Post on 11-Jan-2016
What is Diplomacy?Diplomacy is broadly described as the art of conducing negotiation, agreements, and relations between two or more parties in sensitive way.These parties could be anything from husband and wife to two countries.Usually, when the word ‘’diplomacy’’ is mentioned, people think of International Relations and communications, as this is the most common context in which the word is heard.
Diplomacy and InformationDiplomacy is an issue between countries.
Its an art and its practices originated from the Greek,-which meaning; making a deal conducting negotiations.
between representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy,
the conduct of International Relations, through the interconnections of professional diplomats with regard to issues of peace-making, trade, war, economics, culture, environmental, and human rights.
Introduction to Diplomacy and Information
International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by National Politicians. In an informal or social sense, diplomacy is the employment of tact to gain strategic advantage, or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge, one set of tools being the phrasing or expressing of statements in a non-confrontational or polite manner.
Strategy- (Diplomacy and Information)
Strategy is the pursuit, protection, or advancement of national interests through the application of the instruments/tools of power
Instruments of power (DIME)DiplomaticInformationalMilitaryEconomic
Diplomatic CommunicationIn pursuing their own
objectives, governments must communicate with those whose actions and behavior they wish to influence
Communication can occur informally or indirectly at banquets or press conferences
Usually it is done through formal diplomatic channels or by direct communication between foreign ministers and heads of state
Chinese diplomatic reception honoring ties
with Russia
Diplomatic CommunicationSubjects of communication
Government objectivesRationalizations (logicalities- reasonability's) for those objectives
Threats/warningsPromisesHolding out of possibilities for concluding agreements on contentious provocative argument issues
Diplomatic CommunicationGoals of communication
Partial success: Getting the second government to see a particular situation as the first government sees it
Complete success: Getting the second government to alter or maintain its actions in a way favorable to the first government’s interests
Diplomatic RecognitionDiplomatic recognition
Traditionally recognition of a new state occurred almost automatically once a political unit obtained a defined territory, permanent population, and government capable of entering into diplomatic and treaty relations
Now it is a much more controversial, complicated, and political process
Diplomatic Recognition Recognition bestows a form
of external legitimacy and support If the new state seceded
from a parent state by violence or the new government came to power by irregular procedures, recognition may be problematic
In other cases the international community has recognized states before they met the traditional requirements simply because without that external support the state would not be viable
The United States and the People’s Republic of China did not recognize each other and establish diplomatic relations until January 1, 1979.
Diplomatic Relations Even after diplomatic relations have been established they can be disrupted
Disruption serves as a way of exerting diplomatic pressure to influence behavior Countries may deal only
through a third party Countries may downgrade
their relations Countries may recall their
ambassador
Canada called home its ambassador to China after the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre
Diplomatic Relations The concept of a formal mission began in Europe in the 15th Century The few number of nation
states in those days made it possible for two parties to work out affairs with each other that did not impinge on the interests of others
As the number of nation states grew, bilateral negotiations often gave way to ad hoc multinational conferences
Today there are many permanent multilateral diplomatic and technical organizations
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is a 55-member pan-European security organization
The United Nations The purposes of the UN are to
maintain international peace and security
develop friendly relations among nations
cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends
The United Nations came into being in 1945
The United NationsGeneral Assembly
All UN member states are represented in the General Assembly which meets regularly and in special sessions as a “parliament of nations” to consider global issues an problems
Each member state has one voteThe Assembly cannot force action by any state,
but its recommendations are an important indication of world opinion and represent the moral authority of the community of nations
The United Nations Security Council
Has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security
May convene at any time, whenever peace is threatened.
All member states are obligated to carry out the Council's decisions.
There are15 Council members China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom and the United States are permanent members.
The other 10 are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.
Decisions of the Council require nine yes votes Permanent members have veto authority
Diplomatic CommunicationPurposesExchange views, probe intentions, attempt to
convince other governments that certain actions would be in their interest.
No hard bargaining in this type of communication.
Stall or create the illusion that a government is seriously interested in bargaining, even if they aren’t.
Make propaganda (In general, a message designed to persuade its
intended audience to think and behave in a certain manner) Designed to undermine the bargaining position of the other government, especially in the eyes of the outside public
Formal Negotiating ProcessSetting
Open vs closed meetingBilateral vs multilateral meetingCrisis situation or notOpen or closed time scheduleMediator or direct participants only
Formal Negotiating Process
RulesPlace (city)Parties and size of
delegationsLanguagesSeating
arrangementsPress coverage
Seating arrangements at the Vietnam Peace Conference had to be changed to accommodate the
Viet Cong, whose presence the US did not want to legitimize as being
independent from Hanoi
Formal Negotiating ProcessSubstantive Bargaining
Presentation of positions (original objectives of parties)
Presentation of demands or conditionsSymbolic acts or signals (may create new
alternatives or revisions of maximum and minimum conditions)
PersuasionPromisesThreatsCommitmentsConcessions
Formal Negotiating ProcessPossible outcomes
Treaty or understanding
Postponement of negotiations
Ending negotiations and leaving problem unresolved
Signing of the Paris Peace Talks
North Vietnam
First Indochina WarThe First Indochina War was a communist
military victory, but the peace negotiations were disappointing to Ho Chi Minh
On the very day that Dien Bien Phu fell, delegates from the former Indochina, France, the United States, Russia, China, and Britain met in Geneva, Switzerland to conduct peace negotiations
The French decided to relinquish all claims on Vietnam, but in the midst of the Cold War, the United States was not about to surrender Vietnam to communist control.
First Indochina WarInstead, after two and a half months of peace
negotiations, the delegates decided to “temporarily” divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel.
Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces were only to take control of the North, while the South was placed under the control of United States-backed Vietnamese nationalists, led by Emperor Bao Dai.
According to the stipulations of the partition, Vietnam was to be divided for a period of two years until elections could be held to reunify peacefully the country under a single government
Second Indochina WarIn the Second Indochina War (the one involving
the US), the communists would prove to be very astute negotiators
Confident that US domestic support would eventually crack, the North Vietnamese knew time was on their side when it came to negotiating.
As early as 1962, North Vietnamese Premier Pham Van Dong had predicted, “Americans do not like long inconclusive wars—and this is going to be a long inconclusive war.”
Dong was exactly right, and North Vietnamese negotiating tactics supported his prophecy.
Second Indochina WarOne aspect of the Maoist doctrine used by
the North Vietnamese was the well-orchestrated interaction of political and military operations.
Especially after the military defeat at Tet, the North Vietnamese maximized the classic “fighting while negotiating” strategy.
Closely coordinated military, political, and diplomatic moves were all designed to apply various pressures on the United States and exacerbate differences between the American and South Vietnamese allies.
Second Indochina WarThe North Vietnamese showed little interest
in substantive negotiations and certainly were not sincere about any real compromise.
They rejected US demands for reciprocity and refused any terms that would limit their ability to support the war in the South while leaving the US a free hand there.
Second Indochina WarThroughout all negotiations, the North
Vietnamese remained keenly aware of US domestic politics, including election cycles. For example, when President Johnson made a focused
attempt to reach a negotiated settlement prior to the November 1968 national elections, the North Vietnamese knew they had the upper hand.
On October 31, on the basis of informal, unwritten “understandings” that the North Vietnamese neither officially accepted nor rejected, the United States completely halted its bombing.
Having achieved the desired objective, the North Vietnamese then proceeded to ignore the “understandings.”
Second Indochina WarLater, when President Nixon tried to
negotiate through intermediaries in the summer and fall of 1969, the North Vietnamese merely dragged out the negotiations in order to buy time to recover from Tet (Vietnamese new year) and to pressure the United States to make concessions.
Second Indochina WarThe North Vietnamese also proved to be
masterful in manipulating the “blue-chips” held by each side in the negotiating process.
For the North Vietnamese these blue-chips were infiltration and prisoners of war, and they guarded these jealously.
The United States on the other hand was excessively generous in compromising with its blue-chip of the bombing campaign.
Even when the North Vietnamese were willing to make token concessions, infiltration and bombing were always an unequal trade because of the ease in which bombing could be monitored versus the difficulty in detecting infiltration.
Second Indochina WarThe North Vietnamese also recognized
prisoners as their major bargaining weapon and tied their release exclusively to an American withdrawal.
In nearly every aspect, the North Vietnamese proved to be far superior negotiators than the Americans.
Haiti
HaitiJean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president of Haiti in December 1990
Lieutenant General Raoul Cedras deposed Aristide in a coup in September 1991
Haiti Cedras’s authoritarian rule motivated
thousands of Haitians to flee to the US in fragile boats and the US became increasingly concerned with both human rights issues and regional instability
While preparing to invade Haiti with 20,000 troops, President Clinton also dispatched a negotiating team consisting of former President Jimmy Carter, Senator Sam Nunn, and General Colin Powell to Haiti in a last ditch diplomatic effort in September 1994
Haiti Carter Former president
with strong negotiating credentials such as the 1978 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt and monitoring elections
Reputation as a non-partisan peacemaker
Had foreign policy difficulties of his own as president, but was very active and much more effective as a former president
HaitiPowell
Represented the military capability of the United States
Status as a black American of Caribbean ancestry also gave him credibility in Haiti
HaitiNunnSenator from Georgia with 20
years legislative experience including Chairman of the Armed Services Committee
Represented the role Congress would play in any US invasion as well as America’s commitment to the democratic process
Haiti An eleventh-hour breakthrough in the negotiations occurred only after US television reports showed paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division departing from Fort Bragg, North Carolina en route to Haiti
Cedras agreed to leave power by October 15 (offered asylum in Panama)
Over 20,000 US forces deployed to Haiti to enforce the agreement and supervise the transition
China and Taiwan
Communist China
After World War II, civil war in China resumed between nationalist and communist forces
The communist forces prevailed and the national government under Chaing Kai-shek withdrew to Taiwan where it continued to proclaim itself the legitimate government of China
Communist China At the same time,
Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on Oct 1, 1949 Mao Zedong
Chaing Kai-shek
Communist China and the USSR At first Mao set out to imitate Soviet
socialism, to include implementing a Five-Year Plan that emphasized expansion of heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods
Beijing recognized Moscow’s undisputed authority in world communism in exchange for Russian military and economic aid
Soviet diplomats initiated a campaign to transfer the Chinese seat in the United Nations Security Council from Taiwan to the People’s Republic of China, a move that finally occurred in 1971
China and TaiwanIn 1971 the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2758 which recognized “that the representatives of the Government of the People’s Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations”
Taiwan’s PositionA broad popular consensus has developed in
Taiwan that the island currently enjoys sovereign independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan’s people must have the deciding voice
China’s PositionChina considers Taiwan its 23rd province In 2007, the Solomon Islands and a few other
countries proposed that the UN General Assembly consider Taiwan for UN membershipChinese UN Ambassador Wang Guangya responded in a
letter to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that called the proposal “a blatant attempt to clamor for and create ‘Taiwan independence’" and characterized it as “absolutely preposterous”
Wang said the proposal “wantonly tramples on the purposes and principles” of the UN Charter and “seriously violates China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, gravely intervenes in China's internal affairs and seriously hurts the feelings of the 1.3 billion Chinese people”
Hypothetical SituationA new government is elected in Taiwan which
campaigns on a platform to establish Taiwan as a sovereign nation and enter the UN
Taiwan then holds a referendum in which 75% of the population votes to seek UN membership
Roleplay the diplomatic negotiating process as each party begins to establish its positionChinaTaiwanUSUN
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