(1) Human Movement

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Udayana University

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA

WHAT’S MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)

3. ARTICULAR SYSTEM (ARTHROLOGY)

WHY MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ?

1. NORMAL – ABNORMAL

2. DAILY – PARTICULAR ACTIVITIES

3. HEALTH - DISEASE

4. PREVENTION-CURE-REHABILITATION

5. BASIC – CLINICAL SCIENCES

WHAT ASPECTS ?

1. ANATOMY

2. HISTOLOGY

3. PHYSIOLOGY

4. BIOCHEMISTRY

5. CLINICAL

Clinical aspects

• Congenital

• Infection

• Trauma

• Degenerative

• Malignancy

• Metabolism

Human musculoskeletal system

• also known as the locomotor system is an organ system that gives animals the ability to move using the muscular and skeletal systems.

• The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body.

It is made up of the

• bones (the skeleton),

• muscles,

• cartilage,

• tendons,

• ligaments,

• joints,

• and other connective tissue

Sheldon's Somatotype

Character Shape

Endomorph [viscerotonic]

relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful

plump, buxom, developed visceral structure

Mesomorph [somatotonic]

active, assertive, vigorous, combative

muscular

Ectomorph [cerebrotonic]

quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive

lean, delicate, poor muscles

The Human Skeletal System 22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all

206 bones in the adult body and perform

five main functions

• Provide support for the body

• Store minerals and lipids

• Produce blood cells

• Protect body organs

• Provide leverage and movement

Arteries :

1. Periosteal a.

2. Nutrient a.

3. Metaphysial and epiphysial aa

Veins:

Accompany arteries through nutrient a

Lymphatics (vessels) abundant in periosteum)

Nerves:

Periosteal nerves (pain fibers)

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints

TYPES OF BONES

a. Long Bones. Example: femur.

b. Short Bones. Example: carpal bones.

c. Flat Bones. Example: the cranial frontal bone.

d. Irregular Bones. Example: a vertebra.

40Dorsal viewVentral view

Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

Axial skeletonskull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles

associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeletonpectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)

AXIAL SKELETON

1. neurocranium:

• Calvaria

• Cranial base

2. Viscerocranium

What is PTERION?

The skull

8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible

Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Figure 5.10

AP VIEW

FRONTAL SINUS

ETHIMOID SINUS

NASAL SEPTUM

GREATER WING OF SPHENOID

MAXILLARY SINUS

SINUSCALDWELL VIEW

FRONTAL SINUS

SPHENOID BONE

MAXILLARY SINUS

INFERIORTURBINATE

MANDIBLE

HARD PALATEMASTOIDAIR CELLS

ETHMOID

FRONTAL

MASTOID AIR CELLS

ANTERIOR C

LINOID

POSTERIO

R CLIN

MAXILLARY

SPHENOID

FLOOR OF CRANIAL FOSSA

ETHMOID SINUS

SELLA TURCIC

LAMBDOID SUTURE

HARD PALATE

CORONAL SUTURE

LATERAL SKULL

The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12

Coccygeal

Vertebral column

7 cervial vertebrae12 thoracic5 lumbar1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

Parts of avertebra

Corpus (1)

Pedicle (4)

Lamina (6)

Foramen vertebralis (5)

Facies articularis (7)

Processus transversus (3)

Processus spinosus (2)

The lesser load the smaller in size

Arcus vertebralis

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENS BETWEEN CERVICAL, THORACAL,

LUMBAL, SACRAL AND COCCYGEUS ?

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

Types of bone breaks/fracture

1.Simple- skin is not pierced2.Compound- skin is pierced3.Complete- bone is broken in half4.Partial- broken lengthwise but not

into two parts5.Greenstick- incomplete break on

outer arc6.Comminuted- broken into

severalpieces7.Spiral- twisted

The Human Muscular System

• The muscles of your body produce movement by pulling, not pushing.

• If all your muscles pulled in one direction, your could lift almost 25 tons

• Their functions: movement, facial expression, protection (fight/flight), abdominal visceral fixation, respiration/breathing, temprature regulation, body shape/building

• Types of muscles:

• Cardiac - involuntary muscle of the heart wall.

• Smooth - involuntary muscle of the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.

• Skeletal - voluntary, striated muscles attached

to bones.

Nerve and Muscle--the Motor Unit• Motor neurons review

– Ventral horn spinal cord– Ventral root to spinal nerve to

dorsal or ventral ramus– Nerve is bundle mixed

neurons– One motor neuron synapes

with several muscle cells

• Motor Unit is one motor neuron plus the muscle cells it synapses

• “Action potential”--controlled conduction of electrical messages in neurons and muscle by depolarization of cell membrane

Fig. 14.6, M&M

Neuro-Muscular Junction

Action potential in nerves triggers chemical release at synapse which triggers action potential in muscle

Fig. 14.5, M&M

See also photo in Fig. 10.2 from M&M to see capillaries around muscle cells

more than 600 muscles in your body, you should know

the location of at least the following skeletal muscles

The Arms

Deltoid abducts arm

Biceps brachii flexes forearm supinates forearm from neutral

Triceps brachii extends forearm

The Legs

Sartorius flexes hip and knee

Rectus femoris extends knee

Gluteus maximus extensor of hip rotates thigh

Biceps femoris flexes knee

Gastrocnemius flexes ankle

stabilizes ankle and knee when standing

The Trunk

Pectoralis major adducts humerus

Rectus Abdominus

produces trunk motions

Trapezius elevates and rotates scapula

Latissimus dorsi rotates humerus

Insertion

Origin

1. When muscle contracts, it shortens and causes movement

2. Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

3. Insertion- attachment to more movable bone

4. Origin- less movable

5. Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions

• Muscle attachment:

• Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.

• Directions of movement: – Flexion - brings a body part forward. – Extension - moves a body part to the rear. – Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline. – Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline. – Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around

a joint. – Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward. – Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward. – Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward. – Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.

Muscle movement:

• Most skeletal muscles work in groups:

– Agonists (prime movers)- muscles primarily responsible for an action due to their contraction.

– Antagonists (oppose the agonist action) - muscles that relax to smooth the action of the agonists.

– Synergists : complement the action of prime movers– Fixators: steady the proximal parts of a limb while

movements occuring in distal parts

When muscle contracts, it shortens and causesmovement

Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

Insertion- attachment to more movable boneOrigin- less movable

Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions

Some Elementary Skeleto-Muscular Mechanics

SIMPLE PULLEY SYSTEM

FACIAL EXPRESSION

96IDENTIFY ALL MUSCLES THOSE INVOLVE IN RESPIRATION

Muscle of back:

1.Superficial/extrinsic

2.Deep/intrinsic

• Superficial

• Internediate

• Deep

TERIMAKASIHKU

(1) Human Movement

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Transcript of (1) Human Movement

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