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Lecture 04Lecture 04

The relational data Model, Relational The relational data Model, Relational Constraints Constraints

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ObjectivesObjectives

• Relational Models Concepts

• Relational Model Notation

• Relational Constraints and Relational Database Schemas

• Update Operations and Dealing with Constraints Violations

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Relational Models ConceptsRelational Models Concepts

• Relational data models– Introduced by Ted Codd at IBM in 1970– Provides underlying mathematical foundations– Simplicity

• Relation?– a table of values

• where– Tuple = row– Attribute = Column

Data

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First Normal Form

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2nd Normal Form

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3rd Normal Form

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3rd Normal Form

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3rd Normal Form

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4th Normal Form

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4th Normal Form

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4th Normal Form

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4th Normal Form

https://blog.udemy.com/normalization-in-database-with-example/

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Domains: Logical definitionsDomains: Logical definitions

A domain D refers to a set of atomic values To specify Domain:

Data-typeFormatName

Data type is used to specify the types of values in each column (attribute)

Some examples of domains: SSN: the set of valid 9-digitsUSA_Phone_Number: the set of ten-digit phone number;

(ddd)ddd-ddddWhere d DIGITS={0,1,2,…,9}

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Relation Schema:1Relation Schema:1

A relation schema R represented by R (A1,A2,…,An) Each Ai belongs to some domain Di Dom(A1) denotes domain of A1 (i.e., all possible values related to attribute A1)

Degree of relation? Number of attributes n of its relation schema R R E.g., Student (Name, SSN, Home_phone, address, Age, GPA)

The degree of student = 6 Dom(Name)=Names Dom(SSN) =Social_security_Number Dom(Home_phone) = Local_Phone_Number Dom (Age)= [15-80] Dom(GPA)= Grade_Point_Avg …

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Relation StateRelation State

– Relation state r of Schema R • Denoted by r(R)

• a set of n-tuples r ={t1,t2,…,tn}

• Each n-tuple t is ordered list of values– t=<v1,v2,…,vn>

» where vi { {dom(Ai)} NULL}

– t[Ai]= r.Ai =t[i] used to refer to ith value in tuple t

– relation intention (i.e., R ) vs. relation extension (i.e., r(R) )

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Relation: Formal definitionRelation: Formal definition– Formal definition of r(R)

• r(R)(dom(A1)dom(A2)...dom(An))– i.e. r is a subset of all possible n-tuple

– X represents Cartesian product to specify all possible combination of values from the underlying domains

• Total number of all possible instance of tuples can be represented as products of cardinalities of all domain

– |dom(A1)||dom(A2)|...|dom(An)|

• Several attributes may have the same domains• Attribute names signify dirrent roles or interpretation

– E.g. USA_phone_numbers can play the role of Hm_Phone and Office_phone

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Generic example about tuples Generic example about tuples

– E.g., • Suppose

– A = {1,2} with cardinality |A|=2 – B ={3,4}, |B|=2

• A × B = {1,2} × {3,4} = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)} • B × A = {3,4} × {1,2} = {(3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2)} • A = B = {1,2} then A × B = B × A = {1,2} × {1,2} =

{(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2)}

– In general,• ABB A

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Example of RelationsExample of Relations

• FlightID = {BA101, BA220, BA430,…}• Place = {London, Paris, Bombay, Rome,…}• Time = {00:00, 00:01, …,24:00}• Vacancy ={1,…,400}• Flight_Itineray (Flightid Place Place Time

Time Vacancy)• Flight_Itinary = { (BA101, London, Paris, 13:05, 4:05,

20), (BA201, London, Paris, 13:55, 7:05, 30),…}

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Characteristics of RelationsCharacteristics of Relations

• Ordering of Tuples in a Relations– Not Important

• Ordering of Values within a Tuple

– Important (for simplicity) if r(R) (dom(A1)dom(A2)...dom(An))

– Unimportant if we treat r(R) (dom(A1)ᴜ dom(A2) ᴜ... ᴜdom(An)) (i.e., a set of attributes) Tuple values

– Atomic – Null

• Interpretation of a relations and tuples– Tuples interpreted as facts– Relation schema interpreted as type declaration

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Relational databases and Relational Relational databases and Relational Database SchemasDatabase Schemas

Relational database schema: a set of relation schemas S={ R1,R2,…Rm}

a set of Integrity Constraints (IC)={i1, in}

Relational database state DB of S: a set of relation states DB={r1,r2,…,rm}

CardinalityNumber of tuples in a relation

DB state Valid state vs. Invalid state

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COMPANY Database Schema

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Categories of DBCategories of DBConstraintsConstraints

• Constraints can be divided– Model-based constraints – Schema-based constraints– Application-based constraints

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Model-based constraintsModel-based constraints

• Refers to the constraints associated with model itself– Examples

• Ordering of tuples in the relations (i.e., sets)

• No duplicated tuples allowed

• Ordering of values within a tuple

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Schema-based Constraints (or Schema-based Constraints (or explicit)explicit)

• Constraints that can be specified on the schema using DDL/SQL– Domain Constraints– Key Constraints – Constraints on Null – Entity Integrity Constraints– Referential Integrity Constraints

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Domain ConstraintsDomain Constraints A value of each attribute Ai must be an atomic value

from dom(Ai)

– No object or complex data type is allowed• Nested tables are not OK

– E.g., of atomic data type• Integer• real • char • Boolean• …

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Key Constraints: Super KeyKey Constraints: Super Key• By definition, a relation is a defined as a set of tuples

– All tuples of a set must be distinct

• Super key?

– A subset of attributes of R having a uniqueness property– Attributes can be redundant

• E.g., {SSN, Name, Address}– One such a set of attributes are called super key (SK) – To be super key (SK) the following condition MUST hold:

• For any two distinct tuples t1 and t2 r(R) , t1[SK]t2[SK] is true• SK specifies uniqueness property that no two distinct tuples in any state r(R)

can have the same value of SK

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KeysKeys• Key?

– A SK without redundancy

• SK + minimality constraint

– e.g. {SSN}

• A key can be SK but SK cannot be a Key

– Determined from the meaning of the attributes

– The property of key is time-invariant

• Candidate Key?

– A relation schema having more than one key

– E.g., SSN, student ID, Engine Serial number?

• Primary Key?– A designated candidate key– E.g., SSN

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CAR table with two candidate keys CAR table with two candidate keys – LicenseNumber chosen as Primary – LicenseNumber chosen as Primary

KeyKey

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Schema-based Constraints: NOT Schema-based Constraints: NOT NULL ConstraintNULL Constraint

NOT NULL Constraint• This condition satisfies when an attribute, Ai,

has some value• E.g.

• if student tuple must have a valid, then Name of STUDENT is required to be NOT NULL

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Schema-based Constraints: Entity Schema-based Constraints: Entity Integrity (EI)Integrity (EI)

• Entity Integrity (EI)– Primary Key (PK) can not be NULL

• Because PK is used to identify a tuple in a relation

– Entity Integrity + Key Constraints are specified on individual relation

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Schema-based Constraints: Schema-based Constraints: Referential Integrity (RI) Referential Integrity (RI)

– Referential Integrity (RI)• specified between two relations • used to maintain the consistency among tuples of

the two relations• Comes from relationships among the entities

represented by the relation schema

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Referential Integrity (RI): 2Referential Integrity (RI): 2• Works with notion of Foreign key• Foreign key (FK)?

– Primary key of one table used as an attribute in another table

• E.g. DNO is PK in Department used as FK in Employee

– If base table T1 includes a FK matching the PK of some base table T2, then every value of FK in T1 must either

• be equal (or match) the corresponding value of PK in some record of T2

• be wholly null

• DDL provides facilities to specify these constraints

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Referential IntegrityReferential Integrity

MINT

EMPLOEE

FNAME LNAME SSN BDATEADDRESS SEX SUPERSSN DNO

DEPT

DEPT_LOC

SNAME DNUM MGRSSNMSDATE

DNUM DLOC

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Complete Referential Integrity Constraints for COMPANY database

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Semantics integrity constraintsSemantics integrity constraints

• A general constraints– Difficult to specify– Enforced on DB using application program – or using assertions/triggers of Constraint

Specification language (SQL CREATE ASSERTION/TRIGGER)

– Examples of constraints• The salary of an employee should not exceed the salary

of the employee’s supervisor (AKA action based constraints)

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Other Types of ConstraintsOther Types of Constraints

• Other type of constraints include– Functional dependency (FD) constraints

• Establishes a functional relationship among two sets of attributes X and Y in R

• Used by normalization process to improve the quality of relational design (individual tables)

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Update operations and constraints Update operations and constraints violationsviolations

• The main operation of DB can be divided

– Updates

– Retrievals

• Relational Algebra and Calculus are used to retrieve the data

• What happened to database when update operations are performed?

• Update operations– Insert

– Delete

– Update (modify)

• Update Operations and Integrity Constraints

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The Insert operationThe Insert operation

• Insert allows new tuple t to be inserted into database• Insert may violate

– Referential Integrity (if FK of t refers to none-existing t in referenced relation)

– Entity Integrity (if PK of t is NULL)

– Key constraint (if a key of t is already exist)

– Domain constraint (undefined type)

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University Example

WorksInWorksInEmployeeEmployee DepartmentDepartment

Since Status

CREATE TABLE WorksInWorksIn ( name CHAR(20), -- attribute SSN INTEGER (10), -- role (key of EmployeeEmployee) DOB DATE, -- attribute Address CHAR(30), -- attribute DeptId CHAR (4), -- role (key of DepartmentDepartment) PRIMARY KEY (SSN), -- since an Employee works in at most one Department FOREIGN KEY (SSN) REFERENCES Employee (Id), FOREIGN KEY (DeptId) REFERENCES DepartmentDepartment )

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Example 1: InsertExample 1: Insert

1. Insert <‘John, J, Smith’,‘NULL’, 1960-04-05, 6357 Main Street, Charlotte, NC, M, 28221, 4> into employee

NOT OK : This operation violates the Key constraint, rejected !!!

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Example 2: InsertExample 2: Insert

• Examples (see figure on slide 34):1. Insert <‘Gordon’, H, ‘Chris’, Null,1978-05-04,

6357 Main Street, Fargo, ND, M, 38000, Null, 4> into Employee

NOT OK: this operation violates the Entity integrity constraint (Null for PK), rejected!!!

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Example 3: InsertExample 3: Insert

1. Insert <‘Gordon’ , D, ‘Chris’, 666777888, 960-04-05, 6357 Main Street, Fargo, ND, M, 38000, 98765432, 7> into employee

NOT OK: Violates RI because DNO=7 does not exist; rejected!!!

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Example 4: InsertExample 4: Insert

1. Insert <Cecilla, F, Kolonsky’,677678989, 1960-04-05, 6357 Windy lane, Katy, Tx, F, 28000, null. 4> into employee

OK: Satisfies all constraints;

Accepted!!!

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The delete OperationsThe delete Operations

• Delete – may violate Referential Integrity, if the tuple

being deleted is referenced by FKs from other tuples

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Example1: DeleteExample1: Delete

– Delete the Works_On tuple with ESSN=‘999887777’ and PNO = 10

• OK

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Complete Referential Integrity Constraints for COMPANY database

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Example 2: DeleteExample 2: Delete

– Delete the employee tuple with SSN=‘999887777’• NOT OK because tuples in Works_On refer to this

tuple (RI violation)

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Complete Referential Integrity Constraints for COMPANY database

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Example 3: DeleteExample 3: Delete

– Delete Employee with SSN=‘333445555’• NOT OK because a tuple is referred by

– EMPLOYEE,

– DEPARTMENT

– WORK_ON

– DEPENTED

• RI violation!

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Options for deleteOptions for delete• Reject deletion (aka restrict)

– Simply reject the operation

• Attempt to cascade the deletion– Attempt to delete the referencing tuples

• Modify the referencing attribute values– Uses set null or set default to modify the

referencing attribute values that cause the violation

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The Update (modify) operationsThe Update (modify) operations• Used to change the values of one or more attributes in a tuple• E.g.

– Update the SALARY of the EMPLOYEE tuple with SSN =999887777 to 28000

• O.K– Update the DNO of the EMPLOYEE tuple with SSN =999887777 to 1

• OK– Update the DNO of the EMPLOYEE tuple with SSN =999887777 to 27

• Not OK, because RI violation– Update the SSN of the EMPLOYEE with SSN=9999887777 to 987654321

• Not OK, because it violate PK and RI

• In general,– an attribute that is not PK nor FK can be modified without

any problem

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Projects

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About Project: First Delivery About Project: First Delivery ..

March 10, 2015March 10, 2015

• Analysis and Specification– Introduction

• What the proposed system is all about?

• What is to be accomplished?

• How the system or product fits into the needs of the business?

• How the users interact with system?

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Delivery PresentationsDelivery Presentations

• The delivery should include– A statement of need and feasibility

– A description of the systems' technical environment

– A list of requirements or services and domain constraints that apply to each

– a set of usage scenarios that provide some insights into the use of the system

– Any prototype developed to better define requirements

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Analysis and conflict Analysis and conflict resolutionsresolutions

• Ask the following questions– Is each requirement consistent with overall objective for

the system?• Do any requirement conflict with other requirements?

– Have all requirements been specified?– Is the requirement really needed or does it represent an

add-on feature that may not be essential to the objective of the system?

– Is each requirement clear?– Is each requirement testable, once implemented?

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Requirements SpecificationRequirements Specification

• Requirements Specifications– Created at the end of analysis task

• Specification can be– A written document

– A graphical model

– A formal mathematical model

– A collection of usage scenarios

– a prototype

– any combination of the above