Post on 26-Dec-2015
Water reabsorption Diuretics
3 parts to water reabsorption: 1. reabsorption of salt 2. establishment of solute gradient 3. reabsorption of water
Sodium (Na) and water is filtered through at glomerulus however, about 99% of is reabsorbed back into the blood stream
Hormones help regulate the reabsorption of salt at the distal convoluted tubule Renin
Secretes aldosterone Aldosterone
Excretes Potassium ions (K+) and reabsorption of Sodium ions (Na+)
Na that isn’t reabsorbed at the PCT is reabsorbed at the Loop of Henle Descending limb
Permeable to water Filtrate is more concentrated
Ascending Limb Impermeable to water Filtrate becomes more dilute Here medulla salty
Collecting Duct 1. If the body needs water (dehydrated) it
releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) collecting duct becomes permeable to water Water diffuses out of the collecting duct
Less urine, and more concentrated
2. If the body is hydrated it will not release ADH
diuretic means increase amount of urine Collecting duct remains impermeable to water
More urine, more diluted expelled from the bladder
Alcohol suppresses ADH production by the pituitary
Without ADH, higher amounts of water stay in the urine
Urine with high concentrations of water leaves the body
Examples of diuretics Coffee Tea Energy drinks Supplements/pills
Benefits Help lower blood pressure Reduce bloating
Risks Frequent urination Electrolyte abnormalities Extreme tiredness or weakness Muscle cramps or weakness Dizziness, lightheadedness Dehydration Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
Acid-base balance Normal pH 7.4 If we have a pH above this it is called
alkalosis If we have a pH below this it is called
acidosis
Too much base in blood Can be caused by:
High altitude (less oxygen) Sweating/vomiting Lack of potassium
Symptoms: nausea, numbness, muscle spasms, tremors
Prevent Healthy foods, drinking enough fluids
Too much acid in blood Can be caused by:
Dehydration Diet (high fat, low carb)
Can cause fatigue, headaches, lack of appetite, funny breath
Prevent Foods
There are a number of different mechanisms that try to keep our blood at 7.4pH level 1. Acid-Base Buffer System 2. Respiratory Center 3. Kidneys
Buffers try to counter act a base or an acid Chemical or combination of chemicals that
try to take up excess hydrogen ion (acid) or excess hydroxide ions (base)
When there is too much acid (H+) it will combine with a weak base buffer (HCO3) The weak base “soaks” up the stronger
acid to try and neutralize it When there is too much base (OH-) it
wil combine with a weak acid buffer (H2C03) to neutralize it
If there is too much H+ in our blood our breathing rate increase
This causes excess of H+ to be released Breath out C02 and H20
Kidneys are our best mechanism for removing large amounts of acid or base from our blood Excess acid in blood
H+ ions are excreted OH- reabsorbed
If excess of base in blood H+ are not excreted OH- is not reabsorbed This is because urine is already very acidic
when it is excreted the excess of OH will follow
Ketosis Happens when your body resorts to fat for energy
after your stored carbohydrates have been burned out
It occurs in people who eat low-carb, high-protein diets
Atkins Ketogenic diet
Diets work by using fat stores as primary source of energy you may lose weight. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N3iwMak-SU
20:35-28:00
Ketosis What is it?
buildup of a substance known as ketones, in your blood. They are released when your body’s carbohydrate stores run out and you have to break down fat stores for energy
What causes it? This can typically happen when the body
is lacking insulin and blood glucose levels become high Often associated with being on a high protein,
low carb diet A low level of carbohydrate will lead to low
levels of insulin, body will produce ketones which do not rely on
insulin to get into and fuel the body’s cells. Can also be related to diabetes Excessive alcohol consumption
Effects on the kidney Extra strain on Kidneys
In processing higher amounts of protein, your kidneys work harder
Frequent urination Increase in sodium, calcium and potassium
excreted Kidney stones Kidney failure
Other side effects Low blood pressure
another function mediated by your kidneys due to extra fluid and electrolyte
Increase acidity in blood Osteoporosis Headaches Dizziness Muscle cramps Nausea Bad breath
Treatment Prevention
Healthy diet that has a balance of carbohydrates, fats and protein
Insulin therapy along
Other facts Dr. Atkins invented the atkins diet in 1972 Became very popular in 2000’s and was
one of many low carb diets Ketosis can cause bad breath that is often
described like smelling like nail polish remover
Create a poster about a disorder of the kidney or bladder Your poster should have the following:
Brief description of the disorder Causes of the disease or disorder Symptoms of the disease or disorder Treatments for the disease or disorder Any other Important Information for the disease or disorder Reference List (minimum 3 sources)
You will also be graded on: Visuals (include pictures) Neatness Creativity
Rubric to follow
TopicsAcute Renal Failure
Bladder Cancer
Enlarged Prostate
Enuresis (bed-wetting)
Hematuria – blood in the urine
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome – blood clots in kidney
Incontinence (urinary) – urinary leakage
Nephritis – inflammation of kidneys
Nocturia – wake up ofen to go to the bathroom
Over Active Bladder
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Prostate Cancer
Renal Calculi (Kidney stones)
Ureteritis
Urinary Cystitis (bladder infection)