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Unit 1: Intro to AnatomyChapter 1.2

Anatomical Terms

Anatomic variationNot everyone is exactly the sameDifferent races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type etc.

People have different anatomy!

What is “normal” or “average”?Male: 22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs)Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs)

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Directional Terms

Directional TermsUsed to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to anotherMore “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of your lungs”

+Anatomical position

- Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward

- It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived

Directional Terms

Superior: “above” something else“Your brain is superior to your heart”

Inferior: “below” something else“your kidneys are inferior to your lungs”

+Anterior (Ventral): towards your front• Your nose is anterior to your ears.

•Posterior/Dorsal: towards your back• Your ears are Your ears are posteriorposterior to your to your nose.nose.

Let’s Review

• The nails are ______ (dorsal or ventral) in the anatomical position.

ANSWER: Dorsal - recall that the anatomical position calls for your palms to face forward…your nails would face your back

• The sternum is ____ (superior or inferior) to your mouth.

ANSWER: Inferior

Proximal: closer to the trunk or attachment pointThe elbow is proximal to the shoulder.

The knee is proximal to the hip.

Distal: Farther from the trunk or attachment pointThe wrist is distal to the shoulder.

The ankle is distal to the hip.

+Central – toward the brain or spinal cordThe spinal cord is central to the limbs

Peripheral – away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs)The arms are peripheral to the spinal cord

Superficial: Close to the body surface (when looking from the inside towards the skin)“You can see superficial bruises because they’re on the surface”

Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body)“Bones are deep to the muscle”

Medial - Towards the middle “Your heart is medial to your lungs”

“Your nose is medial to your ears”

Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side)“Your arms are lateral to your heart”

“Your ears are lateral to your nose”

Supine = Body laying face up “when you are laying on your

back you are supine” Prone = Body laying face

down “when you are laying on

stomach you are prone”

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Planes of the Body

+Planes of the Body

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Planes are often used in directions for dissections or as reference in figures

+Sagittal (Median) PlaneDivides into left and right portions

Midsaggital plane - passes through the midline of the body

Parasaggital plane – a cut that does not pass through the midline

+Frontal (Coronal) PlaneDivides body into anterior and posterior sections

+Transverse (Horizontal) PlaneDivides the body into superior and inferior portions

Divides the body horizontally

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Regions of the Body

+Axial Region – Cephalic (Head)

ANTERIORCephalic - headFrontal – foreheadOrbital – eyeBuccal – cheekMental – chinFacial – on your face

POSTERIOROccipital

+Axial Region – Cervical (Neck)

Cervical: front of your neck

Nuchal: back of your neck

+Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR

Celiac - abdomen

Mammary – breast

Sternal - area in the center of your chest, the sternum

Pectoral - area around your breast

Costal - ribs

Inguinal – groin

Genital – reproductive organs

Coxal - hip

Celiac (abdomen)

Mammary (breast)

Costal (rib)

+Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic

POSTERIOR

Dorsum: the back

Vertebral: area of your spine (on your back)

Interscapular: area between both of your shoulder blades (on your back)

Lumbar: lower back

Sacral: between hips

Perineal: between the anus and the pubic arch

Interscapular (between shoulder blades)

+Appendicular Region – Upper Limb

Acromial - point of shoulder

Brachial - arm

Antecubital – front of elbow

Cubital - elbow

Antebrachium - forearm

Palmer - palm

Axillary - Armpit

Digital - fingers

Antebrachium (forearm)

Axillary (armpit)

Digital (fingers)

+Appendicular Region – Lower Limb

Gluteal – buttocks

Femoral – thigh

Popliteal – back of knee

Patellar – knee

Cural – leg

Plantar – sole of foot

Pedal – foot

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Body Cavities

+ Body Cavities

Posterior Cavity

cranial cavity & vertebral cavity

Anterior Cavity thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm (a muscle) separates the two cavities

+Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Skull encloses the brain

Vertebral Cavity

Vertebrae enclose the spinal cord

+Anterior (Ventral) Body CavityThoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity

•Pleural Cavity – lungs

•Pericardial Cavity – heart

•Mediastinum – thymus, vessels from heart

•Abdominal Cavity – digestive organs, kidneys

•Pelvic Cavity – bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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Poste

rior

Cranial

Vertebral

Thoracic

Diaphragm

Abdominal

Pelvic