate( depends on coding rate)
(3) M: modulation index(bit/ symbol); QPSK=2, 16QAM=4 , 64QAM=6
(4) Ts/(Ts+Tg); ratio of total symbol length and effective symbol length
(5) (effective data carrier)/(total carrier) =96/108 – fixed value for mode 1, 2, 3(note) total carrier; including pilot carrier, TMCC, and scattered pilot symbol
(6)Nf : Number of carrier in one segment; mode 1=108,mode 2=216, mode 3=432
(7) fd: carrier spacing = effective symbol transmission speedmode 1=(6/14)/108*103 kHz=3.9682540kHz, mode 2= (1/2) of mode 1
mode 3=(1/4) of mode 1
(note) (6/14)*103 kHz = bandwidth of one(1) segment
ISDB-T is composed 13 segments, so, to calculate transmission bit rate,at first, calculate the bit rate of one(1) segment, and multiply number of
Segment of each layer. Then lead total bit rate of each layer
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ExampleMode 3, guard interval ratio=1/16, modulation=QPSK, coding rate(r)=2/3
Bit rate of 1 segment=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 2 * (2/3) * (188/204) =440.56 kbps
fd Nf Ts/(Ts+Tg) M r RS coding rate
STEP 2 : multiply number of segment (Nseg)
Example 1 : 1 layer fixed reception, mode 3, guard interval ratio=1/16,Modulation =64QAM, coding rate(r)=3/4
Bit rate of 1 segment=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 6 * (3/4) * (188/204) * 13 =19.329 Mbps
Number of segment
Example 2 : 2 layer ,1 segment for portable, 12 segment for fixed
Layer A: Nseg=1, mode 3, Tg/Ts=1/16, M=2(QPSK), r=2/3 Bit rate of A layer=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 2 * (2/3) * (188/204) * 1 =440.56 kbps
Layer B: Nseg=12, mode 3, Tg/Ts=1/16, M=6(64QAM), r=3/4 Bit rate of A layer=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 6 * (3/4) * (188/204) * 12 =17.842 Mbps
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2. 2. Segment construction and Hierarchical TransmissionSegment construction and Hierarchical Transmission
2.1 Concept and feature of hierarchical transmission system
2.2 The rules of hierarchical transmission
Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.2
2.3 Segment construction and hierarchical transmission
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TSRE-MUX
RSCoding
DivideTo
Hierarchy
EnergyDispersal
Delay Adjust
ByteInterleave
ConvolutionalCoding
BitInterleave
FrequencyInterleave
TimeInterleaveMapping
CombineHierarchy
OFDMFraming
Pilot/TMCC/AC
IFFT AddGuard interval
Quad.MOD
D/AConv.
OFDM signal
TS
Blockdiagram of ISDB-T Transmission coding
These functions are presented in this section16
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- 16 -
Hierarchical transmission is the feature of ISDB-T, this concept is not in DVB-T system. The concept of hierarchical transmission system is shown in figure.2-1after.
The transmission parameters can be assigned as each service ID. This transmission system is called “hierarchical transmission”
For example, the service which should be strong against interference such as noise should be assigned to QPSK layer, other service is assigned to 64QAM layer.
In this case, service of QPSK layer could be received under serious receiving condition such as handheld reception.
In case of DVB-T system, for handheld reception service, another frequency should be prepared separately. But, in ISDB-T system, different reception service can be achieved within one frequency channel by making use of this transmission system.,
2.1 Concept and feature of hierarchical transmission system
TSP’s are divided into plural layers at Re-multiplexer, and re-arranged in each layer. After re-arranged, these TSP’s are combined to 1 transport stream and feed to OFDM modulator. (see figure. 2-2)
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Fig.2-1 Image of hierarchical transmission
Divide TSP’s into each hierarchy
Path of QPSK layer
Path of 64 QAM layer
Packet which path through the QPSK layer
Packet which path through the 64 QAM layer
Interference such as noise
Combine each hierarchy, and re-arrange TSP’s
Transmission capacity is nothigh, but interference level is low
Transmission capacity is high, butinterference level is high
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Fig. 2-2 Blockdiagram of TS re-multiplexer
PIDextract
DE-MUX
A layerbuffer
B layerbuffer
C layerbuffer
TS inputbuffer
buffer
INF1
INF2
INF3
INF4
PSI-SIbuffer
PCR select
TS re-multi-plex output
A layerMUX
B layerMUX
C layerMUX
TS input
TS input
TS input
buffer
MU
X
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ISDB-TRe multi-
plexer
Layer A
Example of 2 programs into 3 layers
Fig. 2-3 Image of multiple layer transmission
TV program #1
TV program #2
#1-V
#1-A
#1-D
#2-V
#2-A
#2-DLayer C
Layer B
#1-A #2-A
#1-D #2-D
#1-V #2-VM
UX
MUX
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2.2 The rules of hierarchical transmission (a) The strongest hierarchy layer should be able to be demodulated and decoded alone . Reason; to be able to demodulate and decode, PCR and minimum required PSI should be transmitted by strongest layer. (see Fig.2-4)
(b) Transmission delay difference between hierarchy should be compensated at the transmission side. The compensated transport stream is called “Multi-frame pattern”Image of Multi-frame pattern is shown in Fig. 2-5 later
(c) Multi-frame pattern should be completed within 1 OFDM frame.
(d) The number of packet in 1 segment should be integer in any combination of transmission parameter and coding rate. Reason; minimum unit of hierarchical transmission is the segment.
(e) Even though the information transmission speed is different because of its transmission parameters, the clock rate of TS at the output of receiver RS decoder should be constant( for TV, clock rate is 4fs). To adjust the clock rate, Null packets are inserted. See details in fig. 2-6 later.
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A-1 B-1 B-2 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 B-1 B-2 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
Transmit TSP(RS input)
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
The B layer packets are interfered and broken
Recovered TSP’s
TSP’s of layer A should include PCR and minimum required PSI which are necessary to recover TSP
… … … …
Received TSP(RS output)
Fig. 2-4 Concept of hierarchical transmission(strongest layer should be recovered alone)
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Transmit TS
Transmission in layer A
Time axis
A-1 B-1
B-2
A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 A-2 A-3
B-1 B-3
B-2
B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6
Received layer A TS
Transmission in layer B
Received layer B TS
Layer A + layer B(order is different from transmission side(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7)
Transmit TS
Transmission in layer A
Time axis
A-1 B-1
B-2
A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 A-2 A-3
B-1 B-3
B-2
B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6
A-1 B-1
B-2
A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 A-2 A-3
B-1 B-3
B-2
B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6
Received layer A TS
Transmission in layer B
Received layer B TS
Layer A + layer B(order is different from transmission side(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7)
As shown above, Transmission delay of each layer is different according to each layer transmission parameter set. As a result, because of its transmission parameter set. Therefore, order of TSPof receiver side is different from transmitter side
Fig. 2-5 Concept of hierarchical transmission(1/2)(delay adjustment of each layers)
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Fig. 2-5 Concept of hierarchical transmission(2/2)(delay adjustment of each layers)
As shown above, delay adjustment is inserted at transmitter side. As a result, same order of TSP is recovered in receiver side.
Transmit TS
Transmission in layer A
Time axis
A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 A-2 A-3
B-2
B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
Received layer A TS
Transmission in layer B
Received layer B TS
Layer A + layer(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7) A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2
Delay adjustment
Transmit TS
Transmission in layer A
Time axis
A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 A-2 A-3
B-2
B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
Received layer A TS
Transmission in layer B
Received layer B TS
Layer A + layer(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7) A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2
Delay adjustment
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A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4
A-1 null
Null packets are not transmitted
Transmit TS
transmission
Received TS
At the output portion of receiver RS decoder, TS is read by same clock rate of transmit TS (for TV, clock rate is 4fs). At the timing of head packet, packet does Not decoded yet, in this case, RS decoder feeds null packet. If decoded, RS decoderfeeds decoded packet.
Fig. 2-6 Concept of hierarchical transmission(How to adjust constant clock rate)
null A-2 null null A-3 null null A-4 null null(RS coder input)
(RS decoder output)
Packet output timing
A-1 null null A-2 null null A-3 null null
(operation of S2 in Fig.2-7)
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Hierarchicallevel C
S1
FFT Frequency/timede-interleaving
DifferentialdemodulationSynchronousdemodulation
Div
isio
n in
tohi
erar
chic
al le
vels
Com
bini
ng o
fhi
erar
chic
al le
vels
TS buffer
Viterbidecoding
Null TSP
TSre
prod
uctio
n
TSreproduction
sectionHierarchical
level A
De-puncturing
Hierarchicalbuffer
S2S3
S4
S2
TS buffer
Null TSP
TSre
prod
uctio
n
De-puncturing
Hierarchicalbuffer
Figure 2-7 Model receiver for multi-frame reproducing
S1; select the layer. If all data of 1 packet has been input to buffer, S1 select the buffer and send data to next stage
S2; select TS/Null packet, according to TS buffer status
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2.3 Segment construction and hierarchical transmissionSegment of ISDB-T is the concept for hierarchical transmission. The segment is
decided as follows considering the rule shown in clause 2.2
(1) Number of TSP in one OFDM frame is integer for all cases of transmission parameter set. Number of TSP is shown in Table 2-1.
(2) For easy tuning operation of receiver, bandwidth of 1 segment is set to 6/14 MHz.
(3) Number of multi-frame pattern is proportional to number of set of hierarchy. For this reason, number of hierarchy is limited as many as 3.
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coding rate 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8
modulation
DQPSK/QPSK 12 16 18 20 21
16QAM 24 32 36 40 42
64QAM 36 48 54 60 63
Table 2-1 Number of TSP in one OFDM frame
(mode 1)
(note1) number of TSP/segment
(note 2) in case of mode 2 , number of TSP is twice , and in case of mode 3, four times
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3. 3. Channel codingChannel coding
Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.3 – clause 3.11
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TSRE-MUX
RSCoding
DivideTo
Hierarchy
EnergyDispersal
Delay Adjust
ByteInterleave
ConvolutionalCoding
BitInterleave
FrequencyInterleave
TimeInterleaveMapping
CombineHierarchy
OFDMFraming
Pilot/TMCC/AC
IFFT AddGuard interval
Quad.MOD
D/AConv.
OFDM signal
TS
Blockdiagram of ISDB-T Transmission coding
These functions are presented in this section30
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Outer coder (Reed-Solomon coding)
A shortened Reed-Solomon code (204,188) is used in every TSP as an outer code. The shortened Reed-Solomon (204,188) code is generated by adding 51-byte 00HEX at the beginning of the input of the data bytes of Reed-Solomon (255,239) code, and then removing these 51 bytes.The GF (28) element is used as the Reed-Solomon code element. The following primitive polynomial p (x) is used to define GF (28):p (x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1Note also that the following polynomial g (x) is used to generate (204,188) shortened Reed-Solomon code:g (x) = (x - λ0) (x - λ1) (x - λ2) ---- (x - λ15) provided that λ = 02 HEX
(b) TSP error-protected by RS code (transmission TSP)
Sync.1 byte
Data(187 bytes)
Sync.1 byte
Data(187 bytes)
Parity16 byte
(a) MPEG-2 TSP
MPEG2 TSP and Transmission TSP(B31, Fig. 3-6)
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g(x) = X15 + X14 + 1
output
D
+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
D D D D D D D D D D D D DD
Energy Dispersal
Energy dispersal is conducted at each hierarchical layer using a circuit, shown in Fig. 3-8, that is generated by a PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence). All signals other than the synchronization byte in each of the transmission TSPs at different hierarchical layers are EXCLUSIVE ORed using PRBSs, on a bit-by-bit basis.
PRBS-Generating Polynomial and Circuit (B31,Fig. 3-8)
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DDD DDD
Output X
Data input
Output Y
G 1 = 171 Octal
G 2 = 133 Octal
X1, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, X5, Y6, X7X : 1 0 0 0 1 0 1Y : 1 1 1 1 0 1 07/8
X1, Y1, Y2, X3 Y4, X5X : 1 0 1 0 1Y : 1 1 0 1 05/6
X1, Y1, Y2, X3X : 1 0 1Y : 1 1 03/4
X1, Y1, Y2X : 1 0Y : 1 12/3
X1, Y1X : 1Y : 11/2
Transmission-signal sequencePuncturing patternCoding rate
Inner coding
Fig. 3-10: Coding Circuit of a Convolutional Code with Constraint Length k of 7and a Coding Rate of 1/2
Table 3-8: Inner-Code Coding Rates and Transmission-Signal Sequence
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X out(1 bit)
Y out(1 bit)
data input(1 bit)Puncture
output(x bits)
Puncturing Pattern
coding rate
Number of input bits
Number of output bits
Puncturing pattern
Output of puncturing
1/2 1 2 X:1 X1, Y1
2/3 2 4 X: 10 X1, Y1, Y2
Y:1 (2)
3/4 3 6 X: 101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3
Y: 11 (3)
Y: 110 (4)
5/6 5 10 X: 10101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3 ,Y4, Y5Y: 11010 (6)
7/8 7 14 X: 1000101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3 ,Y4, Y5,Y6,Y7Y: 1111010 (8)
ConvolutionalCoding(K=7)
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1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40C/N[dB]
BER
FEC=
FEC=
FEC=
FEC=
Mode;1 GI=1/8, 64QAM, I=0, RS;OFF
no correction
FEC=7/8
FEC=5/6
FEC=3/4
Example of input C/N vs BER characteristics
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×××× × × × ×
××××
Burst error; FEC does not work well
interleave
de-interleave
Burst error occurs attransmission path
× × × ×
Effect of interleave
Interleave is one of important technology in transmission system. Error correction system is most effective when the characteristics of noise is random.The purpose of interleave is to randomize the burst error occurred in transmission path
Random error; FEC works well
receiver after de-interleave receiver before de-interleave
transmitter before interleave transmitter after interleave
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Byteinterleave゙
RScoder
Convolu-tionalcoding
Bitinterleave゙
Frequencyinterleave
Time interleave゙
Mapping
Kind of interleave and these effect
Byte interleaveByte interleave is located between outer coder and inner coder. Randomize the burst errorof Viterbi decoder output
Bit interleaveBit interleave is located between convolutional coding and mapping. Randomize the symbol
error before Viterbi decoding
Frequency interleaveFrequency interleave is located at the output of time interleave. Randomize the burst error of frequency domain which is mainly caused by multi-path , carrier interference, etc.
Time interleaveTime interleave is located at the output of maping(modulation). And randomize the burst errorof time domain which is mainly caused by impulse noise, fading of mobile reception, etc.
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Byte interleave
Switching between paths every byte
0
1
2
3
11
FIFO shift register
17 bytes
17×2 bytes
17×3 bytes
17×3 bytes
The 204-byte transmission TSP, which is error-protected by means of RS code and energy-dispersed, undergoes convolutional byte interleaving. Interleaving must be 12 bytes in depth. Note, however, that the byte next to the synchronization byte must pass through a reference path that causes no delay.
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b00 bX0 bY0 bZ0b41 b01 bX1 bY1b82 b42 b02 bX2bC3 b83 b43 b03
S/P
40 bits delay
80bits delay
120 bits delay
16QAMMapping
b*0
b*1
b*2
b*3
I
Q
b0,b1,b2,b3,b11・・
40 carriers
bC0 b80 b40 b00bC1 b81 b41 b01bC2 b82 b42 b02bC3 b83 b43 b03
Without bit interleave; burst error
With bit interleave; errors are randomized
40 carriers
Bit interleave(B31, clause 3.9.3)
Bit interleave circuit is different according to carrier modulation. Following diagram is a example of 16QAM.
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frequency
time
1 2 3 4 5 N
N+1 N+2 N+3 N+4 N+5 2N
203N 203N 203N 203N 203N 203N+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +N
Frequency interleave
Time interleave
N=1404(mode 1) 2808(mode 2) 5616(mode 3)
Relation between OFDM frame and interleave
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no time interleave
Transmitter side
field strength varied
receiver side
With time interleaveTransmitting delay
Receiving delay
Burst error Error randomized
timetime
frequency
Error symbol
Effect of time interleave
(After de-interleave)
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3-2. What is the merit of Time- Interleave? (2/2)•How much improved by using Time- Interleave
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
160 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Pulse Width [µs]
C/N
eq [d
B] (
Car
rie to
Equ
ival
ent G
auss
ian
ATSC Latest Generation - 19.39Mbps-8 VSB 2/3 ATSC Previous Generation - 19.39Mbps-8 VSB 2/3DVB Latest Generation - 19.3Mbps-64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 DVB Previous Generation - 19.3Mbps-64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16ISDB Latest Generation - 19.3Mbps - 64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 0,2s ISDB Previous Generation - 19.3Mbps - 64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 0,2s
(7dB improved!)
ISDB-TATSC
DVB-T
Following graph shows degradation by impulse noise, which is dedicated by Mackenzie Presbyterian University measured in Autumn , 2005
7dB improved Transmitter power reduced to 1/5 !! 42DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Switched every IFFT
sample clock
0 Intradata-segment time 0 1 interleaving section 1 2 No. 0 2 : : n c -1
c -1
0 Intradata-segment time 0 interleaving section :
n c -1 No. 2
c -1
0 Intradata-segment time 0 interleaving section :
: n c -1 No. 12
c -1
Switched every IFFT
sample clock
0 Intradata-segment time 0 interleaving section :
n c -1 No. 1
c -1
Time interleaver blockdiagram(B31, 3.11.1)
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Ixm0 symbol buffer
Ixm1 symbol buffer
Ixm2 symbol buffer
Ixmnc-1 symbol buffer
0
1
2
nc-1
Provided that mi = (i × 5) mod 96
nc is 96, 192, and 384in modes 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Fig. 3-23: Configuration of the Intra-segment Time Interleaving Section
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Table 3-12: Time Interleaving Lengths and Delay Adjustment Values
22844568811216
114222844568
1109111422284
000000000
Number of delayed frames in transmiss
ion and reception
Number of
delay-adjustment
symbols
Length (I)
Number of delayed frames in transmiss
ion and reception
Number of
delay-adjustment
symbols
Length (I)
Number of delayed frames in transmiss
ion and reception
Number of
delay-adjustment
symbols
Length (I)
Mode 3Mode 2Mode 1
(Notification)
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Envelope of combined wave
Frequency characteristics
In-band
Multi-path
Received signal
Direct path
Vector diagramfrequency
Frequency characteristics distortion caused by multi-path
Reciprocal of delay time
This drawing shows the effect of multi-path. As shown, received signal level is varied in frequency domain.
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Multi-path
Frequencyinterleave
Frequency de-interleave
x ; error
Effect of frequency interleave
As shown above, function of frequency interleave is to dispersethe error caused by multi-path
x x x x x xx xx xx
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Intrasegment carrierrotation
Intrasegment carrierrandomizing
Intrasegment carrierrotation
Intersegmentinterleaving
Partial-reception portion
Differentiallymodulated portion
Segmentdivision
Intrasegment carrierrandomizing
Intrasegment carrierrotation
Intersegmentinterleaving
Intrasegment carrierrandomizing
OFDM-frame
formation
Synchronouslymodulated portion
Configuration of frequency interleaving section
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
T
QPSKmapping
b1
S/PI
Q
b0
b0,b1,⋅⋅⋅120-bit retardation
element
Fig. 3-14: QPSK Modulation System Diagram
Q (level corresponding to b1)
I (level corresponding to b0)
(1,0) (b0,b1)=(0,0)+1
-1 +1
(1,1) (0,1)-1
Fig. 3-15: QPSK Constellation
.
120-bit delay element
The input signal must be 2 bits per symbol and QPSK-mapped to output multi-bit I-and Q-axes data. To conduct mapping, the 120-bit delay element shown in Fig. 3-14 is inserted into the mapping input for bit interleaving.Figs. 3-14 and 3-15 show the system diagram and mapping constellation, respectively.
Mapping
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
16QAMm apping
I
b0
b0,b1,b2,b3 ⋅⋅⋅
b1
b2
Qb3
S/P
40-bit retardationelem ent
80-bit retardationelem ent
120-bit retardationelem ent
F ig. 3-16: 16Q AM M odulation S ystem D iagram
(1,1,0,0)
Q (Level corresponding to b1, b3)
I (Level correspondingto b0, b2)+3+1-1-3
+3
+1
(1,1,1 ,0) 0,1,1,0) (0,1,0,0)
(1,1,0,1) (1,1,1 ,1) 0,1,1,1) (0,1,0,1)
(1,0,0,1) (1,0,1,1) 0,0,1,1 ) (0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0) (1,0,1,0) 0,0,1,0) (b0,b1,b2,b3) = (0,0,0,0)
-1
-3
(
(
(
(
F ig. 3-17: 16Q AM Constellation
.
t
120-bit delay e lem ent
40-bit delay e lem ent
80-bit delay e lem ent
The input signal must be 4 bits per symbol and 16QAM-mapped to output multi-bit I- and Q-axes data. To conduct mapping, the delay elements shown in Fig. 3-16 are inserted into b1 to b3 for bit interleaving.Figs. 3-16 and 3-17 show the system diagram and mapping constellation, respectively.
Mapping50
DiBEGDigital Broadcasting Experts Group
Coding rate
Modulation 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8
QPSK 4.9 6.6 7.5 8.5 9.1
DQPSK 6.2 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.4
16QAM 11.5 13.5 14.6 15.6 16.2
64QAM 16.5 18.7 20.1 21.3 22.0
Required C/N (dB) (note)
(note) after Viterbi decoding, BER is as much as 2*10-4
Note: these data are simulation data at early stage,but recently, receiver LSI shows more good data.
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Mode; 1, GI=1/8 FEC=3/4, RS=OFF
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C/N[dB]
BER
QPSK
DQPSK
16QAM
64QAM16QAM
64QAM
DQPSK
QPSK
Input C/N vs BER characteristics
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4. 4. OFDM modulationOFDM modulation
Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.12 – clause 3.15
(1) IFFT
(2) Pilot signal
(3) AC
(4) TMCC
(5) Guard interval
(6) Quad. Modulation and RF format
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TSRE-MUX
RSCoding
DivideTo
Hierarchy
EnergyDispersal
Delay Adjust
ByteInterleave
ConvolutionalCoding
BitInterleave
FrequencyInterleave
TimeInterleaveMapping
CombineHierarchy
OFDMFraming
Pilot/TMCC/AC
IFFT AddGuard interval
Quad.MOD
D/AConv.
OFDM signal
TS
Blockdiagram of ISDB-T Transmission coding
These functions are presented in this section54
DiBEGDigital Broadcasting Experts Group
Fourier transform and inverse FFT
frequency
amplitude
time1/T
Nyquist separation and orthogonal FDM
Nyquist bandwidth
Orthogonal division multiplex
At the adjacent carrier position ,all other carrier energy is zero.
T
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I axis
Q axis
f=2/T
x
xx
x
x xx
x
Symbol length = T
x;
Sample point
OFDM signal generation by IFFT
x
Sample point to generate sine wave of f=1/T cycle
Sample point to generate sine wave of f=2/T cycle
f=1/T
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f=0
f=1/T
f=2/T
f=3/T
Symbol length=T
IFFT output
Freq. separation=1/T
IFFT output and frequency allocation
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
#1
+
+
+
+
Frequency
+
+
+
+
carrier #k
GI Effective symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM signal
=
=
carrier
carrier
#2
Example of OFDM signal waveform
Time axis Frequency axis
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
TV signal spectrum
analog Digital; OFDM
59DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
AC
(AC
1, A
C2)
TMC
C
CP
S0,0
S0,1
S0,2
S0,3
S0,4
S0,5
S0,6
S0,7
S0,203
S1,0
S1,1
S1,2
S1,3
S1,4
S1,5
S1,6
S1,7
S1,203
S95,0
S95,1
S95,2
S95,3
S95,4
S95,5
S95,6
S95,7
S95,203
Carrier number0 1 2 107
OFD
M-s
ymbo
l num
ber
203
76
54
32
10
OFDM frame structure (DQPSK, mode 1)
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
SPSP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
TMC
C
AC (A
C1)
S0,0
S0,1 S1,1
S95,0
S95,1
S95,2
S95,3
S95,4
S95,5
S95,6
S95,7
S95,201
S95,202
S95,203
Carrier number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 107
OFD
M-s
ymbo
l num
ber
S0,2 S1,2
S0,3
S3,203S2,203S1,203S0,203
S1,3
S0,4
S8,203S7,203S6,203S5,203S4,203
S3,202S2,202S1,202S0,202 S8,202S7,202S6,202S5,202S5,201
S2,201S1,201S0,201 S8,201S7,201S6,201S5,201S4,201S3,201
0
1
2
3
4
200
201
202
203
S1,0
S2,1
S2,2
S2,3
S2,4
S2,0
S3,2
S3,3
S2,4
S3,0
S3,1
S4,2
S4,3
S3,4
S4,0
S4,1
S5,2
S5,3
S4,4
S5,0
S5,1
S5,3
S5,4
S6,0
S6,1
S6,2
S6,3
S6,4
S7,0
S7,1
S7,2
S7,3
S7,4
S8,0
S8,1
S9,2
S8,4
S9,0
S9,1
S9,2
S9,3
S9,4
S10,0
S10,1
S10,2
S10,3
S10,4
S11,1
S11,2
S11,3
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
OFDM frame structure (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, mode 1)
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Envelope of combined wave
Frequency characteristics
In-band
Multi-path
Received signal
Direct path
Vector diagramfrequency
Frequency characteristics distortion caused by multi-path
Reciprocal of delay time
This drawing shows the effect of multi-path. As shown, received signal level is varied in frequency domain.
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frequency
time
TMCCAC(Auxiary Channel)Scattered pilot (SP)
Scattered pilot (SP) is used to Compensate the frequency distortioncaused by multi-path
Estimation of transmission characteristics by SP
Effect of scattered pilot (SP) signal
frequency
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(a) AC and TMCC Carrier Arrangements in Mode 1
231018561833149474486172570TMCC 1
101896489899779100401011008328AC1_ 298784047635742011615310AC1_ 1
1210864201357911Segment No.
Example of AC, TMCC (mode 1, QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM)
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
AC; (Auxiliary Channel)AC is a channel designed to convey additional information on modulating signal-transmission control.AC’s additional information is transmitted by modulating the pilot carrier of a type similar to CP through DBPSK. The reference for differential modulation is provided at the first frame symbol, and takes the signal point that corresponds to the Wi value stipulated in Section 3.13.1.
What is AC?
Details of AC is specified in ARIB STD-B31 reference
Recently, new utilization of AC has been proposed, that is, the transmission network management information can be carried to relay station by using AC. Details will be explained in seminar #9
In DVB-T system, CP is inserted for carrier synchronization instead of AC, butCP cannot carry any information. This is the feature of AC
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
The TMCC signal is used to convey information on how the receiver is to perform demodulation of information such as the hierarchical configuration and the OFDM-segment transmission parameters.
Table 3-20: Bit Assignment
Parity bitB122 – B203
TMCC information (102 bits)B20 – B121
Segment type identification (differential: 111;synchronous: 000)B17 – B19
Synchronizing signal(w0 = 0011010111101110, w1 = 1100101000010001)
B1 – B16
Reference for differential demodulationB0
See details of TMCC information in 3.15.6 of ARIB STD-B31
TMCC; transmission management and configuration control signal
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Guardinterval
IFFT output data
tGuardinterval
IFFT output data
Effective symbol Effective symbol
A guard interval, the latter part of the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) data output for the specified duration, is added without any modification to the beginning of the effective symbol. This operation is shown in Fig. 3-33.
IFFT
1 effectiveSymbol delay
switch
I axis
Q axis
I axis
Q axis
Guard interval
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Effect of guard interval
GI Effective Symbol GI Effective Symbol
GI Effective Symbol GI Effective Symbol
FFT Window
td
(a)
Time Axis
(b)
(c)
(a) : Direct wave from transmitter, (b) : reflected wave (multi-path wave)
GI: Guard Interval , td: delay time of multi-path, (c) FFT window of receiver
FFT window of receiver cuts a signal with Ts (effective symbol ) length, this signal isfed to FFT to demodulate OFDM signal. If FFT window can be set within the intervalof “transmitted OFDM symbol”, Inter Symbol Interference (ICI) is not occurred.As a result, if multi-path delay time is no longer than GI, multi-path interference is almost compensated.
Transmitted OFDM symbol
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Performances under multi-path condition •Performances of each DTTB systems
- 2
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 4
- 3 0 0 - 2 5 0 - 2 0 0 - 1 5 0 - 1 0 0 - 5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0
D e la y S p re a d (µ s )
De
sir
ed
to
Un
de
sir
ed
(D
/U)
[dB
]
A TS C L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 9 M b p s - 8 V S B 2 / 3 A TS C P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 9 M b p s - 8 V S B 2 / 3D V B -T L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 7 6 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 D V B -T P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 7 6 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6IS D B -T L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 0 , 2 s IS D B -T P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 0 , 2 s
Following graph shows degradation by single multi-path, which is dedicated by Mackenzie Presbyterian University measured in Autumn , 2005
ISDB-T
DVB-T
ATSC
As shown above, within guard interval length (+/- 63 us), ISDB-T work well almost 0dB D/U ratio. In addition, newest ISDB-T demodulator LSI adopt adaptive compensation technology, so, widen the low D/U area up to 250us
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Quad. modulation
multiplyer
multiplyer
ADD X
I signal
Q signal
sin/cos gen.
SAWfilter
37.15MHz IF output
Lo.OSC
32MHz digital processing Analog processing8 MHz digital processing
8 MHz IF
(1) interpolation/FIR; convert from 8MHz sampling to 32 MHz sampling
(2) Quad. Mod.; multiply I and Q data and add, 32 MHz digital signal process. The output is 8MHz OFDM signal with 32MHz sampling
(3) Analog circuit; up convert to 37.15 MHz IF and SAW filter.
D/A
InterpolationFIR
InterpolationFIR
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5. 5. ISDBISDB--TTSBSB transmission systemtransmission system
Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.12 – clause 3.15
1. Outline of ISDB-TSB transmission system
2. Consecutive transmission system
3. Example of consecutive transmitter station
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
1. ISDB-TSB transmission system
(1) What is ISDB-TSB
(2) Commonality with ISDB-T
ISDB-TSB transmission system is unique in ISDB-T family. This transmission system has been standardized for narrow band ISDB-T transmission system, which is focused to audio and data service, therefore, called ISDB-TSB.
(a) Same segment transmission construction. But ,considering narrow band reception, only 1 segment and 3 segment transmission systems are standardized(b) Adopt same transmission parameters as ISDB-T.
(c) Commonality of 1 segment receiver with ISDB-T partial reception
(3) Efficient use of frequency resource(a) Consecutive transmission system. This system is unique for ISDB-TSB, this transmission system is to transmit plural channel without guard band(b) To achieve consecutive transmission, phase compensation technology at transmitter side is adopted
72DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
ISDB-TSB transmission and partial reception
1-Segment receiver(1024 FFT [mode3])
3-Segment receiver8192 FFT [mode 3])
Layer A
Spectrum
Data segment
Layer A
Layer B
430kHz
Example of DTTB spectrum
430kHz
Channel coding &Segmented OFDM framing
Partialreception
ISDB-TSB ISDB-T
Partialreception
73DiBEG
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Transmission parametersMode 1 2 3 Segment(s) 1 or 3 Bandwidth 430kHz or 1.3MHz Carrier spacing 3.97kHz 1.98kHz 0.99kHz Total carriers 109 / 325 217 / 649 433 / 1297 Data carriers 96 / 288 192 / 576 384 / 1152 TMCC,AC,CP, SP carriers
13 / 37 25 / 73 49 / 145
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, DQPSK
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Transmission parameters (continued)
Mode 1 2 3 Symbol duration 252μs 504μs 1.008ms
Guard interval 1/4 ~ 1/32 of symbol duration Symbols/frame 204 Frame duration 53~64ms 106~129ms 212~257ms
Inner code Convolutional code
(1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) Outer code (204,188) RS code Interleaving Time and Frequency
75DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Example of information bit-rate(TS rate)
The information bit rates do not depend on transmission mode1,2 or 3, They depend on modulation ,coding rate and guard interval
Bandwidth 430kbps 1.3Mbps
1segment 3segment note
QPSK, r=1/2,Tg=1/4 280kbps 0.84Mbps Minimum rate
QPSK, r=1/ 2,Tg=1/16 330kbps 0.99Mbps
QPSK, r=2/3,Tg=1/16 440kbps 1.32Mbps
16QAM, r=1/2.Tg=1/16 660kbps 1.98Mbps
64QAM,r=7/8,Tg=1/32 1.87Mbps 5.20Mbps Maximum rate
76DiBEG
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Spectrum utilization (1)Broadcasting frequency bands are looked upon as a sequence of segments,which have a bandwidth of one fourteenth of a TV channel.
-DTV uses 13 segments, remaining one ; guard band,
-DSB uses 1 or 3 segments
-1-segment reception of 13 segment-TV signal by DSB receiver
-Consecutive-segment transmission without guard bands
-systematic frequency re-packing towards total digital age
BST-OFDM scheme provides followings.
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Frequency allocation of consecutive transmission
Concept of sub-channel
Allocation of sub-channel
Sub-channel- bandwidth=1/7 MHz
ISDB-TSB allocation with guard band
guard band
1/7 MHz
ISDB-TSB allocation for consecutive transmission
guard band
3/7MHz
78DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Spectrum utilization (2)Consecutive-segment Transmission of DSB channels
430kHz 1.3MHz
…
1.3MHz
…
430kHz
Conventional allocation
Guard bands
Transmission from single transmitter keeping OFDM -condition
Frequency utilization efficiency will be improved up to 150%.
Example of allocation
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
SegmentMUX
ConsecutiveTransmission
MOD/PA
tuner/filter
Frequency spectrum
A B C D
Astudio
OFDMDEM
Audio/dadadecoder
channel select(digital terrestrial audio receiver)
Select required channel
Image of consecutive transmission and reception
BstudioC
studioDstudio
A B C D
80DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Why is the phase compensation of segment necessary for consecutive transmission ?
A B C D E
Center of IFFT
D
f
Center of FFT
transmitter
receiver
Frequency allocation for 5 one segment channel consecutive transmission
Select channel D at receiver side
The center of IFFT and FFT is different , as a result,each carrier of received OFDM signal rotate duringGuard interval period. (see next page) This phase rotation is compensated at the trans-mitter side.
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F =1/Ts
Tg Ts
Tg=1/4*TS
F =2/Ts
F =3/Ts
F =4/Ts Rotate 2*pai in every symbol
During guard interval (Tg) period, phase rotation (=2*N*pai*Tg/TS) occurs.Consequently, each carrier seems to rotate in every symbol period.
Rotate 3*pai/2 in every symbol
Rotate pai in every symbol
Rotate pai/2 in every symbol
Phase rotation in every symbol
82DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group…
F=(4N+2)/Ts
……
…
……
IFFT carrier
(note) F=0 means the frequency which is the center of FFT and IFFT
Center of IFFT
Center of FFT
Relationship between IFFT and FFT for consecutive transmission
F=(4N+1)/Ts
F=2/TsF=1/Ts
F=0F=-1/TsF=-2/Ts
F=-(4N+1)/TsF=(4N+1)/Ts
F=2/TsF=1/Ts
F=0F=-1/TsF=-2/Ts
FFT carrier
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Phase of Each carrier in consecutive transmissionFrequency slot No.
Center frequency of FFT
Phase of each carrier at the front end of guard interval
Transmitterside
Phase compensation at transmitter side
After phase compensation
Receiverside
Frequency slot No.
Center frequency of IFFT
In case of consecutive transmission, center frequency of IFFT and FFT is different. Therefore, during guard interval, each carrier phase rotate according to above figure. To avoid such phase rotation at receiver FFT, phase compensation is done at transmitter side.
84DiBEG
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Pai rotate at the next symbol
In every symbol, phase rotate pai
F =(4N+2)/Ts
Tg=(1/4)*Ts
No phase rotation
Tg Ts
Without phase compensation
With phase compensation
Example of phase compensation
In this example, center frequency of FFT is equal to F=(4N+2)/Ts of IFFT. Therefore, if Tgis equal to (1/4)*Ts, at the front end of every symbol rotate pai.
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Phase compensation in every symbol
mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 mode 1 mode 2 mode 3
1/32 -3/8 -3/4 -1/2 -6/8 -2/4 0
1/16 -3/4 -1/2 0 -2/4 0 0
1/8 -1/2 0 0 0 0 0
1/4 0 0 0 0 0 0
1/32 -6/8 -2/4 0 -1/8 -1/4 -1/2
1/16 -2/4 0 0 -1/4 -1/2 0
1/8 0 0 0 -1/2 0 0
1/4 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
3
GI
Upper adjusent channel format
1 segment 3 segment
Number of segment pf received channel 86
DiBEGDigital Broadcasting Experts Group
ISDB-TSB studio & transmitter system for consecutive transmission system
RE-MUX
RE-MUX
FECENC
FECENC
segment com
bine
OFDMMOD
U/C&PA
Service MU
X
Audio ENC
Data server
AudioMTX
Authoringterminal
(broadcaster studio)
……
……
(Consecutive transmitter station)
TS interface
Service MU
X
Audio ENC
Data server
AudioMTX
Authoringterminal
(broadcaster studio)
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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
Details of ISDB-TSB transmitter block diagram
RE-MUX
…
FECENC
SW
Test signalGEN.
segment com
bine
OFDMMOD
Sync. signalGEN.
…
System controller(SCS)
(OFDM MOD)
Broadcaster studio
U/C
PA
Monitor
IF signal
After RE-MUX , frame and clock of each channel are synchronized
RE-MUX
FECENC
SW
Broadcaster studio
88DiBEG
Digital Broadcasting Experts Group
END of Seminar #3
Thank you for your attention